This document discusses coarse dispersions and suspensions. It defines suspensions as insoluble solid particles dispersed in a liquid medium where the particles are mostly greater than 0.1 μm. Suspensions provide chemical stability for unstable drugs while allowing liquid therapy. They can also improve palatability by masking unpleasant drug tastes. Properly prepared suspensions should settle slowly and redisperse easily upon shaking without forming hard cakes. Flocculated suspensions have weakly bonded particles that settle rapidly, while deflocculated suspensions settle more slowly and may form sediments.
Suspension is made of two phase system, consisting of a finely divided solid particles (Dispersed phase) distributed in a particular manner throughout another medium (Continuous phase).
This document provides information about pharmaceutical suspensions. It begins by defining a suspension as a disperse system where an insoluble solid internal phase is uniformly dispersed throughout an external liquid phase. Particle size is important for suspensions to be classified as coarse or colloidal. Suspensions differ from solutions in that particles remain dispersed rather than dissolving. Sedimentation occurs over time due to particle size and density. Suspending agents are added to prevent sedimentation by increasing viscosity. The document discusses formulation, applications, advantages, and disadvantages of suspensions.
This document discusses suspensions, which are two-phase systems consisting of finely divided solid particles dispersed in a liquid vehicle. Suspensions can be classified based on administration route or particle size. They are useful for drugs with low solubility and can improve stability, release properties, and bioavailability compared to other dosage forms. However, suspensions are also prone to physical instability issues like sedimentation. The document outlines factors that affect sedimentation and strategies to improve suspension stability such as controlling particle size, viscosity, surface charge, and use of surfactants or flocculating agents. Wetting agents are also discussed which help disperse solid particles in the liquid vehicle by reducing surface tension.
This document discusses suspensions, including definitions, classifications, formulation, packing, evaluation, and storage. Suspensions are defined as preparations containing finely divided drug particles distributed uniformly throughout a vehicle. They are classified based on factors such as intended use (oral, external, parenteral), nature of solid particles (flocculated, deflocculated), and proportion of solid particles. Formulation involves selecting appropriate suspending agents, thickeners, and preservatives. Suspensions are packed in containers allowing for mixing and evaluated using sedimentation, rheological, and electrokinetic methods. Proper storage conditions help maintain stability.
The document discusses suspensions, which are heterogeneous systems with small, solid particles dispersed throughout a liquid medium. Suspensions can be used orally, parenterally, or externally. They are divided into coarse and colloidal suspensions based on particle size. Various factors including particle size and distribution, viscosity, and stability must be considered for suspension formulation and production. Common methods for preparing suspensions involve using mortar and pestle or mixing equipment depending on the materials used.
Suspensions for B.pharmacy Suspensions in Pharmaceuticsgamerking23012001
The document discusses suspensions, which are heterogeneous systems with small, finely divided solid particles distributed throughout a liquid vehicle. Suspensions can be classified based on particle size, concentration of solids, electrokinetic properties, and application. Key points covered include the properties of flocculated and deflocculated suspensions, factors affecting sedimentation, and the roles of suspending, wetting, dispersing, and flocculating agents. Common mixing and milling equipment used for producing suspensions are also summarized.
This document provides information about an oral suspension dosage lab assignment for a group of students. It discusses key topics related to oral suspensions including their definition, advantages, disadvantages, role of formulation aids, rheological considerations, and specifications for a product sample. The summary focuses on the essential information while keeping within the 3 sentence limit.
Suspension is made of two phase system, consisting of a finely divided solid particles (Dispersed phase) distributed in a particular manner throughout another medium (Continuous phase).
This document provides information about pharmaceutical suspensions. It begins by defining a suspension as a disperse system where an insoluble solid internal phase is uniformly dispersed throughout an external liquid phase. Particle size is important for suspensions to be classified as coarse or colloidal. Suspensions differ from solutions in that particles remain dispersed rather than dissolving. Sedimentation occurs over time due to particle size and density. Suspending agents are added to prevent sedimentation by increasing viscosity. The document discusses formulation, applications, advantages, and disadvantages of suspensions.
This document discusses suspensions, which are two-phase systems consisting of finely divided solid particles dispersed in a liquid vehicle. Suspensions can be classified based on administration route or particle size. They are useful for drugs with low solubility and can improve stability, release properties, and bioavailability compared to other dosage forms. However, suspensions are also prone to physical instability issues like sedimentation. The document outlines factors that affect sedimentation and strategies to improve suspension stability such as controlling particle size, viscosity, surface charge, and use of surfactants or flocculating agents. Wetting agents are also discussed which help disperse solid particles in the liquid vehicle by reducing surface tension.
This document discusses suspensions, including definitions, classifications, formulation, packing, evaluation, and storage. Suspensions are defined as preparations containing finely divided drug particles distributed uniformly throughout a vehicle. They are classified based on factors such as intended use (oral, external, parenteral), nature of solid particles (flocculated, deflocculated), and proportion of solid particles. Formulation involves selecting appropriate suspending agents, thickeners, and preservatives. Suspensions are packed in containers allowing for mixing and evaluated using sedimentation, rheological, and electrokinetic methods. Proper storage conditions help maintain stability.
The document discusses suspensions, which are heterogeneous systems with small, solid particles dispersed throughout a liquid medium. Suspensions can be used orally, parenterally, or externally. They are divided into coarse and colloidal suspensions based on particle size. Various factors including particle size and distribution, viscosity, and stability must be considered for suspension formulation and production. Common methods for preparing suspensions involve using mortar and pestle or mixing equipment depending on the materials used.
Suspensions for B.pharmacy Suspensions in Pharmaceuticsgamerking23012001
The document discusses suspensions, which are heterogeneous systems with small, finely divided solid particles distributed throughout a liquid vehicle. Suspensions can be classified based on particle size, concentration of solids, electrokinetic properties, and application. Key points covered include the properties of flocculated and deflocculated suspensions, factors affecting sedimentation, and the roles of suspending, wetting, dispersing, and flocculating agents. Common mixing and milling equipment used for producing suspensions are also summarized.
This document provides information about an oral suspension dosage lab assignment for a group of students. It discusses key topics related to oral suspensions including their definition, advantages, disadvantages, role of formulation aids, rheological considerations, and specifications for a product sample. The summary focuses on the essential information while keeping within the 3 sentence limit.
Suspension is a two-phase system with a solid dispersed in a liquid. Suspensions offer advantages like masking unpleasant tastes, providing prolonged drug release, and increased bioavailability. Factors like particle size, viscosity, and density difference between solid and liquid affect sedimentation rate per Stokes' law. Formulating stable suspensions requires choosing vehicles that maintain particles in deflocculated state or produce redispersible floccules. Wetting powder particles thoroughly before adding to the vehicle aids in proper dispersion.
A pharmaceutical suspension is a coarse dispersion where an internal phase is uniformly dispersed throughout an external phase. Suspensions can be classified based on their route of administration or particle size. They have advantages like improving drug stability and masking unpleasant tastes, but also have disadvantages like physical instability and difficulty in uniform drug delivery. Desired features of suspensions include lack of settling or grittiness. They have applications for delivering insoluble drugs, improving stability, and masking taste. Factors like viscosity, wetting, and suspending agents can affect drug release from suspensions.
This document discusses disperse systems, specifically suspensions. It defines suspensions as preparations containing finely divided drug particles distributed throughout a vehicle. Suspensions can be classified based on particle size (coarse vs fine), proportion of solid particles (dilute vs concentrated), electrokinetic properties, or intended route of administration (oral, topical, injectable). Key aspects of suspensions include maintaining proper particle size, using wetting agents, preventing sedimentation, and ensuring stability. The document provides examples of pharmaceutical suspensions and discusses their preparation, packaging, storage, and some extended-release options.
A suspension is a biphasic system with solid particles uniformly dispersed in a liquid. Suspensions can be used orally, parenterally, or topically for patients who cannot swallow solid dosage forms. Key properties include small, uniform particle size; lack of settling or easy redispersibility; optimal viscosity; and stability. Suspensions are classified by particle aggregation (flocculated or deflocculated) and route of administration. Flocculating agents cause particles to aggregate into flocs. Proper formulation and manufacturing can overcome issues like sedimentation and dispersion of hydrophobic drugs.
This document provides information on pharmaceutical suspensions. It begins by defining a suspension as a disperse system where an insoluble internal phase is dispersed uniformly throughout an external phase. The key differences between solutions and suspensions are explained. Suspensions require suspending agents to prevent particles from settling due to gravity. Common suspending agents include natural, semi-synthetic, and synthetic polymers. The document also discusses factors that influence sedimentation rate based on Stokes' equation and the differences between flocculated and deflocculated suspensions.
Pharmaceutical Suspensions Brief Presentation on Definition, Classification of suspension, Sedimentation, Brownian movement, Electro kinetic Properties of suspension, Stability of suspensions, Formulation of Suspensions, Preparation of Suspensions, Quality control of Suspensions, Recent Advancement in Suspensions
The document discusses suspensions, including their definition as a disperse system with one substance finely distributed in another, classifications based on particle size and use, properties of good suspensions, common issues like sedimentation and caking, and how to prevent them through factors like particle size, density difference, viscosity, and use of flocculating agents, suspending agents, and preservatives. Examples of pharmaceutical suspensions are provided for oral, topical, and parenteral uses.
Pharmaceutical suspensions are coarse dispersions containing finely divided insoluble material suspended in a liquid medium. Suspensions are classified based on their solid content as either dilute (<10% w/v) or concentrated (>50% w/v). They can also be classified as either flocculated or deflocculated based on the behavior of the suspended particles. Flocculated suspensions have particles that form loose aggregates called floes, resulting in faster sedimentation, while deflocculated suspensions have particles that remain individually dispersed, resulting in slower sedimentation. The rate of sedimentation is influenced by factors like particle size, shape, density, and viscosity of the dispersion medium. Sedimentation and flocculation can be quantified
This document discusses pharmaceutical suspensions. It begins by defining a suspension as a coarse dispersion containing finely divided insoluble material suspended in a liquid medium. Suspensions are classified as either dilute or concentrated based on the proportion of solid, and as flocculated or deflocculated based on particle behavior. Flocculated suspensions have particles that form loose aggregates (flocs) while deflocculated suspensions have individually dispersed particles. The document outlines factors that influence particle settling such as size, shape, density, and viscosity. It provides quantitative expressions for sedimentation volume and degree of flocculation. Finally, it discusses formulation considerations for suspensions and methods for controlled flocculation using electrolytes or polymers.
This Slide Contains A Brief Lecture On Suspensions and Its Types Based On The Factors Affecting The Preparation Of Dosage Form In The Field Of Pharmaceutics
This document provides information about suspensions. It defines a suspension as a two-phase system with undissolved particles dispersed in a liquid. Suspensions have particle sizes between 0.5-5 microns. An ideal suspension is chemically stable and has particles that do not readily settle or form compact cakes. Suspensions are classified based on use, particle proportion, electrokinetic nature, and particle size. Key steps in formulation include addition of suspending agents and ensuring uniform particle dispersion.
INTRODUCTION, CLASSIFICATION, FORMULATION, PREPARATION METHOD, BENEFITS AND DISADVANTAGES, STORAGE
The physical chemist defines the word “suspension” as a two-phase system consisting of an undissolved or immiscible material dispersed in a vehicle (solid, liquid, or gas).
Suspension are generally taken orally or by parenteral route, and the suspensions meant for external use should have small particle size to avoid gritty feeling to the skin
The suspensions have dispersed particles above the colloidal size, which is 0.5–5 microns.
Based On Pharmaceutical Use
Oral suspension
Externally applied suspension
Parenteral suspension
Ophthalmic Suspension
Based On the proportion of solid particles
Dilute suspension (2 to10 10 percent; w/v solid)
Concentrated suspension (50 percent; w/v solid)
Based On Electrokinetic Nature Of Solid Particles
Flocculated suspension
Deflocculated suspension
Based On Size Of Solid Particles
Colloidal suspension (< 1 micron)
Coarse suspension (>1 micron)
Nano suspension (10 ng)
Oral Suspension
Topical Suspension
Parenteral Suspension
Ophthalmic Suspension
Suspending and thickening agents
Wetting Agents
Dispersing agent
Flocculating Agent
Preservative
Organoleptic Additives
Suspensions containing diffusible solids
Suspensions containing insoluble solids
Suspensions of precipitate-forming liquids
Suspensions produced by chemical reactions
Biphasic liquid dosage forms include emulsions and suspensions. Suspensions contain finely divided solid drug particles 0.5-3 microns in diameter dispersed throughout a liquid or semisolid vehicle. Ideal suspensions do not sediment or form cakes and are viscous enough to pour easily while being chemically stable. Suspensions offer benefits like ease of large dose formulation and administration to children/elderly but accuracy and absorption rate are disadvantages. Suspensions are classified by route of administration and properties of dispersed phase. Formulation involves consideration of the drug, wetting agents, suspending agents, vehicle, and preservative.
The document discusses pharmaceutical suspensions. Key points:
- Suspensions are heterogeneous systems with insoluble solid particles dispersed in a liquid medium, usually with particle sizes between 0.5-5 μm.
- They offer benefits like effective delivery of hydrophobic drugs and masking unpleasant tastes.
- Suspensions can incorporate higher drug concentrations than solutions.
- Proper formulation considers factors like sedimentation, viscosity, stability, and accurate dosing.
- Ingredients include wetting agents, suspending agents, preservatives, flavors, colors and buffers.
Pharmaceutical suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures containing solid particles dispersed in a liquid medium. They allow insoluble drugs to be formulated into liquid dosage forms. Suspensions are administered via several routes including orally, ocularly, parenterally, and topically. Qualities of a good suspension include maintaining homogeneity during use and easy re-suspension of sediment. Suspensions have advantages over other dosage forms like permitting formulation of poorly soluble drugs and prolonging drug action.
This document provides information about pharmaceutical suspensions. It defines a suspension as a coarse dispersion where an insoluble solid active ingredient is uniformly dispersed throughout an external aqueous or non-aqueous liquid phase. Suspensions are formulated when drugs are insoluble, to mask bitter tastes, increase stability, or achieve sustained release. Key factors in formulating stable suspensions include particle size, shape, wettability, and use of suspending agents to decrease interparticle attraction and impart viscosity. Proper manufacturing controls suspension quality.
Formulation and manufacturing of suspensions Dheeraj Saini
This document discusses the formulation and manufacturing of suspensions. It defines suspensions as preparations containing finely divided drug particles distributed uniformly throughout a vehicle. The document classifies suspensions based on their use, describes common formulation components like wetting agents and dispersing agents, and outlines the process for preparing suspensions including dispersion of drug particles, preparation of the structured vehicle, incorporation of the drug, deaeration, and homogenization. It provides examples of equipment used for homogenization such as rotor-stator homogenizers and ultrasonic homogenizers.
Suspensions are liquid dosage forms containing finely dispersed solid particles. They are used for drugs that are insoluble, unstable, or need to be absorbed slowly. Suspensions can be administered orally, ocularly, otically, rectally, parenterally, or topically. Factors in formulation include the nature and size of particles, viscosity, and physical stability. Structured vehicles and controlled flocculation are used to prepare deflocculated and flocculated suspensions, respectively. Evaluation tests assess properties like sedimentation, redispersibility, and zeta potential. Packaging requires containers with headspace and instructions to shake before use.
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• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
Suspension is a two-phase system with a solid dispersed in a liquid. Suspensions offer advantages like masking unpleasant tastes, providing prolonged drug release, and increased bioavailability. Factors like particle size, viscosity, and density difference between solid and liquid affect sedimentation rate per Stokes' law. Formulating stable suspensions requires choosing vehicles that maintain particles in deflocculated state or produce redispersible floccules. Wetting powder particles thoroughly before adding to the vehicle aids in proper dispersion.
A pharmaceutical suspension is a coarse dispersion where an internal phase is uniformly dispersed throughout an external phase. Suspensions can be classified based on their route of administration or particle size. They have advantages like improving drug stability and masking unpleasant tastes, but also have disadvantages like physical instability and difficulty in uniform drug delivery. Desired features of suspensions include lack of settling or grittiness. They have applications for delivering insoluble drugs, improving stability, and masking taste. Factors like viscosity, wetting, and suspending agents can affect drug release from suspensions.
This document discusses disperse systems, specifically suspensions. It defines suspensions as preparations containing finely divided drug particles distributed throughout a vehicle. Suspensions can be classified based on particle size (coarse vs fine), proportion of solid particles (dilute vs concentrated), electrokinetic properties, or intended route of administration (oral, topical, injectable). Key aspects of suspensions include maintaining proper particle size, using wetting agents, preventing sedimentation, and ensuring stability. The document provides examples of pharmaceutical suspensions and discusses their preparation, packaging, storage, and some extended-release options.
A suspension is a biphasic system with solid particles uniformly dispersed in a liquid. Suspensions can be used orally, parenterally, or topically for patients who cannot swallow solid dosage forms. Key properties include small, uniform particle size; lack of settling or easy redispersibility; optimal viscosity; and stability. Suspensions are classified by particle aggregation (flocculated or deflocculated) and route of administration. Flocculating agents cause particles to aggregate into flocs. Proper formulation and manufacturing can overcome issues like sedimentation and dispersion of hydrophobic drugs.
This document provides information on pharmaceutical suspensions. It begins by defining a suspension as a disperse system where an insoluble internal phase is dispersed uniformly throughout an external phase. The key differences between solutions and suspensions are explained. Suspensions require suspending agents to prevent particles from settling due to gravity. Common suspending agents include natural, semi-synthetic, and synthetic polymers. The document also discusses factors that influence sedimentation rate based on Stokes' equation and the differences between flocculated and deflocculated suspensions.
Pharmaceutical Suspensions Brief Presentation on Definition, Classification of suspension, Sedimentation, Brownian movement, Electro kinetic Properties of suspension, Stability of suspensions, Formulation of Suspensions, Preparation of Suspensions, Quality control of Suspensions, Recent Advancement in Suspensions
The document discusses suspensions, including their definition as a disperse system with one substance finely distributed in another, classifications based on particle size and use, properties of good suspensions, common issues like sedimentation and caking, and how to prevent them through factors like particle size, density difference, viscosity, and use of flocculating agents, suspending agents, and preservatives. Examples of pharmaceutical suspensions are provided for oral, topical, and parenteral uses.
Pharmaceutical suspensions are coarse dispersions containing finely divided insoluble material suspended in a liquid medium. Suspensions are classified based on their solid content as either dilute (<10% w/v) or concentrated (>50% w/v). They can also be classified as either flocculated or deflocculated based on the behavior of the suspended particles. Flocculated suspensions have particles that form loose aggregates called floes, resulting in faster sedimentation, while deflocculated suspensions have particles that remain individually dispersed, resulting in slower sedimentation. The rate of sedimentation is influenced by factors like particle size, shape, density, and viscosity of the dispersion medium. Sedimentation and flocculation can be quantified
This document discusses pharmaceutical suspensions. It begins by defining a suspension as a coarse dispersion containing finely divided insoluble material suspended in a liquid medium. Suspensions are classified as either dilute or concentrated based on the proportion of solid, and as flocculated or deflocculated based on particle behavior. Flocculated suspensions have particles that form loose aggregates (flocs) while deflocculated suspensions have individually dispersed particles. The document outlines factors that influence particle settling such as size, shape, density, and viscosity. It provides quantitative expressions for sedimentation volume and degree of flocculation. Finally, it discusses formulation considerations for suspensions and methods for controlled flocculation using electrolytes or polymers.
This Slide Contains A Brief Lecture On Suspensions and Its Types Based On The Factors Affecting The Preparation Of Dosage Form In The Field Of Pharmaceutics
This document provides information about suspensions. It defines a suspension as a two-phase system with undissolved particles dispersed in a liquid. Suspensions have particle sizes between 0.5-5 microns. An ideal suspension is chemically stable and has particles that do not readily settle or form compact cakes. Suspensions are classified based on use, particle proportion, electrokinetic nature, and particle size. Key steps in formulation include addition of suspending agents and ensuring uniform particle dispersion.
INTRODUCTION, CLASSIFICATION, FORMULATION, PREPARATION METHOD, BENEFITS AND DISADVANTAGES, STORAGE
The physical chemist defines the word “suspension” as a two-phase system consisting of an undissolved or immiscible material dispersed in a vehicle (solid, liquid, or gas).
Suspension are generally taken orally or by parenteral route, and the suspensions meant for external use should have small particle size to avoid gritty feeling to the skin
The suspensions have dispersed particles above the colloidal size, which is 0.5–5 microns.
Based On Pharmaceutical Use
Oral suspension
Externally applied suspension
Parenteral suspension
Ophthalmic Suspension
Based On the proportion of solid particles
Dilute suspension (2 to10 10 percent; w/v solid)
Concentrated suspension (50 percent; w/v solid)
Based On Electrokinetic Nature Of Solid Particles
Flocculated suspension
Deflocculated suspension
Based On Size Of Solid Particles
Colloidal suspension (< 1 micron)
Coarse suspension (>1 micron)
Nano suspension (10 ng)
Oral Suspension
Topical Suspension
Parenteral Suspension
Ophthalmic Suspension
Suspending and thickening agents
Wetting Agents
Dispersing agent
Flocculating Agent
Preservative
Organoleptic Additives
Suspensions containing diffusible solids
Suspensions containing insoluble solids
Suspensions of precipitate-forming liquids
Suspensions produced by chemical reactions
Biphasic liquid dosage forms include emulsions and suspensions. Suspensions contain finely divided solid drug particles 0.5-3 microns in diameter dispersed throughout a liquid or semisolid vehicle. Ideal suspensions do not sediment or form cakes and are viscous enough to pour easily while being chemically stable. Suspensions offer benefits like ease of large dose formulation and administration to children/elderly but accuracy and absorption rate are disadvantages. Suspensions are classified by route of administration and properties of dispersed phase. Formulation involves consideration of the drug, wetting agents, suspending agents, vehicle, and preservative.
The document discusses pharmaceutical suspensions. Key points:
- Suspensions are heterogeneous systems with insoluble solid particles dispersed in a liquid medium, usually with particle sizes between 0.5-5 μm.
- They offer benefits like effective delivery of hydrophobic drugs and masking unpleasant tastes.
- Suspensions can incorporate higher drug concentrations than solutions.
- Proper formulation considers factors like sedimentation, viscosity, stability, and accurate dosing.
- Ingredients include wetting agents, suspending agents, preservatives, flavors, colors and buffers.
Pharmaceutical suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures containing solid particles dispersed in a liquid medium. They allow insoluble drugs to be formulated into liquid dosage forms. Suspensions are administered via several routes including orally, ocularly, parenterally, and topically. Qualities of a good suspension include maintaining homogeneity during use and easy re-suspension of sediment. Suspensions have advantages over other dosage forms like permitting formulation of poorly soluble drugs and prolonging drug action.
This document provides information about pharmaceutical suspensions. It defines a suspension as a coarse dispersion where an insoluble solid active ingredient is uniformly dispersed throughout an external aqueous or non-aqueous liquid phase. Suspensions are formulated when drugs are insoluble, to mask bitter tastes, increase stability, or achieve sustained release. Key factors in formulating stable suspensions include particle size, shape, wettability, and use of suspending agents to decrease interparticle attraction and impart viscosity. Proper manufacturing controls suspension quality.
Formulation and manufacturing of suspensions Dheeraj Saini
This document discusses the formulation and manufacturing of suspensions. It defines suspensions as preparations containing finely divided drug particles distributed uniformly throughout a vehicle. The document classifies suspensions based on their use, describes common formulation components like wetting agents and dispersing agents, and outlines the process for preparing suspensions including dispersion of drug particles, preparation of the structured vehicle, incorporation of the drug, deaeration, and homogenization. It provides examples of equipment used for homogenization such as rotor-stator homogenizers and ultrasonic homogenizers.
Suspensions are liquid dosage forms containing finely dispersed solid particles. They are used for drugs that are insoluble, unstable, or need to be absorbed slowly. Suspensions can be administered orally, ocularly, otically, rectally, parenterally, or topically. Factors in formulation include the nature and size of particles, viscosity, and physical stability. Structured vehicles and controlled flocculation are used to prepare deflocculated and flocculated suspensions, respectively. Evaluation tests assess properties like sedimentation, redispersibility, and zeta potential. Packaging requires containers with headspace and instructions to shake before use.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
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Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
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Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
2. SUSPENSIONS
Suspensions containing finely divided drug
distributed somewhat uniformly throughout a
vehicle in which the drug exhibits a minimum
degree of solubility.
A pharmaceutical suspension is a coarse
dispersion in which insoluble solid particles are
dispersed in a liquid medium.
The particles have diameters for the most part
greater than 0.1 µm,
3. Some suspensions are available in ready-to-use form, that is,
already distributed through a liquid vehicle with or without
stabilizers and otheradditives.
Other preparations are available as dry powders intended for
suspension in liquid vehicles.
Generally, this type of product is a powder mixture containing
the drug and suitable suspending and dispersing agents to be
diluted and agitated with a specified quantity of vehicle, most
often purified water(reconstitution).
Drugs that are unstable if maintained for extended periods in
the presence of an aqueous vehicle (e.g., many antibiotic drugs)
are most frequently supplied as dry powder mixtures for
reconstitution at the time of dispensing.
4. REASONS FOR SUSPENSIONS
certain drugs are chemically unstable in solution
but stable when suspended. In this instance, the
suspension ensures chemical stability while
permitting liquid therapy.
This is particularly advantageous for infants,
children, and the elderly.
preparing a palatable liquid dosage form: The
disadvantage of a disagreeable taste of certain
drugs in solution form is overcome when the drug
is administered as undissolved particles of an oral
suspension.
5. For example, erythromycin estolate is a less
water-soluble ester form of erythromycin and
is used to prepare a palatable liquid dosage
form of erythromycin, the result being
Erythromycin Estolate Oral Suspension,
USP.
For the most part, oral suspensions are
aqueous preparations with the vehicle
flavored and sweetened to suit the
anticipated taste preferences of the intended
patient.
6. 1. Should be therapeutic active , chemically / physically stable, and1. Should be therapeutic active , chemically / physically stable, and
esthetic appeal.esthetic appeal.
2. Must remain sufficiently homogeneous for at least the period of time2. Must remain sufficiently homogeneous for at least the period of time
necessary to remove and administer the required dose afternecessary to remove and administer the required dose after
shaking.shaking.
3. A properly prepared pharmaceutical suspension should settle slowly3. A properly prepared pharmaceutical suspension should settle slowly
and should be readily redispersed upon gentleand should be readily redispersed upon gentle containercontainer shaking .shaking .
4. The particles which settle to the bottom of the container must not4. The particles which settle to the bottom of the container must not
form a hard cake.form a hard cake.
5. The particle size of the suspended particles should remain fairly5. The particle size of the suspended particles should remain fairly
constant throughout long periods of undisturbed standing.constant throughout long periods of undisturbed standing.
6. The suspension should pour readily and evenly from its container.6. The suspension should pour readily and evenly from its container.
FEATURES DESIRED IN A
PHARMACEUTICAL SUSPENSION
7. SEDIMENTATION RATE OF THE
PARTICLES OF A SUSPENSION
The various factors involved in the rate of settling of the particles of a
suspension are included in the equation of Stokes law,
9. A number of factors can be adjusted to enhance the physical stability
of a suspension, including the diameter of the particles and the
density and viscosity of the medium.
Greater the density of the particles, the greater the rate of
sedimentation
Because aqueous vehicles are used in pharmaceutical oral
suspensions, the density of the particles is generally
greaterthan that of the vehicle, a desirable feature.
If the particles were less dense than the vehicle, they
would tend to float and floating particles would be quite
difficult to distribute uniformly in the vehicle.
10. The rate of sedimentation may be appreciably
reduced by increasing the viscosity of the
dispersion medium,
However, a product having too high a viscosity
is not generally desirable, because it pours with
difficulty and it is equally difficult to
redispersed
Therefore, if the viscosity of a suspension is
increased, it is done so only to a modest extent
11. The viscosity characteristics of a suspension
may be altered by:
the vehicle used,
the solids content. As the proportion of solid
particles in a suspension increases, so does the
viscosity.
Suspending agents, viscosity enhancers.
12. Suspending agents : agents employed to thicken
the dispersion medium and help suspend the
particles.
Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC),
methylcellulose,
microcrystalline cellulose,
polyvinylpyrrolidone,
xanthan gum,
bentonite
13. When polymeric substances and hydrophilic colloids
are used as suspending agents, appropriate tests
must be performed to show that the agent does not
interfere with availability of the drug.
These materials can bind certain medicinal agents,
rendering them unavailable or only slowly available
fortherapeutic function.
Also, the amount of the suspending agent must not
be such to render the suspension too viscous to
agitate (to distribute the particles) orto pour.
14. TYPES OF SUSPENSION
Flocculated Suspensions:Flocculated Suspensions:
•Suspension in which particles are weakly bonded, settle rapidly.Suspension in which particles are weakly bonded, settle rapidly.
•Flocs are light, fluffy conglomerates which are held together by weakFlocs are light, fluffy conglomerates which are held together by weak
wander waals forces of attraction.wander waals forces of attraction.
•Do not form a cake and are easily resuspended with a minimum ofDo not form a cake and are easily resuspended with a minimum of
agitation.agitation.
•These suspension have better physical stability but less bioavailability.These suspension have better physical stability but less bioavailability.
Deflocculated Suspension:Deflocculated Suspension:
•Suspension in which particles settle slowly, and eventually form aSuspension in which particles settle slowly, and eventually form a
sediment in which aggregation occurs with the resultant formation of a hardsediment in which aggregation occurs with the resultant formation of a hard
cake which is difficult to resuspended.cake which is difficult to resuspended.
•These suspension have shorter half life but greater bioavailability.These suspension have shorter half life but greater bioavailability.
16. INTERFACIAL PROPERTIES OF SUSPENDED
PARTICLES
An acceptable suspension should not exhibit settling of dispersed
solids.
This can be achieved by reducing the particle size to a level of 5
microns so that they exhibit Brownian motion.
17. Since size reduction implies that work (W) has to
be done to divide large particles to smaller
particles, this process can be written as-
W= ∆G- γSL x ∆A
∆G- Increase in surface free energy
γSL- Interfacial tension between liquid medium & solid particles
∆A- Increase in Surface area of interface due to size reduction.
18. Two approaches are possible to regain stability-
1.∆A may be reduced to zero, so that ∆G will become
zero, this is possible by regrouping the particles to form
aggregates or flocs.
2. Interfacial tension γSL may be reduced so that the
system can be stabilize, but cannot be made zero, as
dispersed particles have certain positive interfacial
tension. Surface active agent are added to reduce this
tension to a minimum.
19. Settling/Sedimentation in different systems
In flocculated systems:
The flocs tend to fall together (fast sedimentation due to large
size)
A distinct boundary between the sediment and the supernatant.
The liquid above the sediment is clear because even the small
particles present in the system are associated with the flocs
20. In deflocculated systems (with a range of particle
sizes):
In accordance with Stokes' law, the larger particles sediment
more rapidly than the smaller particles.
No clear boundary is formed (unless 1 particle size is present)
The supernatant remains turbid for a longer period of time.
21. Deflocculated system
(a) Within a few minutes of manufacture there is no apparent change
within the deflocculated system compared to its initial appearance.
(b) Even after several hours there is still little obvious change, except
that the concentration of solids in the lower layers has increased at
the expense of the upper layers owing to slow particle
sedimentation. There is a small amount of a compact sediment.
(c) After prolonged storage , depending on the physical stability of the
system, the supernatant has cleared, leaving a compact sediment.
Flocculated system
(a) There is some clear supernatant with a distinct boundary between
it and the sediment.
(b) After several hours there is a larger volume of clear supernatant
with a relatively large volume of a porous sediment, which does
not change further even after prolonged storage (c).
24. INGREDIENTS of SUSPENSIONINGREDIENTS of SUSPENSION
I -I - Insoluble drug.Insoluble drug.
II- Vehicle (suspending medium).II- Vehicle (suspending medium).
III- Wetting agents.III- Wetting agents.
IV- Compounds allowing control of stability andIV- Compounds allowing control of stability and
sedimentation (Flocculating, Suspending agent)sedimentation (Flocculating, Suspending agent)
V - Additives used to regulate the flow behavior.V - Additives used to regulate the flow behavior.
VI- pH regulatorsVI- pH regulators
VII- Other additives ( flavour, colour, taste preservatives).VII- Other additives ( flavour, colour, taste preservatives).
26. Particles
Addition of wetting agent & dispersion medium
Uniform dispersion of deflocculated particles
A
Incorporation of
Structured vehicle
B
Addition of
flocculating agent
C
Addition of
flocculating agent
Deflocculated suspension
in structured vehicle
as final product
Flocculated suspension
as final product
Flocculated
suspension
Incorporation of
Structured vehicle
Flocculated suspension
in structured vehicle
as a final product
Fig. Flocculated suspension as final product
27. Structured vehicles-Deflocculated suspensions
Structured vehicles:
• Structured vehicles are vehicles which exhibit Pseudoplastic
or plastic rheologic behavior.
• Also they should possess some degree of thixotropic
behavior (gel- sol-gel transformation), such a behavior
improves the physical stability of suspensions.
• Structured vehicles are extensively used to prepare
deflocculated suspensions.
• Stoke’s law is applicable.
• They are prepared using hydrocolloids.
• Desired conc. Of suspension depends upon- Viscosity,
Amount of solid, Particle size, Density of solids
28. Controlled flocculation-Flocculated suspensions
Different approaches used to achieve flocculation:
a. Most dispersed particles possess a surface charge.
The intensity of this charge can be reduced by the
addition of agents with an opposite charge
(electrolytes). As a result , Zeta potential decreases
and particles establish attractive forces between
adjacent particles.
a. Surfactants and polymers are long chain compounds.
These substances act by adsorbing a part of chains on
the particle surface and projecting out the remaining
part into the medium. This type of bridging promotes
the formation of flocs.
29. Electrolytes:
Effect of electrolytes on the flocculation of a suspension is given below-
Examples:
1.Effect of electrolyte (Flocculating agent)- Aluminium Chloride on Bismuth subnitrate
suspension
2.Effect of electrolyte (Flocculating agent)- Monobasic Pot. Phosphate on
Sulfamerazine suspension.
30. Surfactants:
•They improve thedispersion by reducing the interfacial tension.
•They also act as wetting agents and deflocculationg agents.
•In ionic surfactants, head portions adsorb on the solid surface and the tails project
outwards & form bridges between the particles.
•Non-ionic surfactants such as Tweens assume partial negative charge in aqueous
dispersion and from network like structure between particles.
Polymers:
Act as flocculating agents because a part of the polymer chain projecting out
into the dispersion medium.
31. THE SEQUENCE OF STEPS INVOLVED IN THE FORMATION OF A STABLE SUSPENSION
Flocculation in structured vehicles:
32. Zeta potential is therefore a function of the surfaceis therefore a function of the surface
charge of the particle. Because it reflects the effectivecharge of the particle. Because it reflects the effective
charge on the particles and is thereforecharge on the particles and is therefore related to therelated to the
electrostatic repulsionelectrostatic repulsion between them, the zeta potentialbetween them, the zeta potential
has confirmed to be extremely related to the colloidalhas confirmed to be extremely related to the colloidal
stability and maintains colloidal dispersion.stability and maintains colloidal dispersion.