This document discusses suspensions, including definitions, classifications, formulation, packing, evaluation, and storage. Suspensions are defined as preparations containing finely divided drug particles distributed uniformly throughout a vehicle. They are classified based on factors such as intended use (oral, external, parenteral), nature of solid particles (flocculated, deflocculated), and proportion of solid particles. Formulation involves selecting appropriate suspending agents, thickeners, and preservatives. Suspensions are packed in containers allowing for mixing and evaluated using sedimentation, rheological, and electrokinetic methods. Proper storage conditions help maintain stability.
This document provides an overview of semi-solid dosage forms. It defines semi-solids as products that tend to alleviate or treat pathological conditions when applied to the skin or mucous membranes. Ideal properties include a smooth texture, elegant appearance, and non-irritating qualities. Common types are ointments, creams, pastes, gels, and suppositories. Formulation involves selecting appropriate bases, preservatives, and other excipients. Methods of preparation include size reduction, levigation, mixing, homogenization, and filling. Evaluation tests physical properties, drug release, and stability.
The document discusses suspensions, which are heterogeneous systems with small, solid particles dispersed throughout a liquid medium. Suspensions can be used orally, parenterally, or externally. They are divided into coarse and colloidal suspensions based on particle size. Various factors including particle size and distribution, viscosity, and stability must be considered for suspension formulation and production. Common methods for preparing suspensions involve using mortar and pestle or mixing equipment depending on the materials used.
This document discusses the evaluation of semi-solid dosage forms. It defines semi-solids and classifies them into different types including ointments, creams, pastes, poultices, gels, and plasters. It describes the key characteristics and uses of each type. The document also covers important ingredients for semi-solids, including bases, and methods for evaluating different properties of semi-solids like penetration rate, absorption, rheology, biological testing, drug content, viscosity, and spreadability.
This document provides an overview of suspensions, including their classification, properties, formulation, and stability. Key points include:
- Suspensions are heterogeneous systems with an insoluble dispersed phase distributed throughout a continuous phase. They can be classified based on their intended use, concentration of solids, particle size, and electrokinetic properties.
- Interfacial properties like surface tension affect particle flocculation and sedimentation. Surfactants can reduce surface tension to promote deflocculation.
- Particle size, concentration, and Brownian motion influence sedimentation rates. Flocculated particles settle faster but are easier to redisperse than deflocculated particles.
- Stable suspensions are formulated using vehicles to
This document describes three methods for preparing suppositories: molding, compression, and hand rolling and shaping. Molding involves melting the base, adding any medication, pouring the melt into molds, allowing it to cool and harden, and removing the formed suppositories. Compression uses a machine to compress a mixture of base and ingredients into shaped suppositories. Hand rolling is the oldest method and involves mixing medication into a base, rolling it into rods by hand, cutting the rods, and shaping the pieces. Each method has advantages like simplicity or avoiding heating, and disadvantages like possible air entrapment or requiring special skills.
This document discusses suspensions, which are two-phase systems consisting of finely divided solid particles dispersed in a liquid vehicle. Suspensions can be classified based on administration route or particle size. They are useful for drugs with low solubility and can improve stability, release properties, and bioavailability compared to other dosage forms. However, suspensions are also prone to physical instability issues like sedimentation. The document outlines factors that affect sedimentation and strategies to improve suspension stability such as controlling particle size, viscosity, surface charge, and use of surfactants or flocculating agents. Wetting agents are also discussed which help disperse solid particles in the liquid vehicle by reducing surface tension.
This document provides an overview of semi-solid dosage forms. It defines semi-solids as products that tend to alleviate or treat pathological conditions when applied to the skin or mucous membranes. Ideal properties include a smooth texture, elegant appearance, and non-irritating qualities. Common types are ointments, creams, pastes, gels, and suppositories. Formulation involves selecting appropriate bases, preservatives, and other excipients. Methods of preparation include size reduction, levigation, mixing, homogenization, and filling. Evaluation tests physical properties, drug release, and stability.
The document discusses suspensions, which are heterogeneous systems with small, solid particles dispersed throughout a liquid medium. Suspensions can be used orally, parenterally, or externally. They are divided into coarse and colloidal suspensions based on particle size. Various factors including particle size and distribution, viscosity, and stability must be considered for suspension formulation and production. Common methods for preparing suspensions involve using mortar and pestle or mixing equipment depending on the materials used.
This document discusses the evaluation of semi-solid dosage forms. It defines semi-solids and classifies them into different types including ointments, creams, pastes, poultices, gels, and plasters. It describes the key characteristics and uses of each type. The document also covers important ingredients for semi-solids, including bases, and methods for evaluating different properties of semi-solids like penetration rate, absorption, rheology, biological testing, drug content, viscosity, and spreadability.
This document provides an overview of suspensions, including their classification, properties, formulation, and stability. Key points include:
- Suspensions are heterogeneous systems with an insoluble dispersed phase distributed throughout a continuous phase. They can be classified based on their intended use, concentration of solids, particle size, and electrokinetic properties.
- Interfacial properties like surface tension affect particle flocculation and sedimentation. Surfactants can reduce surface tension to promote deflocculation.
- Particle size, concentration, and Brownian motion influence sedimentation rates. Flocculated particles settle faster but are easier to redisperse than deflocculated particles.
- Stable suspensions are formulated using vehicles to
This document describes three methods for preparing suppositories: molding, compression, and hand rolling and shaping. Molding involves melting the base, adding any medication, pouring the melt into molds, allowing it to cool and harden, and removing the formed suppositories. Compression uses a machine to compress a mixture of base and ingredients into shaped suppositories. Hand rolling is the oldest method and involves mixing medication into a base, rolling it into rods by hand, cutting the rods, and shaping the pieces. Each method has advantages like simplicity or avoiding heating, and disadvantages like possible air entrapment or requiring special skills.
This document discusses suspensions, which are two-phase systems consisting of finely divided solid particles dispersed in a liquid vehicle. Suspensions can be classified based on administration route or particle size. They are useful for drugs with low solubility and can improve stability, release properties, and bioavailability compared to other dosage forms. However, suspensions are also prone to physical instability issues like sedimentation. The document outlines factors that affect sedimentation and strategies to improve suspension stability such as controlling particle size, viscosity, surface charge, and use of surfactants or flocculating agents. Wetting agents are also discussed which help disperse solid particles in the liquid vehicle by reducing surface tension.
This document discusses pharmaceutical suspensions. It begins by defining suspensions as heterogeneous systems with one substance dispersed in small units throughout another substance. Suspensions are classified based on route of administration and electrokinetic nature. Benefits include masking unpleasant tastes and controlling drug release. Challenges include physical instability and accurate dosing. Key factors in developing suspensions are preventing sedimentation, achieving uniformity, and pleasing attributes. Formulation considers vehicle structure, controlled flocculation, suspending agents, viscosity, surface tension, wetting agents, and solvents.
This document evaluates suppositories for a student named Manish Yadav with ID number 17BPH041. It contains their name, ID number, and a brief expression of gratitude for evaluating the suppositories.
An excipient is generally a pharmacologically inactive substance used as a carrier for the active ingredients of a medication
EXCIPIENTS USED IN LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS:
Solvents/co-solvents ,
Buffering agents,
Preservatives,
Anti-oxidants,
Humectants,
Wetting agents,
Anti-foaming agents,
Thickening agents,
Sweetening agents,
Flavouring agents,
EXCIPIENTS USED IN TABLETS:
Binders
Coatings
Disintegrants
Fillers
Flavours
Colours
Lubricants
Glidants
Preservatives
Sweeteners
Emulsions are mixtures of two or more liquids where one liquid is dispersed as droplets in the other liquid. There is a dispersed phase and a continuous phase. Emulsions can be classified as oil-in-water (O/W), water-in-oil (W/O), or multiple emulsions. Emulsions are stabilized using emulsifying agents which lower the interfacial tension between the phases. Common emulsifying agents include carbohydrates, proteins, and alcohols. Emulsions are used to deliver poorly water-soluble drugs and provide benefits like masking unpleasant tastes, sustained release, and dermal delivery in cosmetics and topicals. However, emulsions are
This document discusses different types of powders used in pharmacy. It describes bulk powders meant for external use which are supplied in containers designed for application. Common bulk powders include dusting powders, insufflations, snuffs, and dentifrices. Dusting powders are used on the skin and in body cavities, and contain ingredients like talc, starch, zinc oxide, and salicylic acid. Insufflations and snuffs are inhaled into body cavities and nostrils. Dentifrices contain abrasives like calcium carbonate and flavors to clean teeth. Simple and compound powders for internal use contain one or multiple ingredients wrapped in individual doses. Cachets enclose powders in shells
Liquid dosage forms: Advantages and disadvantages of liquid dosage forms. Excipients used in formulation of liquid dosage forms. Solubility enhancement techniques
Suspension is made of two phase system, consisting of a finely divided solid particles (Dispersed phase) distributed in a particular manner throughout another medium (Continuous phase).
An emulsion is a dispersion of one liquid into another immiscible liquid. The key types are oil-in-water (O/W) and water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions. Emulsions have various pharmaceutical applications like masking unpleasant tastes and enhancing drug absorption. Emulsion stability and type depend on factors like the emulsifying agent used, its HLB value, and emulsion preparation method. Common tests are used to identify the emulsion type and stability must be ensured through proper preservation, packaging, and storage.
This document discusses the solubility of drugs and defines key terms like solute, solvent, and solution. It explains that solubility is the concentration of a substance that dissolves in a solvent to form a homogeneous mixture. The mechanism of solute-solvent interactions is discussed, noting that "like dissolves like" and factors like temperature, pressure, and pH influence solubility. Solubility expressions are provided to classify solubility from very soluble to practically insoluble. The document also discusses solubility of gases, liquids, ideal and non-ideal solutions, azeotropes, and Nerst's distribution law.
This document provides information about pharmaceutical suspensions. It begins by defining a suspension as a disperse system where an insoluble solid internal phase is uniformly dispersed throughout an external liquid phase. Particle size is important for suspensions to be classified as coarse or colloidal. Suspensions differ from solutions in that particles remain dispersed rather than dissolving. Sedimentation occurs over time due to particle size and density. Suspending agents are added to prevent sedimentation by increasing viscosity. The document discusses formulation, applications, advantages, and disadvantages of suspensions.
This document provides an overview of the evaluation of semisolid dosage forms such as ointments, creams, and suppositories. It discusses ideal properties of semisolids and categories of semisolids. Evaluation methods for ointments include testing for drug content uniformity, penetration rate, drug release rate, absorption into bloodstream, and irritancy. Cream evaluation includes testing for appearance, spreadability, washability, rheology, and sensitivity. Suppository evaluation comprises tests for appearance, weight uniformity, melting range, liquefaction time, breaking strength, and dissolution rate.
Introduction and classification, anatomy of skin and factors affecting absorption, Formulation ,preparation, packaging, labeling and storage of ointments, Formulation, preparation, packaging, labeling and storage of jellies, creams, pastes.
Pharmaceutical suspension can be classified based on the dispersed phase, vehicle used, proportion of solid particles, particle size, etc. They can be stabilized using suspending agents, viscosity increasing agents, surface charge, etc. Recent advances include nano suspensions to improve solubility, taste masked suspensions to improve palatability, and sustained release suspensions to reduce dosing frequency. Evaluation methods include sedimentation studies, rheological measurements, and zeta potential determination.
This document provides information about semisolid dosage forms such as ointments, pastes, and jellies. It defines semisolids as topical dosage forms used for therapeutic, protective, or cosmetic purposes. The key ingredients in semisolids include a base, preservatives, humectants, antioxidants, emulsifiers, gelling agents, permeation enhancers, and buffers. The document discusses the ideal properties of bases and lists common bases such as petrolatum, lanolin, and polyethylene glycol. It also covers the advantages and disadvantages of semisolid dosage forms.
Test for identification of type of emulsionSantuMistree4
Four tests are used to identify oil-in-water (O/W) and water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions: the dilution test, dye test, conductivity test, and fluorescence test. The dilution test identifies the emulsion type based on whether it dilutes easily with water or oil. The dye test observes emulsion droplets under a microscope after adding an oil-soluble dye. If the continuous phase is colored and droplets are clear, it is a W/O emulsion; if droplets are colored and the continuous phase is clear, it is an O/W emulsion. The conductivity test uses electrodes - if a bulb glows, it is an O/W emulsion, and if not, it is a
This document summarizes several theories of emulsions:
- The monomolecular adsorption theory explains how emulsifying agents reduce interfacial tension by adsorbing at the oil-water interface to form monolayer films. Combinations of hydrophilic and hydrophobic emulsifiers are often used to form complex films.
- The oriented-wedge theory describes how emulsifying agents curve around emulsion droplets, with their structure "fitting" the curvature.
- The plastic or interfacial film theory views emulsifying agents forming a thin layer surrounding droplets, with water-soluble agents favoring oil-in-water emulsions and vice versa.
- Other theories addressed include the surface tension theory, inter
State of matter and properties of matter (Part-3) (Eutectic mixture)Ms. Pooja Bhandare
This document discusses eutectic mixtures, which are mixtures of two or more phases that have the lowest melting point. A eutectic mixture is formed at a specific composition where the phases simultaneously crystallize from a molten solution. The term comes from the Greek word meaning "easily melted". Eutectic mixtures can be formed between APIs, APIs and excipients, or excipients. Below the eutectic temperature, the mixture exists as a solid, while above it exists as a liquid. Eutectic mixtures have various applications in the pharmaceutical industry, such as improving drug solubility and bioavailability for different routes of administration like oral, transdermal, parental, and nasal delivery.
Suspension are biphasic liquids dosage form in which insoluble solid particulate are uniformly distributed in liquid phase which may be stabilized by inclusion of suspending agents.
A suspension is a biphasic system with solid particles uniformly dispersed in a liquid. Suspensions can be used orally, parenterally, or topically for patients who cannot swallow solid dosage forms. Key properties include small, uniform particle size; lack of settling or easy redispersibility; optimal viscosity; and stability. Suspensions are classified by particle aggregation (flocculated or deflocculated) and route of administration. Flocculating agents cause particles to aggregate into flocs. Proper formulation and manufacturing can overcome issues like sedimentation and dispersion of hydrophobic drugs.
This document provides information about suspensions. It defines a suspension as a two-phase system with undissolved particles dispersed in a liquid. Suspensions have particle sizes between 0.5-5 microns. An ideal suspension is chemically stable and has particles that do not readily settle or form compact cakes. Suspensions are classified based on use, particle proportion, electrokinetic nature, and particle size. Key steps in formulation include addition of suspending agents and ensuring uniform particle dispersion.
This document discusses pharmaceutical suspensions. It begins by defining suspensions as heterogeneous systems with one substance dispersed in small units throughout another substance. Suspensions are classified based on route of administration and electrokinetic nature. Benefits include masking unpleasant tastes and controlling drug release. Challenges include physical instability and accurate dosing. Key factors in developing suspensions are preventing sedimentation, achieving uniformity, and pleasing attributes. Formulation considers vehicle structure, controlled flocculation, suspending agents, viscosity, surface tension, wetting agents, and solvents.
This document evaluates suppositories for a student named Manish Yadav with ID number 17BPH041. It contains their name, ID number, and a brief expression of gratitude for evaluating the suppositories.
An excipient is generally a pharmacologically inactive substance used as a carrier for the active ingredients of a medication
EXCIPIENTS USED IN LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS:
Solvents/co-solvents ,
Buffering agents,
Preservatives,
Anti-oxidants,
Humectants,
Wetting agents,
Anti-foaming agents,
Thickening agents,
Sweetening agents,
Flavouring agents,
EXCIPIENTS USED IN TABLETS:
Binders
Coatings
Disintegrants
Fillers
Flavours
Colours
Lubricants
Glidants
Preservatives
Sweeteners
Emulsions are mixtures of two or more liquids where one liquid is dispersed as droplets in the other liquid. There is a dispersed phase and a continuous phase. Emulsions can be classified as oil-in-water (O/W), water-in-oil (W/O), or multiple emulsions. Emulsions are stabilized using emulsifying agents which lower the interfacial tension between the phases. Common emulsifying agents include carbohydrates, proteins, and alcohols. Emulsions are used to deliver poorly water-soluble drugs and provide benefits like masking unpleasant tastes, sustained release, and dermal delivery in cosmetics and topicals. However, emulsions are
This document discusses different types of powders used in pharmacy. It describes bulk powders meant for external use which are supplied in containers designed for application. Common bulk powders include dusting powders, insufflations, snuffs, and dentifrices. Dusting powders are used on the skin and in body cavities, and contain ingredients like talc, starch, zinc oxide, and salicylic acid. Insufflations and snuffs are inhaled into body cavities and nostrils. Dentifrices contain abrasives like calcium carbonate and flavors to clean teeth. Simple and compound powders for internal use contain one or multiple ingredients wrapped in individual doses. Cachets enclose powders in shells
Liquid dosage forms: Advantages and disadvantages of liquid dosage forms. Excipients used in formulation of liquid dosage forms. Solubility enhancement techniques
Suspension is made of two phase system, consisting of a finely divided solid particles (Dispersed phase) distributed in a particular manner throughout another medium (Continuous phase).
An emulsion is a dispersion of one liquid into another immiscible liquid. The key types are oil-in-water (O/W) and water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions. Emulsions have various pharmaceutical applications like masking unpleasant tastes and enhancing drug absorption. Emulsion stability and type depend on factors like the emulsifying agent used, its HLB value, and emulsion preparation method. Common tests are used to identify the emulsion type and stability must be ensured through proper preservation, packaging, and storage.
This document discusses the solubility of drugs and defines key terms like solute, solvent, and solution. It explains that solubility is the concentration of a substance that dissolves in a solvent to form a homogeneous mixture. The mechanism of solute-solvent interactions is discussed, noting that "like dissolves like" and factors like temperature, pressure, and pH influence solubility. Solubility expressions are provided to classify solubility from very soluble to practically insoluble. The document also discusses solubility of gases, liquids, ideal and non-ideal solutions, azeotropes, and Nerst's distribution law.
This document provides information about pharmaceutical suspensions. It begins by defining a suspension as a disperse system where an insoluble solid internal phase is uniformly dispersed throughout an external liquid phase. Particle size is important for suspensions to be classified as coarse or colloidal. Suspensions differ from solutions in that particles remain dispersed rather than dissolving. Sedimentation occurs over time due to particle size and density. Suspending agents are added to prevent sedimentation by increasing viscosity. The document discusses formulation, applications, advantages, and disadvantages of suspensions.
This document provides an overview of the evaluation of semisolid dosage forms such as ointments, creams, and suppositories. It discusses ideal properties of semisolids and categories of semisolids. Evaluation methods for ointments include testing for drug content uniformity, penetration rate, drug release rate, absorption into bloodstream, and irritancy. Cream evaluation includes testing for appearance, spreadability, washability, rheology, and sensitivity. Suppository evaluation comprises tests for appearance, weight uniformity, melting range, liquefaction time, breaking strength, and dissolution rate.
Introduction and classification, anatomy of skin and factors affecting absorption, Formulation ,preparation, packaging, labeling and storage of ointments, Formulation, preparation, packaging, labeling and storage of jellies, creams, pastes.
Pharmaceutical suspension can be classified based on the dispersed phase, vehicle used, proportion of solid particles, particle size, etc. They can be stabilized using suspending agents, viscosity increasing agents, surface charge, etc. Recent advances include nano suspensions to improve solubility, taste masked suspensions to improve palatability, and sustained release suspensions to reduce dosing frequency. Evaluation methods include sedimentation studies, rheological measurements, and zeta potential determination.
This document provides information about semisolid dosage forms such as ointments, pastes, and jellies. It defines semisolids as topical dosage forms used for therapeutic, protective, or cosmetic purposes. The key ingredients in semisolids include a base, preservatives, humectants, antioxidants, emulsifiers, gelling agents, permeation enhancers, and buffers. The document discusses the ideal properties of bases and lists common bases such as petrolatum, lanolin, and polyethylene glycol. It also covers the advantages and disadvantages of semisolid dosage forms.
Test for identification of type of emulsionSantuMistree4
Four tests are used to identify oil-in-water (O/W) and water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions: the dilution test, dye test, conductivity test, and fluorescence test. The dilution test identifies the emulsion type based on whether it dilutes easily with water or oil. The dye test observes emulsion droplets under a microscope after adding an oil-soluble dye. If the continuous phase is colored and droplets are clear, it is a W/O emulsion; if droplets are colored and the continuous phase is clear, it is an O/W emulsion. The conductivity test uses electrodes - if a bulb glows, it is an O/W emulsion, and if not, it is a
This document summarizes several theories of emulsions:
- The monomolecular adsorption theory explains how emulsifying agents reduce interfacial tension by adsorbing at the oil-water interface to form monolayer films. Combinations of hydrophilic and hydrophobic emulsifiers are often used to form complex films.
- The oriented-wedge theory describes how emulsifying agents curve around emulsion droplets, with their structure "fitting" the curvature.
- The plastic or interfacial film theory views emulsifying agents forming a thin layer surrounding droplets, with water-soluble agents favoring oil-in-water emulsions and vice versa.
- Other theories addressed include the surface tension theory, inter
State of matter and properties of matter (Part-3) (Eutectic mixture)Ms. Pooja Bhandare
This document discusses eutectic mixtures, which are mixtures of two or more phases that have the lowest melting point. A eutectic mixture is formed at a specific composition where the phases simultaneously crystallize from a molten solution. The term comes from the Greek word meaning "easily melted". Eutectic mixtures can be formed between APIs, APIs and excipients, or excipients. Below the eutectic temperature, the mixture exists as a solid, while above it exists as a liquid. Eutectic mixtures have various applications in the pharmaceutical industry, such as improving drug solubility and bioavailability for different routes of administration like oral, transdermal, parental, and nasal delivery.
Suspension are biphasic liquids dosage form in which insoluble solid particulate are uniformly distributed in liquid phase which may be stabilized by inclusion of suspending agents.
A suspension is a biphasic system with solid particles uniformly dispersed in a liquid. Suspensions can be used orally, parenterally, or topically for patients who cannot swallow solid dosage forms. Key properties include small, uniform particle size; lack of settling or easy redispersibility; optimal viscosity; and stability. Suspensions are classified by particle aggregation (flocculated or deflocculated) and route of administration. Flocculating agents cause particles to aggregate into flocs. Proper formulation and manufacturing can overcome issues like sedimentation and dispersion of hydrophobic drugs.
This document provides information about suspensions. It defines a suspension as a two-phase system with undissolved particles dispersed in a liquid. Suspensions have particle sizes between 0.5-5 microns. An ideal suspension is chemically stable and has particles that do not readily settle or form compact cakes. Suspensions are classified based on use, particle proportion, electrokinetic nature, and particle size. Key steps in formulation include addition of suspending agents and ensuring uniform particle dispersion.
INTRODUCTION, CLASSIFICATION, FORMULATION, PREPARATION METHOD, BENEFITS AND DISADVANTAGES, STORAGE
The physical chemist defines the word “suspension” as a two-phase system consisting of an undissolved or immiscible material dispersed in a vehicle (solid, liquid, or gas).
Suspension are generally taken orally or by parenteral route, and the suspensions meant for external use should have small particle size to avoid gritty feeling to the skin
The suspensions have dispersed particles above the colloidal size, which is 0.5–5 microns.
Based On Pharmaceutical Use
Oral suspension
Externally applied suspension
Parenteral suspension
Ophthalmic Suspension
Based On the proportion of solid particles
Dilute suspension (2 to10 10 percent; w/v solid)
Concentrated suspension (50 percent; w/v solid)
Based On Electrokinetic Nature Of Solid Particles
Flocculated suspension
Deflocculated suspension
Based On Size Of Solid Particles
Colloidal suspension (< 1 micron)
Coarse suspension (>1 micron)
Nano suspension (10 ng)
Oral Suspension
Topical Suspension
Parenteral Suspension
Ophthalmic Suspension
Suspending and thickening agents
Wetting Agents
Dispersing agent
Flocculating Agent
Preservative
Organoleptic Additives
Suspensions containing diffusible solids
Suspensions containing insoluble solids
Suspensions of precipitate-forming liquids
Suspensions produced by chemical reactions
This document provides information on pharmaceutical suspensions. It begins by defining a suspension as a disperse system where an insoluble internal phase is dispersed uniformly throughout an external phase. The key differences between solutions and suspensions are explained. Suspensions require suspending agents to prevent particles from settling due to gravity. Common suspending agents include natural, semi-synthetic, and synthetic polymers. The document also discusses factors that influence sedimentation rate based on Stokes' equation and the differences between flocculated and deflocculated suspensions.
Suspensions for B.pharmacy Suspensions in Pharmaceuticsgamerking23012001
The document discusses suspensions, which are heterogeneous systems with small, finely divided solid particles distributed throughout a liquid vehicle. Suspensions can be classified based on particle size, concentration of solids, electrokinetic properties, and application. Key points covered include the properties of flocculated and deflocculated suspensions, factors affecting sedimentation, and the roles of suspending, wetting, dispersing, and flocculating agents. Common mixing and milling equipment used for producing suspensions are also summarized.
This document defines suspensions as finely divided solid particles dispersed in a liquid or semisolid vehicle. It discusses the characteristics, types, theory, formulation, evaluation, and recent advances of suspensions. The key points are: Suspensions can be oral, parenteral, ophthalmic or for external use. Their stability depends on particle size, electrokinetic properties, and Brownian movement. Recent advances include nano suspensions, taste masked suspensions, and sustained release suspensions. Suspensions are prepared by grinding and dispersing ingredients, then evaluated based on sedimentation, particle size, and pH.
7. Introduction to different dosage form part 7.pptParimal Hadge
This document provides an introduction to different dosage forms, focusing on suspension dosage forms. It defines suspensions as biphasic liquid dosage forms containing finely divided solid particles dispersed in a liquid vehicle. Suspensions can improve drug stability and bioavailability compared to other forms. They are either flocculated or deflocculated; flocculated suspensions sediment more rapidly but have lower bioavailability, while deflocculated suspensions sediment slowly but form hard cakes upon storage and have higher bioavailability. Key qualities of good suspensions and differences between flocculated and deflocculated suspensions are discussed.
The document discusses pharmaceutical suspensions. Key points:
- Suspensions are heterogeneous systems with insoluble solid particles dispersed in a liquid medium, usually with particle sizes between 0.5-5 μm.
- They offer benefits like effective delivery of hydrophobic drugs and masking unpleasant tastes.
- Suspensions can incorporate higher drug concentrations than solutions.
- Proper formulation considers factors like sedimentation, viscosity, stability, and accurate dosing.
- Ingredients include wetting agents, suspending agents, preservatives, flavors, colors and buffers.
Suspension is a two-phase system with a solid dispersed in a liquid. Suspensions offer advantages like masking unpleasant tastes, providing prolonged drug release, and increased bioavailability. Factors like particle size, viscosity, and density difference between solid and liquid affect sedimentation rate per Stokes' law. Formulating stable suspensions requires choosing vehicles that maintain particles in deflocculated state or produce redispersible floccules. Wetting powder particles thoroughly before adding to the vehicle aids in proper dispersion.
Biphasic liquid dosage forms include emulsions and suspensions. Suspensions contain finely divided solid drug particles 0.5-3 microns in diameter dispersed throughout a liquid or semisolid vehicle. Ideal suspensions do not sediment or form cakes and are viscous enough to pour easily while being chemically stable. Suspensions offer benefits like ease of large dose formulation and administration to children/elderly but accuracy and absorption rate are disadvantages. Suspensions are classified by route of administration and properties of dispersed phase. Formulation involves consideration of the drug, wetting agents, suspending agents, vehicle, and preservative.
This Slide Contains A Brief Lecture On Suspensions and Its Types Based On The Factors Affecting The Preparation Of Dosage Form In The Field Of Pharmaceutics
This document discusses coarse dispersions and suspensions. It defines suspensions as insoluble solid particles dispersed in a liquid medium where the particles are mostly greater than 0.1 μm. Suspensions provide chemical stability for unstable drugs while allowing liquid therapy. They can also improve palatability by masking unpleasant drug tastes. Properly prepared suspensions should settle slowly and redisperse easily upon shaking without forming hard cakes. Flocculated suspensions have weakly bonded particles that settle rapidly, while deflocculated suspensions settle more slowly and may form sediments.
This document defines suspensions as biphasic liquid dosage forms containing finely divided solid particles dispersed in a liquid or semisolid vehicle. Suspensions can be administered orally, parenterally, or for external use. The key qualities of a good suspension are that it settles slowly and readily re-disperses upon shaking. Suspensions are classified based on their route of administration. The document discusses the formulation, methods of preparation, and evaluation of stability for different types of suspensions.
A pharmaceutical suspension is a dispersed system where insoluble particles are uniformly distributed throughout a liquid medium. Key aspects of suspensions include the particle size, shape, interactions, and use of suspending agents to decrease aggregation. Suspensions are used to deliver insoluble drugs and control drug release while masking unpleasant tastes. Quality is ensured through tests of sedimentation, rheology, stability, and redispersibility.
Suspension, type of suspension, interracial property of suspended particles Dheeraj Saini
Here you find
Suspension , types of suspension, difference between flocculated and deflocculated suspension and interfacial properties of suspended particles
8 biphasic liquid doasge form suspensionPradeep Patil
This document discusses pharmaceutical suspensions. It defines suspensions as biphasic liquid dosage forms containing finely divided solid particles dispersed in a liquid or semisolid vehicle. Suspensions can be administered orally, parenterally, for ophthalmic or external use. The document outlines the key properties suspensions must have and different types of additives that can be included. It also describes common methods for preparing different types of suspensions and tests used to evaluate suspension stability.
The document discusses pharmaceutical suspensions. A suspension is a coarse dispersion where an insoluble internal phase is dispersed uniformly throughout an external phase. Reasons for formulating suspensions include insolubility of the drug, masking bitter taste, increasing stability, and achieving controlled drug release. Common types of suspensions include antacids, antibiotics, analgesics, anthelmintics, and antifungals. Suspending agents are used to prevent sedimentation and ensure uniform dosing. Preparation involves grinding the insoluble drug into a paste and incorporating suspending agents before making up the final volume. Advantages include improved stability and bioavailability for some drugs, while disadvantages include issues with physical stability and accurate dosing.
Pharmaceutical suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures containing solid particles dispersed in a liquid medium. They allow insoluble drugs to be formulated into liquid dosage forms. Suspensions are administered via several routes including orally, ocularly, parenterally, and topically. Qualities of a good suspension include maintaining homogeneity during use and easy re-suspension of sediment. Suspensions have advantages over other dosage forms like permitting formulation of poorly soluble drugs and prolonging drug action.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
1. Suspension
Hindu College of Pharmacy
Sonipat(131001)
Guided by
Dr. Dinesh Kaushik
Associate professor
Hindu College of
Pharmacy Sonipat
Presented by
Vikash
M-Pharmacy(1st Sem)
Modern Pharmaceutics
Roll no. 8-M/2019
3. Definition
Suspension may be defined as preparation
containing finely divided drug particles distributed
uniformly throughout a vehicle in which the drug
exhibits a minimum degree of solubility.
or
4. Suspension are the biphasic liquid dosage form of
medicaments in which the finely divided solid particles.
The range of solid particles in suspension from 0.5 to
5.0 micron.
Suspensions are used in orally, parentally and also
externally.
They are chemically stable than solution.
5. Properties of good Suspension:
Suspension should settle slowly & should be readily re-
dispersed upon shaking of the container.
The suspension is pourable.
Particle in suspension are small and relatively uniform
in size. So that the product is free from a gritty texture.
6. Advantages of suspensions:
Suspension can improve chemical stability of certain
drug. Ex. Procaine penicillin G
Drug in suspension exhibits higher rate of
bioavailability than other dosage forms.
Bioavailability is in following order:
Emulsion>Suspension>Capsule>Compressed
tablet>Coated tablet
Duration and onset of action can be controlled. Ex.
Protamine Zinc-insulin suspension.
Suspension can mask the unpleasant/bitter taste of
drug. Ex. Chloramphenicol palmitate.
7. Disadvantage:
Physical stability, sedimentation and compaction can
cause problems.
It is bulky, therefore sufficient care must be taken
during handling and transport.
It is difficult to formulate.
Uniform and accurate dose can not be achieved unless
suspension unless suspension are packed in unit dosage
form.
8. Pharmaceutical Application of Suspension
Suspension is usually applicable for drug which is insoluble
or poorly soluble. E.g. Prednisolone
Suspension to prevent degradation of drug or to improve
stability of drug. E.g. Oxytetracycline suspension.
Suspension of drug can be formulated for topical
application. E.g. Calamine lotion.
To mask the taste of bitter or unpleasant drug when
formulated in solution form.
Bulky, insoluble powders can be formulated as a
suspension so that they are easier to take. E.g. Kaolin or
chalk.
9. Internal phase:
The internal phase consisting of insoluble solid particles
having range of size(0.5 to 5 microns) which is maintained
uniformly through out the suspending vehicle with aid of
single or combination of suspending agent.
External phase:
The external phase (suspending medium) is generally
aqueous in some instance, may be an organic or oily liquid
for non oral use.
10. Classification:
Based on General class
I. Oral suspension
e.g. Paracetamol suspension, antibiotic
II. Externally applied suspension
e.g. calamine lotion
III. Parenteral suspension
e.g. Insulin zinc suspension
11. Based on nature of solid particle:
Flocculated suspension
Deflocculated suspension
Based on proportion of Solid Particles:
Dilute Suspension (2 to 10% w/v solid
e.g. cortisone acetate.
Concentrated Suspension (50% w/v solid)
e.g. Zinc oxide suspension
12. • According to particle size of the dispersed phase,
suspensions are divided into:
Coarse suspension: Which is a dispersion of particles
with a mean diameter greater than 1 µm.
Colloidal suspension: Which is a dispersion of
particles with a mean diameter less than 1 µm.
13. Flocculated system
In flocculated system the individual particle are contact
with each other to form loose aggregate & create
network like structure.
Rate of sedimentation is high.
Sediment is loosely packed. When shaking it can be re-
disperse easily & reform the original suspension.
Flocculated suspensions not be elegant because they
are difficult to remove from bottles & on transferring
from the bottle the floccules remaining sticking to the
side of the bottle.
14. De-flocculated or Non-flocculated
system
In deflocculated system the individual particle are exist
as separate entities.
Rate of sedimentation is low.
Sediment is tightly packed. When shaking it can not be
re-disperse easily & form the cake.
Deflocculated suspensions be elegant. They have
pleasing appearance because the substance remain
suspended for sufficient long time.
15. Difference between flocculated and
deflocculated suspension
Flocculated Deflocculated
1. Particles forms loose aggregates and
form a network like structure.
1. Particle exists as separate entities.
2. Rate of sedimentation is high. 2. Rate of sedimentation is low.
3. Sediment is rapidly formed. 3. Sediment is slowly formed.
4. Sediment is loosely packed and
doesn’t form a hard cake.
4. Sediment is very closely packed and
a hard cake is form.
5. Sediment is easy to re-disperse. 5. Sediment is difficult to re-disperse.
6. Suspension is not pleasing in
appearance.
6. Suspension is pleasing in
appearance.
7. The floccules stick to the sides of the
bottle.
7. They don’t stick to the sides of the
bottle.
16.
17. Theory of sedimentation
SEDIMENTATION:
Sedimentation means settling of particle (or) floccules
occur under gravitational force in liquid dosage form.
18. DLVO Theory
The scientists Deryaguin, Landau, Vervey and Overbeek
developed a theory in the 1940s which dealt with the
stability of colloidal systems.
DLVO theory suggests that, the stability of a colloidal
system is determined by the sum of the Vander Waals
attractive (VA) and electrical double layer repulsive (VR)
forces that exist between particles as they approach each
other due to the Brownian motion they are undergoing.
The Vander waal forces depend on chemical nature and
size of particle. The electrostatic repulsive forces depend
on density, surface charge and thickness of double layer.
19. Methods for stabilizing suspension
Physical Stability can be achieved by maintaining the
particle in Brownian motion
a) Provide Electric charge on surface of dispersed
particle: The like charge on the particles will prevent
these coming closer together and thus maintaining a
Brownian motion.
b) Maintain solvent sheath around the particle: The
solvent layer prevent the particle coming closer and also
maintain Brownian motion.
20. Stoke ’s equation
Where V sed. =sedimentation velocity in cm/sec
d=diameter of particle
rs=density of disperse phase
ro=density of disperse media
g= acceleration due to gravity
h=viscosity of disperse medium in poise
21. Limitation Of Stoke ’s Equation.
Stoke 's equation applies only to:
Spherical particles in a very dilute suspension (0.5 to 2
gm per 100 ml)
Particles which freely settle without collision .
Particles with no physical or chemical attraction.
22. Brownian movement
Brownian movement of particle prevents
sedimentation by keeping the dispersed material in
random motion.
Brownian movement depends on the density of
dispersed phase and the density and viscosity of the
disperse medium
Brownian movement can be observed
If particle size is about 2 to 5µm,
When the density of particle & viscosity of medium are
favorable.
23. Formulation of suspensions:
Wetting agents: They are added to disperse solids in
continuous phase. Ex: polysorbate 80,20, span etc.
Suspending agents: They are added to flocs the drug
particles.
Thickeners: They are added to increase the viscosity of
suspension. Ex: gaur gum, xanthan gum.
Buffers and pH adjusting agents: They are added to
stabilize the suspension to a desired pH range.
Coloring agents: They are added to impart desired color to
suspension and improve elegance.
Preservative: They are added to prevent microbial growth.
e.g. benzoic acid, sodium benzoate, methyl & propyl
paraben.
24. Preparation of suspension
Step 1:
Suspensions are prepared by grinding the insoluble materials in the
mortar. To a smooth paste with a vehicle containing the wetting agent.
Step 2:
All soluble ingredients are dissolved in same portion of the vehicle and
added to the smooth paste to step1 to get slurry.
Step 3:
The slurry is transformed to a graduated cylinder, the mortar is rinsed
with successive portion of the vehicle.
25. Step 5 :
Make up the dispersion to the final volume .
Thus suspension is prepared.
Step 4: Decide whether the solids are
• Suspended in a structured vehicle.
• Flocculated
• Flocculated and then suspended
Add the vehicle containing the suspending agent (or)
flocculated agent
26. Packing of Suspension:
Pharmaceutical suspension for ideal use are generally
packed in wide mouth container having adequate space
above the liquid to ensure proper mixing.
Parenteral suspensions are packed in either glass
ampoules or vials.
27. Ideal requirements of Packaging
material
It should be inert.
It should effectively preserve the product from light,
air, and other contamination.
It should effectively deliver the product without any
difficulty.
It should be cheap.
29. Sedimentation method:
Two parameters are studied for determination
of sedimentation.
Sedimentation volume.
Degree of flocculation.
30. Sedimentation volume
The suspension formulation(50ml) poured separately
into 100ml measuring cylinders and sedimentation
volume was read after 1,2,3 and 7days, and there after
at weekly interval for 12 weeks.
Triplicate results obtained for each formulation.
Sedimentation volume calculated according to the
equation:
F=Vu/Vo
Where, F=sedimentation volume,
Vu=ultimate height of sediment,
Vo=initial height of total suspension.
31. It is the ratio of the sedimentation volume of the flocculated
suspension , F, to the sedimentation volume of the deflocculated
suspension, F’
b=F/F’
The minimum value of b is 1, when flocculated suspension sedimentation
volume is equal to the sedimentation volume of deflocculated suspension.
Degree of flocculation (b)
b=(Vu/Vo) flocculated
(Vu/Vo) deflocculated
32. Rheological method:
It provide information about Settling behaviours.
Brookfield viscometer is used study the viscosity of the
suspension.
It is mounted on Heli-path stand using T-bar spindle.
T-bar spindle is made to descend slowly into the suspension
and the dial reading on the viscometer is then a measure of
the resistance the spindle meets at various level.
This technique also indicates at which level of the suspension
the structure is greater owing to particle agglomeration.
33. Brookfield viscometer
Apparatus
In the screening study, good
suspension show a lesser rate of
increase of dial reading as the spindle
turns, that is , the curve is horizontal
for a longer period.
34. Electrokinetic method
Measurement of Zeta-potential using Micro
electrophoresis apparatus & Zeta Plus (Brook haven
Instruments Corporation , USA)
It shows the stability of a disperse system.
Zeta PlusMicro electrophoresis apparatus
35. Electrokinetic method
Zeta Potential: The zeta potential defined as the
difference between the surface of the tightly bound layer
(shear plane) & the electroneutral region of the solution.
Zeta potential has practical application in stability of
systems containing dispersed particles.
If the zeta potential is reduced below a certain value , the
attractive forces exceed the repulsive forces, and the
particles come together.
36.
37. Factors that contribute to appreciable stability of a
suspension include:
Small particle size: reduce the size of the dispersed
particle increases the total surface area of the solid.
Greater the degree of subdivision of a given solid the
larger the surface area.
Increase in surface area means also an increase in
interface between the solids and liquids leading to an
increase in viscosity of a system.
Stability of suspension
38. Increasing the viscosity- increasing the viscosity of
the continuous phase can lead to the stability of
suspensions.
Rate of sedimentation can be reduced by increase in
viscosity.
Viscosity increase by addition of thickening agents to
the external phase
Rate of release of a drug from a suspension is also
dependent on viscosity.
Temperature-
Another factor which negatively affects the stability of
suspension is fluctuation of temperature. Temperature
fluctuation can lead to caking and claying
39. Storage requirements & labelling
Label:
Shake well before use.
Do not freeze.
Protect from direct sunlight (for light sensitive drugs).
In case of dry suspensions powder the specified amount of
vehicle to be mixed may be indicated clearly on label.
Storage:
Suspension should be stored in cool place but should not
kept in a refrigerator.
Freezing at very low temperatures should be avoided which
may lead to aggregation of suspended particles.
Stored at controlled temperature from 20-25 oC .
41. Nano suspension
Nano suspensions are the biphasic colloidal dispersions
of nanosized drug particles stabilized by surfactants
without the matrix materials.
They can also be defined as a biphasic system consisting
of pure drug particles dispersed in an aqueous vehicle
in which the diameter of the suspended particle is less
than 1 μm in size.
They have average diameter of particle 200-600nm.
42. Taste masked pharmaceutical suspension
Un-palatability due to bad taste is a major concern in most
of the dosage forms containing bitter drugs.
In case of suspensions also taste masking is being applied
to mask bitterness of drugs formulated.
The taste masking approaches for suspensions are:
• Polymer coating of drugs.
• Encapsulation with basic drugs.
• Coating and pH control.
43. Polymer Coating of Drugs: The polymer coat allows the
time for all of the particles to be swallowed before the
threshold concentration is reached in the mouth and the
taste is perceived.
• The polymers used for coating are
Ethyl cellulose
Eudragit RS 100
Eudragit RL 100
Eudragit RS 30 D
Eudragit RL 30 D
44. Encapsulation with a Basic Substance: Here a basic
substance is mixed with a bitter tasting drug which is
insoluble at high pH.
• The mixer is then encapsulated with a polymer
(cellulose derivative, vinyl derivative or an acid soluble
polymer
Example: copolymer of dimethyl ammonium methyl
methacrylate).
The drug after encapsulation are suspended, dispersed
or emulsified in suspending medium to give the final
dosage form.
45. Coating and pH control: Those drugs which are soluble at
high pH are preferably be maintained in a suspension at a
low pH where the drug exhibit maximum insolubility.
Similarly drugs which are soluble at low pH are preferably
maintained in suspension at a high pH where the drug is
insoluble.
Also applying polymeric coating to the drug substance
avoids solubilization of drug when administered providing
taste masking.
46. Some Examples of Taste Masked Suspensions
Sr.no Name of the drug Taste masking approach
1. Risperidone pH control and polymer coating (with Eudragit
RS)
2. Diclofenac Polymer coating with Eudragit RS 100
3. Levofloxacin Polymer coating ( Eudragit & cellulose acetate,)
47. Sustained release suspension
Sustained release is a method to increase only the duration
of action of drug being formulated without affecting onset of
action.
In suspension sustained release affected by coating the drug
to be formulated as suspension by insoluble polymer coating.
The polymer coating provides sustained release and also
masks the taste of the bitter drug.
The polymer used for sustained release in suspension is as
follows as: Ethyl cellulose, Eudragit, Cellulose acetate, etc.
The main advantage of sustained release suspension is
decrease in dosing frequency