Introduction to secondary metabolites:
Definition, classification, properties and test for identification of Alkaloids,
Glycosides, Flavonoids, Tannins, Volatile oil and Resins
The organic compounds from plants or animal sources which on enzymatic or acid hydrolysis give one or more sugar moieties along with non-sugar moiety.
Sugar moiety known as Glycone and non-sugar moiety known as aglycone
Chemically, they are the acetals or sugar ethers, formed by interaction of hydroxyl group each of non-sugar and sugar moiety, with a loss of water molecule.
The hydroxyl group of aglycone may be alcoholic or phenolic and in some cases from amines
The sugars involved in glycosides are of different types, but most commonly, it is β - D - glucose.
The other sugars found are galactose, mannose, rhamnose, digitoxose, cymarose, etc.
The linkage between glycone and aglycone is called glycosidic linkage and on the basis of this linkage, alpha and beta stereoisomers are assigned.
This Presentation meant for second year B.Pharmacy students for getting information regarding Definition, classification, properties and test for identification of Volatile oil
Flavonoids are the products of secondary metabolism of plants and, currently, over 4000 have been identified.
In fruits and vegetables, they are usually found in the form of glycosides and sometimes as acylglycosides, while acylated, methylated and sulfate molecules are less frequent and in lower concentrations.
They are water-soluble and accumulate in cell vacuoles.
This presentation meant for second year B.pharmacy students for the subject of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry It contains Definition, classification, properties and test for identification of Tannins
Primary metabolites:
General introduction, detailed study with respect to chemistry, sources,
preparation, evaluation, preservation, storage, therapeutic used and
commercial utility as Pharmaceutical Aids and/or Medicines for the
following Primary metabolites:
(c) Carbohydrates: Acacia,
This slide contains all information on resin meant for Second year B.Pharmacy students. Definition, classification, properties and test for identification of Resins
The organic compounds from plants or animal sources which on enzymatic or acid hydrolysis give one or more sugar moieties along with non-sugar moiety.
Sugar moiety known as Glycone and non-sugar moiety known as aglycone
Chemically, they are the acetals or sugar ethers, formed by interaction of hydroxyl group each of non-sugar and sugar moiety, with a loss of water molecule.
The hydroxyl group of aglycone may be alcoholic or phenolic and in some cases from amines
The sugars involved in glycosides are of different types, but most commonly, it is β - D - glucose.
The other sugars found are galactose, mannose, rhamnose, digitoxose, cymarose, etc.
The linkage between glycone and aglycone is called glycosidic linkage and on the basis of this linkage, alpha and beta stereoisomers are assigned.
This Presentation meant for second year B.Pharmacy students for getting information regarding Definition, classification, properties and test for identification of Volatile oil
Flavonoids are the products of secondary metabolism of plants and, currently, over 4000 have been identified.
In fruits and vegetables, they are usually found in the form of glycosides and sometimes as acylglycosides, while acylated, methylated and sulfate molecules are less frequent and in lower concentrations.
They are water-soluble and accumulate in cell vacuoles.
This presentation meant for second year B.pharmacy students for the subject of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry It contains Definition, classification, properties and test for identification of Tannins
Primary metabolites:
General introduction, detailed study with respect to chemistry, sources,
preparation, evaluation, preservation, storage, therapeutic used and
commercial utility as Pharmaceutical Aids and/or Medicines for the
following Primary metabolites:
(c) Carbohydrates: Acacia,
This slide contains all information on resin meant for Second year B.Pharmacy students. Definition, classification, properties and test for identification of Resins
UNIT V - Study of biological source, chemical nature and uses of drugs of
natural origin containing following drugs
08
(a) Plant Products:
Fibers - Cotton, Jute, Hemp
Hallucinogens, Teratogens, Natural allergens
3
(b) Primary metabolites:
General introduction, detailed study with respect to chemistry, sources,
preparation, evaluation, preservation, storage, therapeutic used and
commercial utility as Pharmaceutical Aids and/or Medicines for the
following Primary metabolites:
(c) Carbohydrates: Acacia, Agar, Tragacanth, Honey
Primary metabolites:
General introduction, detailed study with respect to chemistry, sources, preparation, evaluation, preservation, storage, therapeutic used and
commercial utility as Pharmaceutical Aids and/or Medicines for the following Primary metabolites:
(c) Carbohydrates: Tragacanth,
UNIT V - Study of biological source, chemical nature and uses of drugs of
natural origin containing the following drugs
(a) Plant Products:
Fibers - Cotton,
Primary metabolites:
General introduction, detailed study with respect to chemistry, sources,
preparation, evaluation, preservation, storage, therapeutic used and
commercial utility as Pharmaceutical Aids and/or Medicines for the
following Primary metabolites:
(c) Carbohydrates: Tragacanth,
(b) Primary metabolites:
General introduction, detailed study with respect to chemistry, sources,
preparation, evaluation, preservation, storage, therapeutic used and
commercial utility as Pharmaceutical Aids and/or Medicines for the
following Primary metabolites:
(e) Lipids(Waxes, fats, fixed oils) : Castor
Pharmacognosy of Atropa belladona, biological source, geographical source, chemical constituents, uses, morphology of leaves, flower, fruits of belladona, deadly night shade leaves, chemical test, microscopy, T.S of leaves
(b) Primary metabolites:
General introduction, detailed study with respect to chemistry, sources,
preparation, evaluation, preservation, storage, therapeutic used and
commercial utility as Pharmaceutical Aids and/or Medicines for the
following Primary metabolites:
(d) Proteins and Enzymes :Papain,
UNIT V - Study of biological source, chemical nature and uses of drugs of
natural origin containing following drugs
08
(a) Plant Products:
Fibers - Cotton, Jute, Hemp
Hallucinogens, Teratogens, Natural allergens
3
(b) Primary metabolites:
General introduction, detailed study with respect to chemistry, sources,
preparation, evaluation, preservation, storage, therapeutic used and
commercial utility as Pharmaceutical Aids and/or Medicines for the
following Primary metabolites:
(d) Proteins and Enzymes : bromelain,
UNIT V - Study of biological source, chemical nature and uses of drugs of natural origin containing the following drugs
Hallucinogens, Teratogens, Natural allergens
Alkaloids presented by Dhanashree Kavhale M.Pharm. I semester (Pharmaceutical Chemistry)
Alkaloids are secondary metabolites produced by plants in a unique pattern.
UNIT V - Study of biological source, chemical nature and uses of drugs of
natural origin containing following drugs
08
(a) Plant Products:
Fibers - Cotton, Jute, Hemp
Hallucinogens, Teratogens, Natural allergens
3
(b) Primary metabolites:
General introduction, detailed study with respect to chemistry, sources,
preparation, evaluation, preservation, storage, therapeutic used and
commercial utility as Pharmaceutical Aids and/or Medicines for the
following Primary metabolites:
(c) Carbohydrates: Acacia, Agar, Tragacanth, Honey
Primary metabolites:
General introduction, detailed study with respect to chemistry, sources, preparation, evaluation, preservation, storage, therapeutic used and
commercial utility as Pharmaceutical Aids and/or Medicines for the following Primary metabolites:
(c) Carbohydrates: Tragacanth,
UNIT V - Study of biological source, chemical nature and uses of drugs of
natural origin containing the following drugs
(a) Plant Products:
Fibers - Cotton,
Primary metabolites:
General introduction, detailed study with respect to chemistry, sources,
preparation, evaluation, preservation, storage, therapeutic used and
commercial utility as Pharmaceutical Aids and/or Medicines for the
following Primary metabolites:
(c) Carbohydrates: Tragacanth,
(b) Primary metabolites:
General introduction, detailed study with respect to chemistry, sources,
preparation, evaluation, preservation, storage, therapeutic used and
commercial utility as Pharmaceutical Aids and/or Medicines for the
following Primary metabolites:
(e) Lipids(Waxes, fats, fixed oils) : Castor
Pharmacognosy of Atropa belladona, biological source, geographical source, chemical constituents, uses, morphology of leaves, flower, fruits of belladona, deadly night shade leaves, chemical test, microscopy, T.S of leaves
(b) Primary metabolites:
General introduction, detailed study with respect to chemistry, sources,
preparation, evaluation, preservation, storage, therapeutic used and
commercial utility as Pharmaceutical Aids and/or Medicines for the
following Primary metabolites:
(d) Proteins and Enzymes :Papain,
UNIT V - Study of biological source, chemical nature and uses of drugs of
natural origin containing following drugs
08
(a) Plant Products:
Fibers - Cotton, Jute, Hemp
Hallucinogens, Teratogens, Natural allergens
3
(b) Primary metabolites:
General introduction, detailed study with respect to chemistry, sources,
preparation, evaluation, preservation, storage, therapeutic used and
commercial utility as Pharmaceutical Aids and/or Medicines for the
following Primary metabolites:
(d) Proteins and Enzymes : bromelain,
UNIT V - Study of biological source, chemical nature and uses of drugs of natural origin containing the following drugs
Hallucinogens, Teratogens, Natural allergens
Alkaloids presented by Dhanashree Kavhale M.Pharm. I semester (Pharmaceutical Chemistry)
Alkaloids are secondary metabolites produced by plants in a unique pattern.
alkaloids -General methods of structural elucidation of Alkaloids. Structura...ramiah valliappan
General methods of structural
elucidation of Alkaloids. Structural
Elucidation and synthesis of
Papaverine, Quinine and Morphine.
Stereoselective synthesis of
Reserpine. Biosynthesis of Alkaloids.
Sem II, Paper III, Unit II……
Alkaloid is one of the secondary metabolites produced by the plants which helps indirectly in their normal growth, development and reproduction.
Alkaloid is defined as naturally occurring organic compounds which is basic in nature and contains one or more Nitrogen atom in their heterocyclic ring. E.g Atropine, Morphine, Quinine etc.
Alkaloids are classified into different categories as mentioned below:
1. Based on amino acid precursor used for synthesis:
a. True alkaloid: It is synthesized from amino acid precursor and have nitrogen atom in its heterocyclic ring
b. Proto alkaloid: It is derived from amino acid precursor but do not contain nitrogen atom in their basic heterocyclic ring.
c. Pseudo alkaloid: It is not derived from amino acid precursor but contains heterocyclic nitrogen atom in their ring.
2. Based on chemical nature:
a. Indole alkaloid
b. Quinoline alkaloid
c. Pyridine alkaloid etc...
ALKALOIDS
Alkaloids are a class of naturally occurring organic compounds that mostly contain basic nitrogen atoms.
This group also includes some related compounds with neutral and even weakly acidic properties.
Alkaloids are derived from plant sources they are basic they contain one or more nitrogen atoms (usually in a heterocyclic ring) and they usually have a marked physiological action.
Function of alkaloids
they may function as stimulants or regulators in activities like growth, metabolism and reproduction.
They may act as reservoirs for protein synthesis
Properties of alkaloids
Alkaloids are colourless, crystalline, non-volatile, solids, a few such as coniine and nicotine are liquids and a few even coloured, viz. berberine is yellow.
the alkaloids are bitter in taste and have pronounced physiological activity
Classification of alkaloids
a. Taxonomic classification- On the basis of taxonomic profile of the drug. For ex. Solanaceous alkaloids.
b. Biogenetic classification- On the basis of amino acid precursor. For ex. Phenylalanine, Tyrosine alkaloids
c. Pharmacological classification- On the basis therapeutic activity of the alkaloid For ex. Morphine as analgesic, Quinine as antimalarial.
d. Chemical classification- On the basis of basic chemical structure of alkaloid. It is of further three types-
1. True alkaloid- The alkaloids which have all basic properties of alkaloids, derived from amino acid and contain Nitrogen in heterocyclic ring. Ex. Atropine, Morphine.
2. Proto alkaloid- The alkaloid in which nitrogen atom is not present in the ring, but it is present outside the ring I form of amino group, so also called amino alkaloids or biological amines. Ex. Ephedrine.
3. Pseudo alkaloids- Actually these are not alkaloids. These are not derived from amino acid and not give basic identification tests of alkaloids. These are Steroidal (Solanine), Terpenoidal (Diterpene alkaloid) and Purine alkaloid (Caffeine).
chemical classification of alkaloids
This ppt contains a suitable contents. This notes is effective for B.Pharm & D.Pharm students. In this notes we all the related topic of secondary metabolites. In this notes we all sub topics of secondary metabolites such as Alkaloids, Glycosides, Terpenoids, Taninns, Resins, Flavonoids, etc.
Polyploidy, mutation and hybridization with reference to medicinal plantsDr. Pritam Juvatkar
It provides significant information on the evolutionary history of plants which helps in better conservation of plant species.
It helps in crop domestication as it found high in vegetative content.
It also reveals information on how the plant genomes manage to succeed the effect of genome obesity.
Flowers become larger with thicker petals resulting in longer lasting flowers.
Increase fruits size than normal one.
Physical standards are to be determined for drugs, wherever possible.
These are rarely constant for crude drugs, but may help in evaluation, specifically with reference to
Moisture content,
Viscosity,
Melting point,
Solubility in different solvents,
Optical rotation,
Refractive index,
Ash.Values and Extractives
Volatile oil Content
Foreign Organic Matter :
Evaluation of crude drug morphological and chemical evaluationDr. Pritam Juvatkar
It is based on the study of morphological and sensory profiles of whole drug
Studies resulted due to impressions on organs of senses
Parameters of evaluation
Colour:- Brown colour of cinnamon,
Odour:- spice-drugs like, asafoetida, black pepper, nutmeg, caraway, cummin,
Taste :- Pungent taste of capsicum and ginger
Size, Shape :- ovoid tears of gum acacia, ribbon shaped characteristic of tragacanth, disc-shaped structure of nux-vomica,
Special features, like touch, texture: - wavy shape of rauwolfia, The fractured surfaces in cinchona, quillaia and cascara' barks and quassia wood
Instrumental methods: Various instrumental methods like colorimetry, fluorimetry, spectrophotometry etc. are used for the evaluation
It can be used to identify the organized drugs by their known histological characters.
It is mostly used for qualitative evaluation of organized crude drugs in entire and powdered forms.
For the effective results, various reagents or stains can be used to distinguish cellular structure.
Adulteration & substitution of drugs of natural origin.Dr. Pritam Juvatkar
Adulteration & Substitution of drugs of natural origin.Adulteration involves different conditions such as deterioration, admixture, sophistication, substitution, inferiority and spoilage.
Deterioration:- It is impairment in the quality of drug, while admixture is addition of one article to another due to ignorance or, carelessness or by accident.
Sophistication:- It is the intentional or deliberate type of adulteration.
Substitution:- It occurs when some totally different substance is added in place of original drug.
Inferiority:- It refers to any substandard drug.
Spoilage:- It is due to the attack of microorganisms.
Plant tissue culture:
Historical development of plant tissue culture, types of cultures, Nutritional requirements, growth and their maintenance.
Applications of plant tissue culture in pharmacognosy. For second year B.pharmacy
(b) Primary metabolites:
General introduction, detailed study with respect to chemistry, sources,
preparation, evaluation, preservation, storage, therapeutic used and
commercial utility as Pharmaceutical Aids and/or Medicines for the
following Primary metabolites:
(e) Lipids(Waxes, fats, fixed oils) :Wool Fat,
(b) Primary metabolites:
General introduction, detailed study with respect to chemistry, sources,
preparation, evaluation, preservation, storage, therapeutic used and
commercial utility as Pharmaceutical Aids and/or Medicines for the
following Primary metabolites:
(e) Lipids(Waxes, fats, fixed oils) : Chaulmoogra oil,
(b) Primary metabolites:
General introduction, detailed study with respect to chemistry, sources,
preparation, evaluation, preservation, storage, therapeutic used and
commercial utility as Pharmaceutical Aids and/or Medicines for the
following Primary metabolites:
(e) Lipids(Waxes, fats, fixed oils) :
Bees Wax
Primary metabolites:
General introduction, detailed study with respect to chemistry, sources,
preparation, evaluation, preservation, storage, therapeutic used and
commercial utility as Pharmaceutical Aids and/or Medicines for the
following Primary metabolites:
(d) Proteins and Enzymes : casein,
Primary metabolites:
General introduction, detailed study with respect to chemistry, sources,
preparation, evaluation, preservation, storage, therapeutic used and
commercial utility as Pharmaceutical Aids and/or Medicines for the
following Primary metabolites:
(d) Proteins and Enzymes :Gelatin,
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
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Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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1. Alkaloid
Definition, classification, properties and test for identification
PRESENTED BY:
MR. PRITAM VIJAY JUVATKAR
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
pvjuvatkar@rediffmail.com, +91 9987779536
KONKAN GYANPEETH RAHUL DHARKAR COLLEGE OF PHARMACY AND RESEARCH INSTITUTE,
KARJAT
UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI
2. Pritam Vijay Juvatkar 9987779536 Alkaloid 2
Definition
Alkaloids the term is derived from the word 'alkali-like' These are the organic products of natural or
synthetic origin which are basic in nature and contain one or more nitrogen atoms, normally of
heterocyclic nature, and possess specific physiological actions on human or animal body, when used
in small quantities.
The term 'alkaloid' or 'Pflanzenikalien' was coined by Meissner, a German pharmacist, in 1819.
The mankind has been using alkaloids for various purposes like poisons, medicines, poultices, teas,etc.
The French chemist, Derosne in 1803, isolated narcotine.
Morphine from opium was isolated by Serturner, a pharmacist of Paderborn near Hannover in 1803.
Pelletier and Caventon from the Faculty of Pharmacy in Paris isolated emetine in 1817 and colchicine in 1819.
Strychnine (1817);
Brucine, Piperine And Caffeine (1819);
Quinine, Colchicine And Cinchonine (1820);
Coniine (1826),
Papaverine (1821) And Thebaine (1835).
Alkaloid
3. Pritam Vijay Juvatkar 9987779536 Alkaloid
3
True alkaloid
The true alkaloids are toxic in nature, contain heterocyclic nitrogen which is derived from amino acids and
always basic in nature.
True alkaloids are normally present in plants as salts of organic acids.
Proto or amino alkaloid
The 'proto alkaloids' or 'amino alkaloids' are simple amines in which the nitrogen is not in a heterocyclic ring.
Some times, they are considered as biological amines.
They are basic in nature and prepared in plants from amino acids.
Some of the examples of these alkaloids are mescaline, N-N-dimethyl tryptamine, colchicine, and ephedrine.
Alkaloid
4. Pritam Vijay Juvatkar 9987779536 Alkaloid 4
Pseudoalkaloids
The term 'pseudoalkaloids' includes mainly steroidal and terpenoid alkaloids and purines.
They are not derived from amino acids.
They do not show many of the typical characters of alkaloids, but give the standard qualitative
tests for alkaloids.
The examples of pseudoalkaloids are conessine and caffeine.
Alkaloid
5. Pritam Vijay Juvatkar 9987779536 Alkaloid 5
Physical Properties of Alkaloid
Alkaloids are colourless, crystalline solids with a sharp melting point or decomposition range with few
exceptions.
Some alkaloids are amorphous gums, whiIe others like coniine, sparteine, nicotine etc. are liquid and volatile in
nature.
Alkaloids are coloured in nature, e.g. betanidin is red, berberine is yellow
The free bases of alkaloids are soluble in organic non-polar, immiscible solvents and insoluble in water .
The salts of most alkaloids are soluble in water and very sparingly soluble in organic solvents.
The alkaloids containing quaternary bases are only water soluble.
Some of the pseudoalkaloids and protoalkaloids show higher solubility in water.
Colchicine is soluble in alkaline water, acid or water
Caffeine (free base) is freely soluble in water.
Quinine hydrochloride is highly soluble in water
Alkaloid
6. Pritam Vijay Juvatkar 9987779536 Alkaloid 6
Chemical Properties of Alkaloid
The alkaloids exist either in free state, as amine or as salt with acid or. alkaloid N:oxides.
Basic in reaction, due to the availability of lone pair of electrons on nitrogen.
It will enhanced if the adjacent functional groups are electron releasing.
It turns to be neutral or acidic when the adjacent functional groups are electron withdrawing.
The alkaloids may contain one or more number of nitrogen
Primary (R - NH2), e.G. Mescaline;
Secondary amine (R2 - NH), e.G. Ephedrine;
Tertiary amine (R3N) E.G. Atropine
Quaternary ammonium compounds [R4N+Xl E.G. Tubocurarine chloride.
Alkaloid
7. Pritam Vijay Juvatkar 9987779536 Alkaloid 7
Classification of Alkaloids
This is the most accepted way of classification of alkaloids. The main criterion for chemical
classification is the type of fundamental (normally heterocyclic) ring structure present in
alkaloid. The alkaloidal drugs are broadly categorized into two divisions.
Heterocyclic alkaloids (True alkaloids) are divided into twelve groups according to
nature of their heterocyclic ring.
Non-hetero-cyclic alkaloids or Protoalkaloids or Biological amines or pseudoalkaloids.
Alkaloid
16. Pritam Vijay Juvatkar 9987779536 Alkaloid 16
Chemical Test of Alkaloid
1. Dragendorff's reagent (potassium bismuth iodide solution) Reddish brown precipitate
2. Mayer's reagent (potassium mercuric iodide solution) Cream coloured precipitate;
3. Wagner's reagent (iodine-potassium iodide solution) Reddish brown precipitate.
4. Hager's reagent (picric acid ) Yellow coloured precipitates
17. Thank You
PRESENTED BY:
MR. PRITAM VIJAY JUVATKAR
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
pvjuvatkar@rediffmail.com, +91 9987779536
KONKAN GYANPEETH RAHUL DHARKAR COLLEGE OF PHARMACY AND RESEARCH INSTITUTE,
KARJAT
UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI
18. Disclosure
PRESENTED BY:
MR. PRITAM VIJAY JUVATKAR
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
pvjuvatkar@rediffmail.com, +91 9987779536
KONKAN GYANPEETH RAHUL DHARKAR COLLEGE OF PHARMACY AND RESEARCH INSTITUTE,
KARJAT
UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI
This Presentation is meant for Study Notes for B.Pharm Students only.
Please do not take as a reference for treatment for an ailments or other
usage
