The document provides an overview of microbiology classification and key figures in the history of microbiology. It describes the three domains of life - Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya - and how organisms are classified into kingdoms, including Bacteria, Archaea, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Important historical figures discussed include Hooke, van Leeuwenhoek, Pasteur, Koch, Semmelweis, and Lister, and their contributions to proving germ theory and developing sterilization techniques.

1. Come to the Back and Check out a Text Turn in Your Safety Contract

2. The Science of Microbiology Classification of Organisms Chapter 1 Microbiology Liberty Senior High Mr. Knowles

3. Two Main Forms of Cells All cells share certain characteristics They are all enclosed by a membrane They all use DNA as genetic information There are two main forms of cells: Eukaryotic Prokaryotic

4. Prokaryotic cells Lack the kinds of membrane-enclosed organelles found in eukaryotic cells. EUKARYOTIC CELL Membrane Cytoplasm Organelles Nucleus (contains DNA) 1 µm PROKARYOTIC CELL DNA (no nucleus) Membrane Figure 1.8

5. Unicellular organisms that lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles Unique flagella (flagellin), no cilia Bacteria and Archaea Domain Have DNA and cell membranes Prokaryotic Cells

6. Bacterial Flagellum Flagellin Protein

7. Eukaryotic Cells Uni- and multicellular organisms with a nucleus and organelles Have a 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules to make flagella or cilia Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista Have DNA and cell membrane

8. 9 + 2 System of Eukaryotes All eukaryotes with cilia or flagella, build it the same way. 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules Cilia of Paramecium. The cilia of Paramecium propel the cell through pond water. Cross section of cilium, as viewed with an electron microscope 15 µm 1.0 µm 5 µm Cilia of windpipe cells. The cells that line the human windpipe are equipped with cilia that help keep the lungs clean by moving a film of debris-trapping mucus upward. Figure 1.16

9. Classifying life Species Genus Family Order Class Phylum Kingdom Domain Mammalia Ursus ameri- canus (American black bear) Ursus Ursidae Carnivora Chordata Animalia Eukarya Figure 1.14

10. Life’s three domains Figure 1.15 100 µm 0.5 µm 4 µm Bacteria are the most diverse and widespread prokaryotes and are now divided among multiple kingdoms. Each of the rod-shaped structures in this photo is a bacterial cell. Protists (multiple kingdoms) are unicellular eukaryotes and their relatively simple multicellular relatives.Pictured here is an assortment of protists inhabiting pond water. Scientists are currently debating how to split the protists into several kingdoms that better represent evolution and diversity. Kingdom Plantae consists of multicellula eukaryotes that carry out photosynthesis, the conversion of light energy to food. Many of the prokaryotes known as archaea live in Earth‘s extreme environments, such as salty lakes and boiling hot springs. Domain Archaea includes multiple kingdoms. The photo shows a colony composed of many cells. Kindom Fungi is defined in part by the nutritional mode of its members, such as this mushroom, which absorb nutrientsafter decomposing organic material. Kindom Animalia consists of multicellular eukaryotes that ingest other organisms. DOMAIN ARCHAEA

11. The Three Domains of Life At the highest level, life is classified into three domains: Bacteria Archaea Eukarya Domain Bacteria and domain Archaea Consist of prokaryotes Domain Eukarya, the eukaryotes Includes the various protist kingdoms (Protista) and the kingdoms Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia

12. Bacteria Domain Unicellular, Prokaryotic Cell Wall- made of peptidoglycan Cell Membrane- unbranched fatty chains Sensitive to antibiotics (different kind of ribosome) Circular Chromosome Cannot tolerate extreme temperatures. (> 100˚ C)

13. Archaea Domain Unicellular, Prokaryotic Cell Wall- no peptidoglycan. Cell Membrane- branched fatty chains. Not sensitive to antibiotics (different kind of ribosome) Circular Chromosome Grow in extreme environ. (Extremophiles- thermophiles and halophiles)

14. Show me the “ancient bacteria”- Kingdom Archaebacteria. Video: Intimate Strangers- The Tree of Life .

15. Eukarya Domain Uni- and multicellular, Eukaryotic Cell Wall- no peptidoglycan (cellulose or chitin) Cell Membrane- unbranched fatty chains. Not sensitive to antibiotics (different ribosomes) Linear Chromosomes Cannot grow in extreme temps. (> 100˚ C)

16. Bacteria Kingdom Unicellular, Prokaryote Peptidoglycan Cell Wall Nutrition- Autotroph and Heterotrophic Motility- may have bacterial flagella Asexual Reprod. And Conjugation No nervous system Examples: E. coli, Salmonella, etc.

17. Archaea Kingdom Unicellular, Prokaryote No peptidoglycan in cell wall, muramic acid Nutrition- Autotrophic and Heterotrophic Motility- Different Kind of Bacterial Flagella Asexual Reprod. And Conjugation No nervous system Examples: Methanogens, halophiles, and thermophiles

18. Protista Kingdom Mostly Uni- but some multicellular Eukaryotes Various Types of Cell Wall, no peptidoglycan Nutrition- Autotrophic and Heterotrophic Motility- (9 + 2) Cilia or flagella Meiosis and Fertilization Nervous system- primitive conduction of some stimuli (light, heat, etc.) Ex. : Paramecia, Amoeba, Euglena

19. Fungi Kingdom Mostly multi, some unicellular Eukaryotes Chitin Cell Wall Nutrition- Heterotrophic Nonmotile Meiosis and Fertilization No nervous system Ex.: molds, mushrooms, mildew

20. Animalia Kingdom Multicellular, Eukaryote No cell wall Nutrition- Heterotrophic Motility- (9 + 2) Cilia or flagella Meiosis and Fertilization Primitive and complex nervous systems Ex. : worms, fish, birds, YOU!

21. Plantae Kingdom Multicellular Eukaryote Cell Wall – Cellulose Nutrition – Autotroph Most cells are nonmotile, but some make reproductive cells that have (9 + 2) flagella Meiosis and Fertilization No nervous system Meiosis and Fertilization Ex. : Trees, shrubs, Venus Fly Trap!

22. How Do We Group Microorganisms? Into Four Kingdoms: Protista- protists and algae (many Kingdoms) Fungi- yeast and other fungi Eubacteria- “true” bacteria (many Kingdoms) Archaebacteria- “ancient” bacteria (many Kingdoms) In its own Group: Viruses

23. Question of the Day! Who was the first microbiologist?

24. Holy Moses! Instructed people to bury feces and other wastes. Bible also refers to isolating lepers. (Deuteronomy, Ch. 13)

25. Hippocrates Greek physician in 400 B.C. who established medical ethics. Linked symptoms to certain diseases. Realized diseases could be transmitted by clothing.

26. Bubonic Plague (Black Death) 542-1600’s, spread into Europe by caravan and sea trading routes. Carried by fleas on ship rats.

28. Xenopsylla cheopis

30. Show me more of the Black Death! Video: Secrets of the Dead- The Mystery of the Black Death

32. Bubonic and Septicemic Plague

33. The First Case of Biological Weapons? Caffa

34. Flagellism and Anti-Semitism

35. Robert Hooke In 17 th Century, built the first microscope. Used the term “cell” to describe what he saw--after the small rooms of monks.

36. Hand-drawn images from Micrographia , published in 1665, Robert Hooke

37. Hooke’s First Microscope

38. Anton von Leewenhoek

39. Leewenhoek From 1632-1723, he designed microscopes. Described “animalcules” Never sold his microscopes, microbiology didn’t advance for 100 yrs.

40. Schleiden and Schwann Formulated the Cell Theory- that cells are the fundamental units of all life.

41. Germ Theory Mid-19 th Century: Microorganisms can invade other organisms and cause disease.

42. Spontaneous Generation Belief that life arose from nonliving things, a “vital force” found in the air. Ex: Broth turning cloudy happened spontaneously from nonliving material. Ex: Rags  rats Meat  maggots.

45. Francesco Redi, 1626-1697 1668, first controlled, experiment to disprove spontaneous generation. Rotten meat experiment refutes abiogenesis .

47. Francesco Redi Disproved spontaneous generation with the fly and rotting meat experiment.

48. John Needham, 1713-1781 First Catholic clergyman to become a member of the Royal Society of London. 1754, boiled chicken broth and put it into a flask and sealed it. Saw growth.

49. Needham and “Vital Atoms” Needham and Georges Comte de Buffon proposed “vital atoms” cause life. They could be seen in pond water and infusions. “ Vital atoms” escape dying organic material and move into the soil or water to be taken up the the plants.

50. Lazzaro Spallanzani, 1729-1799 Italian priest who suggested that the microbes entered the broth from the air after boiling. In 1765, he describes another experiment to test if microbes appear spontaneously.

52. Needham and others vitalists reply… Argue the experiment only proves that spontaneous generation requires air. Need the “vital force.” Even Spallanzani agrees in some cases- regeneration and other cases of microbes.

53. Salamander Limb Regeneration Retrieved from http://darwin.bio.uci.edu/~mrjc/ , September 28, 2004

54. What Spallanzani Might Have Seen! Retrieved from http://darwin.bio.uci.edu/~mrjc/ , September 28, 2004

55. Louis Pasteur

56. Pasteur and Tyndall In the mid-1800’s, disproved spontaneous generation using experiments with “swan-necked” flasks--allowed the air with the “vital force” to enter.

57. Pasteur’s Swan-necked Flask Experiment

59. Pasteur and the Swan-Necked Flask

60. Louis Pasteur From 1822-1895 Developed pasteurization technique of heating wine to kill other microorganisms without killing yeast. Developed first rabies vaccine- from rabbit spinal cord

62. Robert Koch

63. Robert Koch Developed techniques for isolating bacteria and growing in vitro (out of the body) Developed different medias for growing cultures.

64. Koch’s Postulates Step 1. Step 2. Step 3. Step 4.

65. Koch’s Postulates 1.) The specific pathogen (disease-causing) organism must be found in all cases of the disease. 2.) The pathogen must be isolated.

66. Koch’s Postulates 3.) Must inoculate a healthy animal with the pathogen and cause the disease. 4.) Must recover the same pathogen from the inoculated animal.

67. Still use Koch’s Postulates Today! The Story of Lyme Disease- Borrelia burgdorferi Video: Parasites-The Body Snatchers , #96

68. Ignaz Semmelweis-The Father of Sanitary Practices

69. Ignaz Semmelweis 1800’s, Autopsy to child birth; puerperal (childbed) fever. Encouraged sanitary practices by physicians. Ridiculed, had a nervous breakdown, asylum and died of an infection.

70. Joseph Lister Developed aseptic technique for surgeons Used carbolic acid to sterilize instruments.

71. The First Vaccines Came Out of an Epidemic! The Story of Smallpox Video: Plagues: The Smallpox Curse , #36

72. Smallpox Skin Lesions

73. How Do We Protect Ourselves? Immunology Ancient Chinese- inhaled ground smallpox scabs--develop a mild case of smallpox but survive later exposure.

74. Smallpox and Edward Jenner In late 1100’s, smallpox had been carried back to Europe with the Crusaders from the Near East. Late 1700’s, Jenner realized milkmaids with cowpox did not get smallpox. First “tested” vaccine ( vacca means cow) against smallpox.

75. Sarah Nelmes- Cow Pox Lesion and James Phipps

76. Edward Jenner- Ethics are Relative?

77. Eli Metchnikoff In the 1880’s, discovered that the human body has cells which can ingest microbes. Called them phagocytes or “cell-eating.”

78. Virology and Beijerinck Called microbes that could pass through filters “viruses.” Established that they needed host cells for their own replication.

79. Viruses and Cancer Rous discovered that certain viruses can cause cancer. Won the Nobel Prize in 1966. Human Papilloma Virus - warts and cervical cancer.

80. Viruses and Cancer Human Hepatitis B virus Can cause liver cancer.