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PDU 214 Methods of Observation & Interviewing: Interviewing - Introduction

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Agatha N. Ardhiati
Agatha N. Ardhiati

What is interview? How is it related to quantitative and qualitative research methods? (Lecture slides mostly in English)

Education
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PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA SEMESTER GENAP 2015/2016 FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA Kuliah VIII - 28 Maret 2016 INTERVIEWING:
 Introduction
One Day Objectives Mahasiswa mampu memahami hakikat wawancara sebagai metode pengumpulan data pada penelitian kualitatif; 1 Mahasiswa mampu memahami elemen penting dalam wawancara;2 Mahasiswa mampu memahami wawancara sebagai sebuah proses komunikasi interpersonal. 3
The
 Definition
(Research) “Data” refers to a collection of organized information, usually the result of experience, observation, experiment. . . . This may consist of numbers, words, or images,
 particularly as measurements or observations of a set of variables. (Research) “Data” are the smallest or lowest entities or recorded elements
 resulting from some experience, observation, experiment, or other similar situation. Research Data 4PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2016 Ardhiati QUALITATIVE RESEARCH (Yin, 2011: 130)
in·ter·view ˈin(t)ərˌvyo͞o/ noun 1. a meeting of people face to face, especially for consultation. 1.1. a conversation between a journalist or radio or televesion presenter
 and a person of public interest, used as the basis of a broadcast or publication “a half-hour interview with the prime minister.” 1.2. an oral examination of an applicant for a job college place, etc. “I am pleased to advise you that you have been selected for interview.” 1.3. a session of formal questioning of a person by the police “It regards a course of official questioning by a police officer as an interview.” verb 1. [WITH OBJECT] hold an interview with (someone). “She was interviewed by a reporter from the Daily News.” “Police are keen to interview two men seen nearby.” 1.1. [NO OBJECT] perform (well or badly) at an interview “He had the grades and the references from his school,
 and according to his teachers he would interview well.” The Definition 5PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2016 Ardhiati (Oxford Dictionary) INTERVIEWING
An interview is a conversation,
 usually between two people,
 where one person the interviewer -
 is seeking responses for a
 particular purpose from
 the other person: the interviewee. The Definition 6PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2016 Ardhiati INTERVIEWING (Gillham, 2000: 1)
PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2016 Ardhiati The Main Features 7 The relationship between R and E is responsive or interactive Questions asked,
 or topics raised,
 are ‘open’ with
 the E determining their own answers There is structure and purpose on the part of the R ICON CREDITS: Question by Stefano Vetere, Friends by Javier Sánchez - javyliu,
 Target by Laurent Patain, from the Noun Project (Gillham, 2000) INTERVIEWING
Rapport is a process of
 establishing and sustaining
 a relationship between
 the interviewer/researcher
 and interviewee/participant
 by creating feelings of
 goodwill and trust. The Definition 8PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2016 Ardhiati RAPPORT (Stewart & Cash, 2014: 81)
The
 Elements
PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2016 Ardhiati The Elements 10 P e r c e p t i o n s E R Roles E R Roles P e r c e p t i o n sP e r c e p t i o n s PARTIES Feedback Communication Initiator 1 2 3 Communication Interactions Situational Variables Outside Forces Family Associates Friends Employers Govt. agencies Prof. associations Etc. (Stewart & Cash, 2014: 42)
PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2016 Ardhiati Two Parties 11 P e r c e p t i o n s E R Roles E R Roles P e r c e p t i o n sP e r c e p t i o n s Feedback Communication Initiator 1 2 3 Communication Interactions Situational Variables Outside Forces Family Associates Friends Employers Govt. agencies Prof. associations Etc. (Stewart & Cash, 2014: 18) THE ELEMENTS PARTIES
There is a relational nature of the interview process
 in which two parties do something with, not to one another. The parties are connected interpersonally
 because each has a stake in outcome of the interview. Two Parties 12PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2016 Ardhiati THE ELEMENTS PARTIES (Stewart & Cash, 2014: 18)
RELATIONAL DIMENSIONS Two Parties 13PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2016 Ardhiati THE ELEMENTS Similarity Inclusion Affection Control Trust PARTIES (Stewart & Cash, 2014: 18-20)
PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2016 Ardhiati Two Parties 14 P e r c e p t i o n s E R Roles E R Roles P e r c e p t i o n sP e r c e p t i o n s Feedback Communication Initiator 1 2 3 Communication Interactions Situational Variables Outside Forces Family Associates Friends Employers Govt. agencies Prof. associations Etc. (Stewart & Cash, 2014: 18) THE ELEMENTS PARTIES
PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2016 Ardhiati Interchanging Roles 15 P e r c e p t i o n s P e r c e p t i o n sP e r c e p t i o n s Feedback Communication Initiator 1 2 3 Communication Interactions Situational Variables Outside Forces Family Associates Friends Employers Govt. agencies Prof. associations Etc. (Stewart & Cash, 2014: 22) THE ELEMENTS E R Roles E R Roles PARTIES
Human communicators are always sending and receiving simultaneously. As a result, each communicator has the opportunity
 to change how things are going at any time in the process. Interchanging Roles 16PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2016 Ardhiati THE ELEMENTS E R Roles E R Roles PARTIES (Stewart & Cash, 2014: 21)
The degree to which roles are exchanged and control is shared
 is often affected by the status or expertise of the parties,
 who initiate the interview, type of interview,
 situation, and atmosphere of the interaction. Interchanging Roles 17PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2016 Ardhiati THE ELEMENTS R Roles R Roles Directive Combination Nondirective E E (Stewart & Cash, 2014: 22-23)
PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2016 Ardhiati Interchanging Roles 18 P e r c e p t i o n s P e r c e p t i o n sP e r c e p t i o n s Feedback Communication Initiator 1 2 3 Communication Interactions Situational Variables Outside Forces Family Associates Friends Employers Govt. agencies Prof. associations Etc. (Stewart & Cash, 2014: 22) THE ELEMENTS E R Roles E R Roles PARTIES
PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2016 Ardhiati Perceptions of R & E 19 P e r c e p t i o n s E R Roles E R Roles P e r c e p t i o n sP e r c e p t i o n s PARTIES Feedback Communication Initiator 1 2 3 Communication Interactions Situational Variables Outside Forces Family Associates Friends Employers Govt. agencies Prof. associations Etc. (Stewart & Cash, 2014: 24) THE ELEMENTS
Each party comes to an interview with perceptions of self and of the other party,
 and these perceptions may change positively or negatively
 as the interview progresses. Perceptions of R & E 20PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2016 Ardhiati P e r c e p t i o n s E R Roles E R Roles PARTIES (Stewart & Cash, 2014: 23) THE ELEMENTS
PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2016 Ardhiati Perceptions of R & E 21 P e r c e p t i o n s E R Roles E R Roles P e r c e p t i o n sP e r c e p t i o n s PARTIES Feedback Communication Initiator 1 2 3 Communication Interactions Situational Variables Outside Forces Family Associates Friends Employers Govt. agencies Prof. associations Etc. (Stewart & Cash, 2014: 22) THE ELEMENTS
PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2016 Ardhiati Communication Interactions 22 P e r c e p t i o n s E R Roles E R Roles P e r c e p t i o n sP e r c e p t i o n s PARTIES Feedback Communication Initiator 1 2 3 Communication Interactions Situational Variables Outside Forces Family Associates Friends Employers Govt. agencies Prof. associations Etc. (Stewart & Cash, 2014: 26) THE ELEMENTS
RELATIONAL DIMENSIONS The levels differ in relational distance, self-disclosure, risk encountered,
 perceived meanings, and amount and type of contect exchanged. Communication Interactions 23PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2016 Ardhiati P e r c e p t i o n s E R Roles E R Roles 1 2 3 Communication Interactions (Stewart & Cash, 2014: 25) THE ELEMENTS
RELATIONAL DIMENSIONS The levels differ in relational distance, self-disclosure, risk encountered,
 perceived meanings, and amount and type of contect exchanged. Communication Interactions 24PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2016 Ardhiati P e r c e p t i o n s E R Roles E R Roles 1 2 3 Communication Interactions (Stewart & Cash, 2014: 25) THE ELEMENTS 1 relatively safe, nonthreatening exchanged about such topics as hometowns, professions, sporting events, college courses, and families.
RELATIONAL DIMENSIONS The levels differ in relational distance, self-disclosure, risk encountered,
 perceived meanings, and amount and type of contect exchanged. Communication Interactions 25PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2016 Ardhiati P e r c e p t i o n s E R Roles E R Roles 1 2 3 Communication Interactions (Stewart & Cash, 2014: 26-27) THE ELEMENTS 1 relatively safe, nonthreatening exchanged about such topics as hometowns, professions, sporting events, college courses, and families. 2 deal with personal or controversial topics and probe into beliefs, attitudes, values, and positions.
RELATIONAL DIMENSIONS The levels differ in relational distance, self-disclosure, risk encountered,
 perceived meanings, and amount and type of contect exchanged. Communication Interactions 26PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2016 Ardhiati P e r c e p t i o n s E R Roles E R Roles 1 2 3 Communication Interactions (Stewart & Cash, 2014: 27) THE ELEMENTS 1 relatively safe, nonthreatening exchanged about such topics as hometowns, professions, sporting events, college courses, and families. 2 deal with personal or controversial topics and probe into beliefs, attitudes, values, and positions. 3 deal with more personal and controversial areas of inquiries; respondents fully disclose their feelings, beliefs, attitudes, and perceptions.
PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2016 Ardhiati Communication Interactions 27 P e r c e p t i o n s E R Roles E R Roles P e r c e p t i o n sP e r c e p t i o n s PARTIES Feedback Communication Initiator 1 2 3 Communication Interactions Situational Variables Outside Forces Family Associates Friends Employers Govt. agencies Prof. associations Etc. (Stewart & Cash, 2014: 26) THE ELEMENTS
PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2016 Ardhiati Feedback 28 P e r c e p t i o n s E R Roles E R Roles P e r c e p t i o n sP e r c e p t i o n s PARTIES Feedback Communication Initiator 1 2 3 Communication Interactions Situational Variables Outside Forces Family Associates Friends Employers Govt. agencies Prof. associations Etc. (Stewart & Cash, 2014: 35) THE ELEMENTS
Feedback is immediate and pervasive in interviews,
 and is essential to verify what is being communicated and how. Feedback 29PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2016 Ardhiati P e r c e p t i o n s E R Roles E R Roles PARTIES Feedback 1 2 3 Communication Interactions (Stewart & Cash, 2014: 34) THE ELEMENTS
LISTENING SKILLS Feedback 30PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2016 Ardhiati P e r c e p t i o n s E R Roles E R Roles PARTIES Feedback 1 2 3 Communication Interactions (Stewart & Cash, 2014: 35-36) THE ELEMENTS Listening for
 Comprehension Listening for
 Empathy Listening for
 Evaluation Listening for
 Resolution
PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2016 Ardhiati Feedback 31 P e r c e p t i o n s E R Roles E R Roles P e r c e p t i o n sP e r c e p t i o n s PARTIES Feedback Communication Initiator 1 2 3 Communication Interactions Situational Variables Outside Forces Family Associates Friends Employers Govt. agencies Prof. associations Etc. (Stewart & Cash, 2014: 35) THE ELEMENTS
PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2016 Ardhiati The Situation 32 P e r c e p t i o n s E R Roles E R Roles P e r c e p t i o n sP e r c e p t i o n s PARTIES Feedback Communication Initiator 1 2 3 Communication Interactions Situational Variables Outside Forces Family Associates Friends Employers Govt. agencies Prof. associations Etc. (Stewart & Cash, 2014: 37) THE ELEMENTS
PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2016 Ardhiati The Situation 33 P e r c e p t i o n s E R Roles E R Roles P e r c e p t i o n sP e r c e p t i o n s PARTIES Feedback Communication Initiator 1 2 3 Communication Interactions Situational Variables (Stewart & Cash, 2014: 36-40) THE ELEMENTS
PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2016 Ardhiati The Situation 34 P e r c e p t i o n s E R Roles E R Roles P e r c e p t i o n sP e r c e p t i o n s PARTIES Feedback Communication Initiator 1 2 3 Communication Interactions Situational Variables Outside Forces Family Associates Friends Employers Govt. agencies Prof. associations Etc. (Stewart & Cash, 2014: 37) THE ELEMENTS
PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2016 Ardhiati Outside Forces 35 P e r c e p t i o n s E R Roles E R Roles P e r c e p t i o n sP e r c e p t i o n s PARTIES Feedback Communication Initiator 1 2 3 Communication Interactions Situational Variables Outside Forces Family Associates Friends Employers Govt. agencies Prof. associations Etc. (Stewart & Cash, 2014: 47) THE ELEMENTS
Outside forces may suggest
 or dictate who takes part, when,
 and where; attitudes assumed;
 topics covered; structure
 followed; questions asked;
 and answers given. Outside Forces 36PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2016 Ardhiati P e r c e p t i o n s E R Roles E R Roles P e r c e p t i o n sP e r c e p t i o n s PARTIES Feedback Communication Initiator 1 2 3 Communication Interactions Situational Variables Outside Forces Family Associates Friends Employers Govt. agencies Prof. associations Etc. (Stewart & Cash, 2014: 41) THE ELEMENTS
PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2016 Ardhiati The Elements 37 P e r c e p t i o n s E R Roles E R Roles P e r c e p t i o n sP e r c e p t i o n s PARTIES Feedback Communication Initiator 1 2 3 Communication Interactions Situational Variables Outside Forces Family Associates Friends Employers Govt. agencies Prof. associations Etc. (Stewart & Cash, 2014: 47)
PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2016 Ardhiati Want to Know More? Gillham, B. (2000). The research interview. London: Continuum. Stewart, C.J. & Cash, W.B. (2014). Interviewing: Principles and practices
 (14th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. All illustrations designed by freepik. 38

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PDU 214 Methods of Observation & Interviewing: Interviewing - Introduction

  • 1. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA SEMESTER GENAP 2015/2016 FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA Kuliah VIII - 28 Maret 2016 INTERVIEWING:
 Introduction
  • 2. One Day Objectives Mahasiswa mampu memahami hakikat wawancara sebagai metode pengumpulan data pada penelitian kualitatif; 1 Mahasiswa mampu memahami elemen penting dalam wawancara;2 Mahasiswa mampu memahami wawancara sebagai sebuah proses komunikasi interpersonal. 3
  • 4. (Research) “Data” refers to a collection of organized information, usually the result of experience, observation, experiment. . . . This may consist of numbers, words, or images,
 particularly as measurements or observations of a set of variables. (Research) “Data” are the smallest or lowest entities or recorded elements
 resulting from some experience, observation, experiment, or other similar situation. Research Data 4PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2016 Ardhiati QUALITATIVE RESEARCH (Yin, 2011: 130)
  • 5. in·ter·view ˈin(t)ərˌvyo͞o/ noun 1. a meeting of people face to face, especially for consultation. 1.1. a conversation between a journalist or radio or televesion presenter
 and a person of public interest, used as the basis of a broadcast or publication “a half-hour interview with the prime minister.” 1.2. an oral examination of an applicant for a job college place, etc. “I am pleased to advise you that you have been selected for interview.” 1.3. a session of formal questioning of a person by the police “It regards a course of official questioning by a police officer as an interview.” verb 1. [WITH OBJECT] hold an interview with (someone). “She was interviewed by a reporter from the Daily News.” “Police are keen to interview two men seen nearby.” 1.1. [NO OBJECT] perform (well or badly) at an interview “He had the grades and the references from his school,
 and according to his teachers he would interview well.” The Definition 5PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2016 Ardhiati (Oxford Dictionary) INTERVIEWING
  • 6. An interview is a conversation,
 usually between two people,
 where one person the interviewer -
 is seeking responses for a
 particular purpose from
 the other person: the interviewee. The Definition 6PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2016 Ardhiati INTERVIEWING (Gillham, 2000: 1)
  • 7. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2016 Ardhiati The Main Features 7 The relationship between R and E is responsive or interactive Questions asked,
 or topics raised,
 are ‘open’ with
 the E determining their own answers There is structure and purpose on the part of the R ICON CREDITS: Question by Stefano Vetere, Friends by Javier Sánchez - javyliu,
 Target by Laurent Patain, from the Noun Project (Gillham, 2000) INTERVIEWING
  • 8. Rapport is a process of
 establishing and sustaining
 a relationship between
 the interviewer/researcher
 and interviewee/participant
 by creating feelings of
 goodwill and trust. The Definition 8PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2016 Ardhiati RAPPORT (Stewart & Cash, 2014: 81)
  • 10. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2016 Ardhiati The Elements 10 P e r c e p t i o n s E R Roles E R Roles P e r c e p t i o n sP e r c e p t i o n s PARTIES Feedback Communication Initiator 1 2 3 Communication Interactions Situational Variables Outside Forces Family Associates Friends Employers Govt. agencies Prof. associations Etc. (Stewart & Cash, 2014: 42)
  • 11. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2016 Ardhiati Two Parties 11 P e r c e p t i o n s E R Roles E R Roles P e r c e p t i o n sP e r c e p t i o n s Feedback Communication Initiator 1 2 3 Communication Interactions Situational Variables Outside Forces Family Associates Friends Employers Govt. agencies Prof. associations Etc. (Stewart & Cash, 2014: 18) THE ELEMENTS PARTIES
  • 12. There is a relational nature of the interview process
 in which two parties do something with, not to one another. The parties are connected interpersonally
 because each has a stake in outcome of the interview. Two Parties 12PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2016 Ardhiati THE ELEMENTS PARTIES (Stewart & Cash, 2014: 18)
  • 13. RELATIONAL DIMENSIONS Two Parties 13PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2016 Ardhiati THE ELEMENTS Similarity Inclusion Affection Control Trust PARTIES (Stewart & Cash, 2014: 18-20)
  • 14. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2016 Ardhiati Two Parties 14 P e r c e p t i o n s E R Roles E R Roles P e r c e p t i o n sP e r c e p t i o n s Feedback Communication Initiator 1 2 3 Communication Interactions Situational Variables Outside Forces Family Associates Friends Employers Govt. agencies Prof. associations Etc. (Stewart & Cash, 2014: 18) THE ELEMENTS PARTIES
  • 15. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2016 Ardhiati Interchanging Roles 15 P e r c e p t i o n s P e r c e p t i o n sP e r c e p t i o n s Feedback Communication Initiator 1 2 3 Communication Interactions Situational Variables Outside Forces Family Associates Friends Employers Govt. agencies Prof. associations Etc. (Stewart & Cash, 2014: 22) THE ELEMENTS E R Roles E R Roles PARTIES
  • 16. Human communicators are always sending and receiving simultaneously. As a result, each communicator has the opportunity
 to change how things are going at any time in the process. Interchanging Roles 16PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2016 Ardhiati THE ELEMENTS E R Roles E R Roles PARTIES (Stewart & Cash, 2014: 21)
  • 17. The degree to which roles are exchanged and control is shared
 is often affected by the status or expertise of the parties,
 who initiate the interview, type of interview,
 situation, and atmosphere of the interaction. Interchanging Roles 17PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2016 Ardhiati THE ELEMENTS R Roles R Roles Directive Combination Nondirective E E (Stewart & Cash, 2014: 22-23)
  • 18. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2016 Ardhiati Interchanging Roles 18 P e r c e p t i o n s P e r c e p t i o n sP e r c e p t i o n s Feedback Communication Initiator 1 2 3 Communication Interactions Situational Variables Outside Forces Family Associates Friends Employers Govt. agencies Prof. associations Etc. (Stewart & Cash, 2014: 22) THE ELEMENTS E R Roles E R Roles PARTIES
  • 19. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2016 Ardhiati Perceptions of R & E 19 P e r c e p t i o n s E R Roles E R Roles P e r c e p t i o n sP e r c e p t i o n s PARTIES Feedback Communication Initiator 1 2 3 Communication Interactions Situational Variables Outside Forces Family Associates Friends Employers Govt. agencies Prof. associations Etc. (Stewart & Cash, 2014: 24) THE ELEMENTS
  • 20. Each party comes to an interview with perceptions of self and of the other party,
 and these perceptions may change positively or negatively
 as the interview progresses. Perceptions of R & E 20PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2016 Ardhiati P e r c e p t i o n s E R Roles E R Roles PARTIES (Stewart & Cash, 2014: 23) THE ELEMENTS
  • 21. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2016 Ardhiati Perceptions of R & E 21 P e r c e p t i o n s E R Roles E R Roles P e r c e p t i o n sP e r c e p t i o n s PARTIES Feedback Communication Initiator 1 2 3 Communication Interactions Situational Variables Outside Forces Family Associates Friends Employers Govt. agencies Prof. associations Etc. (Stewart & Cash, 2014: 22) THE ELEMENTS
  • 22. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2016 Ardhiati Communication Interactions 22 P e r c e p t i o n s E R Roles E R Roles P e r c e p t i o n sP e r c e p t i o n s PARTIES Feedback Communication Initiator 1 2 3 Communication Interactions Situational Variables Outside Forces Family Associates Friends Employers Govt. agencies Prof. associations Etc. (Stewart & Cash, 2014: 26) THE ELEMENTS
  • 23. RELATIONAL DIMENSIONS The levels differ in relational distance, self-disclosure, risk encountered,
 perceived meanings, and amount and type of contect exchanged. Communication Interactions 23PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2016 Ardhiati P e r c e p t i o n s E R Roles E R Roles 1 2 3 Communication Interactions (Stewart & Cash, 2014: 25) THE ELEMENTS
  • 24. RELATIONAL DIMENSIONS The levels differ in relational distance, self-disclosure, risk encountered,
 perceived meanings, and amount and type of contect exchanged. Communication Interactions 24PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2016 Ardhiati P e r c e p t i o n s E R Roles E R Roles 1 2 3 Communication Interactions (Stewart & Cash, 2014: 25) THE ELEMENTS 1 relatively safe, nonthreatening exchanged about such topics as hometowns, professions, sporting events, college courses, and families.
  • 25. RELATIONAL DIMENSIONS The levels differ in relational distance, self-disclosure, risk encountered,
 perceived meanings, and amount and type of contect exchanged. Communication Interactions 25PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2016 Ardhiati P e r c e p t i o n s E R Roles E R Roles 1 2 3 Communication Interactions (Stewart & Cash, 2014: 26-27) THE ELEMENTS 1 relatively safe, nonthreatening exchanged about such topics as hometowns, professions, sporting events, college courses, and families. 2 deal with personal or controversial topics and probe into beliefs, attitudes, values, and positions.
  • 26. RELATIONAL DIMENSIONS The levels differ in relational distance, self-disclosure, risk encountered,
 perceived meanings, and amount and type of contect exchanged. Communication Interactions 26PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2016 Ardhiati P e r c e p t i o n s E R Roles E R Roles 1 2 3 Communication Interactions (Stewart & Cash, 2014: 27) THE ELEMENTS 1 relatively safe, nonthreatening exchanged about such topics as hometowns, professions, sporting events, college courses, and families. 2 deal with personal or controversial topics and probe into beliefs, attitudes, values, and positions. 3 deal with more personal and controversial areas of inquiries; respondents fully disclose their feelings, beliefs, attitudes, and perceptions.
  • 27. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2016 Ardhiati Communication Interactions 27 P e r c e p t i o n s E R Roles E R Roles P e r c e p t i o n sP e r c e p t i o n s PARTIES Feedback Communication Initiator 1 2 3 Communication Interactions Situational Variables Outside Forces Family Associates Friends Employers Govt. agencies Prof. associations Etc. (Stewart & Cash, 2014: 26) THE ELEMENTS
  • 28. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2016 Ardhiati Feedback 28 P e r c e p t i o n s E R Roles E R Roles P e r c e p t i o n sP e r c e p t i o n s PARTIES Feedback Communication Initiator 1 2 3 Communication Interactions Situational Variables Outside Forces Family Associates Friends Employers Govt. agencies Prof. associations Etc. (Stewart & Cash, 2014: 35) THE ELEMENTS
  • 29. Feedback is immediate and pervasive in interviews,
 and is essential to verify what is being communicated and how. Feedback 29PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2016 Ardhiati P e r c e p t i o n s E R Roles E R Roles PARTIES Feedback 1 2 3 Communication Interactions (Stewart & Cash, 2014: 34) THE ELEMENTS
  • 30. LISTENING SKILLS Feedback 30PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2016 Ardhiati P e r c e p t i o n s E R Roles E R Roles PARTIES Feedback 1 2 3 Communication Interactions (Stewart & Cash, 2014: 35-36) THE ELEMENTS Listening for
 Comprehension Listening for
 Empathy Listening for
 Evaluation Listening for
 Resolution
  • 31. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2016 Ardhiati Feedback 31 P e r c e p t i o n s E R Roles E R Roles P e r c e p t i o n sP e r c e p t i o n s PARTIES Feedback Communication Initiator 1 2 3 Communication Interactions Situational Variables Outside Forces Family Associates Friends Employers Govt. agencies Prof. associations Etc. (Stewart & Cash, 2014: 35) THE ELEMENTS
  • 32. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2016 Ardhiati The Situation 32 P e r c e p t i o n s E R Roles E R Roles P e r c e p t i o n sP e r c e p t i o n s PARTIES Feedback Communication Initiator 1 2 3 Communication Interactions Situational Variables Outside Forces Family Associates Friends Employers Govt. agencies Prof. associations Etc. (Stewart & Cash, 2014: 37) THE ELEMENTS
  • 33. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2016 Ardhiati The Situation 33 P e r c e p t i o n s E R Roles E R Roles P e r c e p t i o n sP e r c e p t i o n s PARTIES Feedback Communication Initiator 1 2 3 Communication Interactions Situational Variables (Stewart & Cash, 2014: 36-40) THE ELEMENTS
  • 34. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2016 Ardhiati The Situation 34 P e r c e p t i o n s E R Roles E R Roles P e r c e p t i o n sP e r c e p t i o n s PARTIES Feedback Communication Initiator 1 2 3 Communication Interactions Situational Variables Outside Forces Family Associates Friends Employers Govt. agencies Prof. associations Etc. (Stewart & Cash, 2014: 37) THE ELEMENTS
  • 35. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2016 Ardhiati Outside Forces 35 P e r c e p t i o n s E R Roles E R Roles P e r c e p t i o n sP e r c e p t i o n s PARTIES Feedback Communication Initiator 1 2 3 Communication Interactions Situational Variables Outside Forces Family Associates Friends Employers Govt. agencies Prof. associations Etc. (Stewart & Cash, 2014: 47) THE ELEMENTS
  • 36. Outside forces may suggest
 or dictate who takes part, when,
 and where; attitudes assumed;
 topics covered; structure
 followed; questions asked;
 and answers given. Outside Forces 36PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2016 Ardhiati P e r c e p t i o n s E R Roles E R Roles P e r c e p t i o n sP e r c e p t i o n s PARTIES Feedback Communication Initiator 1 2 3 Communication Interactions Situational Variables Outside Forces Family Associates Friends Employers Govt. agencies Prof. associations Etc. (Stewart & Cash, 2014: 41) THE ELEMENTS
  • 37. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2016 Ardhiati The Elements 37 P e r c e p t i o n s E R Roles E R Roles P e r c e p t i o n sP e r c e p t i o n s PARTIES Feedback Communication Initiator 1 2 3 Communication Interactions Situational Variables Outside Forces Family Associates Friends Employers Govt. agencies Prof. associations Etc. (Stewart & Cash, 2014: 47)
  • 38. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2016 Ardhiati Want to Know More? Gillham, B. (2000). The research interview. London: Continuum. Stewart, C.J. & Cash, W.B. (2014). Interviewing: Principles and practices
 (14th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. All illustrations designed by freepik. 38