Introduction to secondary metabolites:
Definition, classification, properties and test for identification of Alkaloids,
Glycosides, Flavonoids, Tannins, Volatile oil and Resins
method to separate compounds based on their relative solubilities in two different immiscible liquids, usually water and an organic solvent. It is an extraction of a substance from one liquid into another liquid phase.
According to the PCI Syllabus ,B Pharm V Sem Sub : Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry II
It contains the general introduction of metabolic Pathways ,Metabolites and How primary metabolites are linked with secondary metabolites
INTRODUCTION: Monoclonal antibodies can be produced through a technique known as hybridoma technology.
HISTORY: The production of monoclonal antibodies was invented by Niels K.J. Georges, J.F. Kohler and Cesar Milstein in 1975.
PRINCIPLE FOR CREATION OF HYBRIDOMA CELLS: HAT (hypoxanthine aminopterin and thymidine) medium – Only hybridoma cells can proliferate in HAT medium.
PRODUCTION OF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES (HYBRIDOMA TECHNOLOGY): The establishment of hybridomas and production of monoclonal antibodies involves the following steps-
Immunization (ii) Cell fusion (iii) Selection of hybridomas (iv) Screening the products (v) Cloning and propagation (vi) Characterization and storage.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES:
Advantages- Monoclonal antibodies is specific to a given antigenic determinant.
Disadvantages- There is no guarantee that monoclonal antibodies produced is totally virus-free, despite the purification.
APPLICATIONS OF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES: Diagnostic applications, therapeutic applications, protein purification and miscellaneous applications.
REFERENCES:
• Satyanarayana, U. 2016. Biotechnology. Books and Allied (P) Ltd, Kolkata. pp. 213-226.
• Gupta, P.K. 2016. Biotechnology and Genomics. Rastogi Publications, Meerut. pp. 299-311.
• Owen, J.A., Punt J., Stranford, S.A. and Patricia, P.J. 2013. Kuby Immunology. 7th Ed. W.H. Freeman and Company, New York. pp.645-655.
• Singh, B.D. 2017. Biotechnology Expanding Horizons. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi. pp. 172-174.
• Dubey, R.C. and Maheshwari, D.K. 2018. A Textbook of Microbiology. S Chand and Company Limited, New Delhi. pp. 662-663.
Introduction to secondary metabolites:
Definition, classification, properties and test for identification of Alkaloids,
Glycosides, Flavonoids, Tannins, Volatile oil and Resins
method to separate compounds based on their relative solubilities in two different immiscible liquids, usually water and an organic solvent. It is an extraction of a substance from one liquid into another liquid phase.
According to the PCI Syllabus ,B Pharm V Sem Sub : Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry II
It contains the general introduction of metabolic Pathways ,Metabolites and How primary metabolites are linked with secondary metabolites
INTRODUCTION: Monoclonal antibodies can be produced through a technique known as hybridoma technology.
HISTORY: The production of monoclonal antibodies was invented by Niels K.J. Georges, J.F. Kohler and Cesar Milstein in 1975.
PRINCIPLE FOR CREATION OF HYBRIDOMA CELLS: HAT (hypoxanthine aminopterin and thymidine) medium – Only hybridoma cells can proliferate in HAT medium.
PRODUCTION OF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES (HYBRIDOMA TECHNOLOGY): The establishment of hybridomas and production of monoclonal antibodies involves the following steps-
Immunization (ii) Cell fusion (iii) Selection of hybridomas (iv) Screening the products (v) Cloning and propagation (vi) Characterization and storage.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES:
Advantages- Monoclonal antibodies is specific to a given antigenic determinant.
Disadvantages- There is no guarantee that monoclonal antibodies produced is totally virus-free, despite the purification.
APPLICATIONS OF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES: Diagnostic applications, therapeutic applications, protein purification and miscellaneous applications.
REFERENCES:
• Satyanarayana, U. 2016. Biotechnology. Books and Allied (P) Ltd, Kolkata. pp. 213-226.
• Gupta, P.K. 2016. Biotechnology and Genomics. Rastogi Publications, Meerut. pp. 299-311.
• Owen, J.A., Punt J., Stranford, S.A. and Patricia, P.J. 2013. Kuby Immunology. 7th Ed. W.H. Freeman and Company, New York. pp.645-655.
• Singh, B.D. 2017. Biotechnology Expanding Horizons. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi. pp. 172-174.
• Dubey, R.C. and Maheshwari, D.K. 2018. A Textbook of Microbiology. S Chand and Company Limited, New Delhi. pp. 662-663.
Commonly known as its anionic form shikimate, is a cyclohexene, a cyclitol and a cyclohexanecarboxylic acid.
It is an important biochemical metabolite in plants and microorganisms.
Its name comes from the Japanese flower shikimi the Japanese star anise, Illicium anisatum), from which it was first isolated in 1885 by Johan Fredrik Eykman.
The elucidation of its structure was made nearly 50 years later.
Shikimic acid is also the glycoside part of some hydrolysable tannins.
The shikimate pathway is a seven step metabolic route used by bacteria, fungi, algae, parasites, and plants for the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan).
This pathway is not found in animals; therefore, phenylalanine and tryptophan represent essential amino acids that must be obtained from the animal's diet
Animals can synthesize tyrosine from phenylalanine, and therefore is not an essential amino acid except for individuals unable to hydroxylate phenylalanine to tyrosine).
Occurrence and classification of alkaloidsJasmineJuliet
Alkaloid definition, Alkaloid history, Occurrence of Alkaloids, Distribution of Alkaloids in nature, Classification of Alkaloids in Different categories, Pharmacological actions of Alkaloids. Alkaloids classification based on chemical structure, belongs to plant family, Based on Biochemical precursor, Based on Biological activity.
Commonly known as its anionic form shikimate, is a cyclohexene, a cyclitol and a cyclohexanecarboxylic acid.
It is an important biochemical metabolite in plants and microorganisms.
Its name comes from the Japanese flower shikimi the Japanese star anise, Illicium anisatum), from which it was first isolated in 1885 by Johan Fredrik Eykman.
The elucidation of its structure was made nearly 50 years later.
Shikimic acid is also the glycoside part of some hydrolysable tannins.
The shikimate pathway is a seven step metabolic route used by bacteria, fungi, algae, parasites, and plants for the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan).
This pathway is not found in animals; therefore, phenylalanine and tryptophan represent essential amino acids that must be obtained from the animal's diet
Animals can synthesize tyrosine from phenylalanine, and therefore is not an essential amino acid except for individuals unable to hydroxylate phenylalanine to tyrosine).
Occurrence and classification of alkaloidsJasmineJuliet
Alkaloid definition, Alkaloid history, Occurrence of Alkaloids, Distribution of Alkaloids in nature, Classification of Alkaloids in Different categories, Pharmacological actions of Alkaloids. Alkaloids classification based on chemical structure, belongs to plant family, Based on Biochemical precursor, Based on Biological activity.
Question Bank Extracted from Previous Year University Question Papers for M.PHARMACY DEGREE
SEMESTER-I PHARMACEUTICS - DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS [MPH PAPER II (102T)]
QUESTION BANK FOR UNIT - 1, 2 & 4
Dr. A. SUMATHI - Transdermal Delivery of VaccinesSumathi Arumugam
M.Pharm - Drug Delivery System Syllabus includes Vaccine Delivery System. Transdermal Delivery of Vaccines is a part of vaccine delivery which describes the various barriers & approaches for delivery of vaccines via skin.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Maxilla, Mandible & Hyoid Bone & Clinical Correlations by Dr. RIG.pptx
Pharmaceutical Microbiology - Classification of microbes
1. Different Methods of Classification
• Linnaeus (1735) classified all living organisms into
two kingdoms
– Plantae
– Animalia
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2. Plant vs Animal cell
Cell Wall
Chloroplasts
Cell Nucleus
Organelles/ Vacuoles
Cytoplasm
Cell Membrane
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Dr. A Sumathi
4. • Eukaryotes are organisms, including humans, whose cells have a
well-defined membrane-bound nucleus (containing
chromosomal DNA) and organelles
• Eukaryotes can be single-celled or multi-celled, such as humans,
plants, fungi, and insects
• Prokaryotic cells do not contain a nucleus or any other
membrane-bound organelle. Ex. Bacteria
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7. • Whittaker (1969) proposed an elaborate five
kingdom taxonomic classification
– Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia
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13. • There are various hypotheses as to the origin of
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
• Because all cells are similar in nature, it is generally
thought that all cells came from a common ancestor cell
termed the Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA)
• These LUCAs eventually evolved into three different cell
types, each representing a domain
• The three domains are the Archaea, the Bacteria, and the
Eukarya
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14. 3 Domains
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Eubacteria
true bacteria, peptidoglycan
Archaea
odd bacteria that live in extreme environments, high salt,
heat, etc. (usually called extremophiles)
Eukarya
have a nucleus & organelles (humans, animals, plants)
16. The Archaea (archaebacteria)
• Archaea are prokaryotic cells
• Unlike the Bacteria and the Eukarya, the Archaea have membranes
composed of branched hydrocarbon chains (many also containing rings
within the hydrocarbon chains) attached to glycerol by ether linkages
• The cell walls of Archaea contain no peptidoglycan
• Archaea are not sensitive to some antibiotics that affect the Bacteria, but
are sensitive to some antibiotics that affect the Eukarya
• Archaea contain rRNA that is unique to the Archaea as indicated by the
presence of molecular regions distinctly different from the rRNA of
Bacteria and Eukarya
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17. 2/6/2022 Dr. A Sumathi 17
The Bacteria and the Eukarya have membranes composed of unbranched
fatty acid chains attached to glycerol by ester linkages. The Archaea have
membranes composed of branched hydrocarbon chains attached to
glycerol by ether linkages.
18. • Archaea often live in extreme environments and
include methanogens, extreme halophiles, and
hyperthermophiles
• One reason for this is that the ether-containing
linkages in the Archaea membranes is more stabile
than the ester-containing linkages in the Bacteria and
Eukarya and are better able to withstand higher
temperatures and stronger acid concentrations
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19. The Bacteria (eubacteria)
• Bacteria (also known as eubacteria or "true bacteria") are prokaryotic cells
that are common in human daily life, encounter many more times than the
archaebacteria. Eubacteria can be found almost everywhere and kill
thousands upon thousands of people each year, but also serve as antibiotics
producers and food digesters in our stomachs.
• Bacteria are prokaryotic cells
• Like the Eukarya, they have membranes composed of unbranched fatty acid
chains attached to glycerol by ester linkages
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20. The Bacteria (eubacteria)
• The cell walls of Bacteria, unlike the Archaea and the Eukarya, contain
peptidoglycan
• Bacteria are sensitive to traditional antibacterial antibiotics but are resistant
to most antibiotics that affect Eukarya
• Bacteria contain rRNA that is unique to the Bacteria as indicated by the
presence of molecular regions distinctly different from the rRNA of Archaea
and Eukarya.
• Bacteria include mycoplasmas, cyanobacteria, Gram-positive bacteria, and
Gram-negative bacteria
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21. The Eukarya (Eucarya / Eukaryotes)
• Like the Bacteria, they have membranes composed of unbranched
fatty acid chains attached to glycerol by ester linkages
• Not all Eukarya possess cells with a cell wall, but for those Eukarya
having a cell wall, that wall contains no peptidoglycan
• Eukarya are resistant to traditional antibacterial antibiotics but are
sensitive to most antibiotics that affect eukaryotic cells
• Eukarya contains rRNA that is unique to the Eukarya as indicated by
the presence of molecular regions distinctly different from the rRNA
of Archaea and Bacteria
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22. Comparison of three cellular domains
Characteristic Features Bacteria Archaea Eukarya
Cell types Prokaryotic Prokaryotic Eukaryotic
Chromosomes Single, or few, Circular Single, Circular Several, Linear
Types of ribosomes 70S 70S, but structure is
similar to 80S
80S
Presence of unique
ribosomal RNA
signature sequences
+ + +
No. of sequences
shared with Eukarya
1 3 All
Protein synthesis
similar to Eukarya
- + +
Presence of
peptidoglycan in cell
wall
+ - -
Cell membrane lipids Fatty acids with ester
linkages
Long-chain, branched
hydrocarbons with
ether linkages
Fatty acids with ester
linkages
Sterols in membrane - (some expections) - +
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25. TAXONOMY
– Organizing, classifying and naming living things
– Formal system originated by Carl von Linné
(1701-1778)
– Identifying and classifying organisms according to
specific criteria
– Each organism placed into a classification system
– Formalised Binomial Nomenclature, the
modern system of naming organisms
– He is known as the "father of modern taxonomy"
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Dr. A Sumathi
26. Taxonomy
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• Domain
• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• species
27. Naming of micoorganisms
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A Sumathi, Al Shifa College of
Pharmacy
27
• Binomial (scientific) nomenclature
• Gives each microbe 2 names:
– Genus - noun, always capitalized
– species - adjective, lowercase
• Both italicized or underlined
– Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)
– Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis)
– Escherichia coli (E. coli)
28. Species and Subspecies
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Species
collection of bacterial cells which share an overall similar
pattern of traits in contrast to other bacteria whose pattern
differs significantly
Strain or variety
culture derived from a single parent that differs in structure or
metabolism from other cultures of that species (biovars,
morphovars)
Type
subspecies that can show differences in antigenic makeup
(serotype or serovar), susceptibility to bacterial viruses (phage
type) and in pathogenicity (pathotype)