Ointments, creams, and lotions are topical semi-solid preparations used to apply active ingredients to the skin. Ointments have a high oil and low water content which allows them to occlude the skin and promote absorption of active ingredients. Creams have a higher water content and are more easily absorbed and spreadable. Lotions have the lowest oil and highest water content, making them lightweight and non-greasy. Ointments are best for dry skin conditions while creams and lotions are better for larger areas or weeping lesions due to being less occlusive and greasy.
Semisolid dosage forms are neither solid nor liquid, however, they are a combination or mixture of both, and they used for both local and systemic effects. Pharmaceutical semisolid dosage forms such as creams, ointments, gels, suppositories, and paste are used for topical application. Semisolid dosage forms are intended used as drug carriers that are transported topically through the skin, buckle tissue, rectal tissue, outer ear lining nasal mucosa, urethral membrane, vagina, and cornea. The semisolid may adhere adequately before washing on the surface of the application; this helps to extend the supply of drugs on the application site.
CREAMS MS.WAJIHA IFFAT
OBJECTIVES:
After the end of this topic, the student will be able to :
-->Define creams
-->Classify creams
--->Method of preparation
--->prepare a cream from first principles
incorporate solids and liquids into a cream base
it is a complete overview on ophthalmic dosage form. beginning from anatomy and physiology of eye with drug absorption mechanism including all factors to formulation considerations and evaluation of the products i.e. eye drops and eye ointment & the evaluation tests. it will help you make the concepts clear about ophthalmic drug deliveries.
Liquid dosage forms are effective pharmaceutical products containing a mixture of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API/Drug) and non drug components (excipients). It is a dose of a drug used as a medicine for consumption or administration. Many liquid dosage forms are used in the pharmacy, but the most commonly used are syrup, suspension, and elixirs. The general category of liquid oral doses includes a broad range of dosage forms, broadly classified as monophasic and biphasic. Whereas dosage forms in both types comprise at least one drug, monophasic forms are homogeneous and completely dissolve in liquid, whereas biphasic forms in a vehicle do not dissolve.
Semisolid dosage forms are neither solid nor liquid, however, they are a combination or mixture of both, and they used for both local and systemic effects. Pharmaceutical semisolid dosage forms such as creams, ointments, gels, suppositories, and paste are used for topical application. Semisolid dosage forms are intended used as drug carriers that are transported topically through the skin, buckle tissue, rectal tissue, outer ear lining nasal mucosa, urethral membrane, vagina, and cornea. The semisolid may adhere adequately before washing on the surface of the application; this helps to extend the supply of drugs on the application site.
CREAMS MS.WAJIHA IFFAT
OBJECTIVES:
After the end of this topic, the student will be able to :
-->Define creams
-->Classify creams
--->Method of preparation
--->prepare a cream from first principles
incorporate solids and liquids into a cream base
it is a complete overview on ophthalmic dosage form. beginning from anatomy and physiology of eye with drug absorption mechanism including all factors to formulation considerations and evaluation of the products i.e. eye drops and eye ointment & the evaluation tests. it will help you make the concepts clear about ophthalmic drug deliveries.
Liquid dosage forms are effective pharmaceutical products containing a mixture of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API/Drug) and non drug components (excipients). It is a dose of a drug used as a medicine for consumption or administration. Many liquid dosage forms are used in the pharmacy, but the most commonly used are syrup, suspension, and elixirs. The general category of liquid oral doses includes a broad range of dosage forms, broadly classified as monophasic and biphasic. Whereas dosage forms in both types comprise at least one drug, monophasic forms are homogeneous and completely dissolve in liquid, whereas biphasic forms in a vehicle do not dissolve.
Emollient and Rheological Additive.pptxPrachi Pandey
Topical emollients are creams, lotions, or ointments that contain ingredients that soothe and soften the skin. The word emollient means a preparation that softens the skin. Another name for an emollient is a moisturizer.
Emollients are non-cosmetic moisturisers which come in the form of creams, ointments, lotions and gels. Emollients help skin to feel more comfortable and less itchy. They keep the skin moist and flexible, helping to prevent cracks.
Modern emollients include petrolatum, zinc oxide, paraffin, mineral oil, glycerin, beeswax, olive oil, coconut oil, lanolin, cocoa butter, and such synthetics as butyl stearate and diglycol laurate.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group of receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a teamof receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a team wwww.lisywomensclinic.co.za/
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
2. Ointments are homogenous, translucent, viscous, semi
solid preparation intended for external application to skin
or mucous membranes. Ointment may be medicated or
not.
British Pharmacopoeia (BP) definition
Ointments are formulated to provide preparations that
are immiscible, miscible or emulsifiable with the skin
secretion.
“Ointments are preparations for external application but
differ from creams in that they have greasy bases.The
base is usually anhydrous and therefore most ointments
are immiscible with skin secretions. Ointments usually
contain a medicament or a mixture of medicaments
dissolved or dispersed in the base.”
3. Uses
Emollient
Application for active ingredients to the skin
Occlusive
Ointment Bases
• Oleaginous Bases
• Absorption Bases
• Water-Removable Bases
• Water-Soluble Bases
4. When is it best to use an
ointment? Ointments are best used on dry
skin.They are ‘occlusive,’ which means they
trap moisture and are not well absorbed into
the skin.Thus, they are able to keep the skin
moist for longer periods of time. Ointments
also promote more complete absorption of
the active ingredient or medication. Because
of preservatives used in creams, ointments
are less likely to cause an allergic reaction
5. Viscous semi solid emulsion with opaque
appearance.
Consistency depends on whether the cream is
W/O or O/W.
Definition (B.P):
Creams are formulated to provide preparations
that are essentially miscible with the skin
secretion.
They are intended to be applied to the skin or
certain mucous membranes for protective,
therapeutic or prophylactic purposes, especially
where an occlusive effect is not necessary.
6. Viscous semi solid emulsion with opaque
appearance.
Consistency depends on whether the cream is
W/O or O/W.
Definition (B.P):
Creams are formulated to provide preparations
that are essentially miscible with the skin
secretion.
They are intended to be applied to the skin or
certain mucous membranes for protective,
therapeutic or prophylactic purposes, especially
where an occlusive effect is not necessary.
7. w/o oily creams ( as cold cream):
Emulgents: natural origin e.g., bees wax, wool
alcohols, wool fat used as emollient.
o/w aquous creams (as vanishing cream):
Emulgents: synthetic waxes e.g., macrogols,
cetomacrogols used here rapid penetration of
drugs required.
O/W creams are elegant drug delivery
system
8. When is it best to use a cream? In general,
people prefer using creams to ointments since
they are less sticky and heavy on the skin. Even
though we think of creams as being
moisturizing, given their higher water content
and the evaporation that occurs following
application, creams are better than ointments
for treating oozing or “wet” skin conditions.
Since the viscosity (thickness) of creams is less
than that of ointments, they also work better for
covering large areas of skin.
9. Lotion are not defined specially in the USP
but a broad definition describes then as either
liquid or semi liquid preparations that contains
one or more active ingredients in an appropriate
vehicle.
Lotions may contains antimicrobial
preservatives and other appropriate excipients
such as stabilizers, Lotions are intended to be
applied to the un-broken skin without friction.
Lotions are usually suspension of solids in an
aqueous medium, Some lotions are, in fact,
emulsions or solutions.
10. Characteristics Ointments Creams Lotion
Definition single-phase basis
in which solids or
liquids may be
dispersed
Multiphase
Preparations
consisting of a
lipophilic phase and
an aqueous phase
either liquid or semi
liquid preparations
that contains one
or more active
ingredients in an
appropriate vehicle.
Types Ointment Bases
Oleaginous
Bases
•Absorption
Bases
•Water-
Removable
Bases
•Water-
Soluble Bases
w/o oily creams
( as cold cream):
Emulgents: natural
origin e.g., bees
wax, wool alcohols,
wool fat used as
emollient.
Lotions are
emulsions or
suspensions
generally in an
aqueous vehicle,
although certain
solutions have been
designated
as lotions because
of either their
appearance or
application
11. Characteristics Ointments Creams Lotion
Types o/w aqueous
creams (as
vanishing cream):
Emulgents:
synthetic waxes
e.g., macrogols,
cetomacrogols
used here rapid
penetration of
drugs required.
O/W creams are
elegant drug
delivery system
Examples Lidocaine Ointment
Gentamicin Sulfate
Ointment
Tretinoin Cream
Capsaicin Cream
Aveeno Skin Relief
Moisturizing Lotion
, Cetaphil
Moisturizing Lotion
12. Characteristics Ointments Creams Lotion
Appearance Opaque Relatively Soft
spreadable
Translucent
light-weight,
non-greasy
Viscosity Exhibits very
high viscosity value
s at low shear rates
and
decreasing viscosity
values as the shear
rate increases
viscosity of cream
is increased by
lowering the
temperature and by
increasing the fat
content.
Not truly viscous,
exhibiting
thixotropic
properties. With
age, the body of
cream increases
rapidly for a few
hours and more
slowly for 48 hours.
Agitation reduces
the viscosity.
low-Viscosity
due to lower water
content
13. Characteristics Ointments Creams Lotion
Absorption and
Spreading ability
•Not easily
absorbed
•Low Spreading
ability
•ointment will
remain on the skin
longer and take a
longer time to
absorb
Quickly
absorbed by the
skin
High Spreading
ability
may work
better on larger
areas of the skin
because of their
"spreadability"
factor,
compared to
ointments.
•readily applied to
skin Historically,
lotions also had an
advantage in that
they may be spread
thinly compared to
a cream or
ointment and may
economically cover
a large area of skin
Stability on skin Stay longer on the
surface
Stay short time on
the surface
Long term stability
14. Characteristics Ointments Creams Lotion
Conc.of oil and
water
Have a higher
concentration of
oil
80 percent oil and
20 percent water.
blend of oil and
water, but with a
higher oil
concentration (a
50-50 ratio of
water and oil)
Have a lower
concentration of
oil than
ointment
Higher water
content
Greasiness More greasy Less greasy non-greasy
15. Characteristics Ointments Creams Lotion
Benefits Ointments are used
as moisturizers—
normally a
combination of 80
percent oil and 20
percent water.This
combination locks
in moisture more
effectively than
creams and lotions,
which are normally
made with more
water.
Like lotion, body
cream is used to
treat and prevent
dry, cracked skin
while keeping it
supple and
moisturized.
Because it provides
a barrier that
provides ultra-
hydration, it’s best
for dry to
excessively dry skin
and for normal skin
during the harsher
winter months.
Because body
lotion is more
readily absorbed by
the skin – due to its
lower viscosity than
cream – it’s
excellent for
normal to slightly
dry skin. It leaves a
less greasy residue
than cream and is
ideal for use during
the day and in hot
summer months.
16. Characteristics Ointments Creams Lotion
Uses used to treat a
variety of skin
conditions (e.g.,
eczema,
dermatitis,
allergies, rash
insect bites,
poison oak/ivy,
eczema,
dermatitis,
allergies, rash,
itching of the
outer female
genitals, anal
itching)
used as a
moisturizer to
treat or prevent
dry, rough, scaly,
itchy skin and
minor skin
irritations (e.g.,
diaper rash, skin
burns from
radiation therapy)
17. Here are some guidelines for deciding when to use an ointment
and when to use a cream:
Creams are best when covering large areas of the skin or to avoid
the greasiness associated with an ointment.
Wet or “weeping” skin lesions, such as eczema or poison ivy, are
best treated with a cream (or gel).
Ointments are best when treating dry skin conditions, such as
psoriasis.
Ointments allow greater penetration of the active ingredient in
the topical medication, whether it is an antibiotic, steroid, or anti-
fungal medication.
The best moisturizers are in ointment form.
Ointments may be better to use on sensitive skin since many
creams are manufactured with sensitizing preservatives.
18. https://www.kleinmd.com/blog/moisturizing-101-cream-vs-lotion
https://healthfully.com/advantages-disadvantages-ointments-6069390.html
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022030233933111
Remington,Joseph Price (2006), Beringer, Paul (ed.), Remington:The
Science And PracticeOf Pharmacy (21st ed.), LippincottWilliams &Wilkins,
p. 772, ISBN 978-0781746731.
^ McDonald, Michel (July 2009). "What'sThe Difference Between An
Ointment, A Cream And A Lotion?". ABC News. Retrieved 2January 2016.
https://www.rdmag.com/article/2017/07/how-characterize-ointment-
flow-behavior
"Hand Dermatitis in Health CareWorkers" (PDF). Washington State
Department of Labor and Industries. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-61621/body-lotion-
topical/details
https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-150643/desowen-ointment-and-
lotion-topical/details