This document provides an overview of research methods presented during a lecture at the Faculty of Psychology at Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia. It discusses the objectives of the lecture which are for students to understand scientific thinking paradigms, systematic research processes, and characteristics of quantitative and qualitative research. It then presents sections on defining research, the importance of research, general research processes, and characteristics of quantitative and qualitative research designs. Key resources on research methods are also listed.

1. PDU 211 METODE PENELITIAN
THE PROCESS OF CONDUCTING RESEARCH
SEMESTER GASAL 2015/2016
FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA
KULIAH I - 10 AGUSTUS 2015

2. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI
UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA PDU 211 METODE PENELITIAN© 2015 Ardhiati
Mahasiswa mampu memahami paradigma berpikir ilmiah;
Mahasiswa mampu memahami proses sistematis dalam penelitian;
Mahasiswa mampu mengidentifikasi karakteristik penelitian kuantitatif
dan kualitatif.
01.
03.
02.
ONE DAY OBJECTIVES
2

3. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI
UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2015 Ardhiati PDU 211 METODE PENELITIAN 3
RAJA AMPAT
IMAGE SOURCE:
sevenholidayspot.com/paradise-of-raja-ampat-island.html

4. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI
UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2015 Ardhiati PDU 211 METODE PENELITIAN 4
IMAGE SOURCES:
remotelands.com/preferhotel/130222006_Misool-Eco-Resort;
blog.wakatobi.com/wordpress/the-trees-of-the-coral-jungle/;
flowerslane.com/diving-vacation/diving-bunaken.html;
rahasiaotakjenius.blogspot.com/2013/03/6-tempat-wisata-bawah-laut-indonesia.html

5. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI
UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2015 Ardhiati PDU 211 METODE PENELITIAN 4
RAJA AMPAT WAKATOBI
BUNAKEN TULAMBEN
IMAGE SOURCES:
remotelands.com/preferhotel/130222006_Misool-Eco-Resort;
blog.wakatobi.com/wordpress/the-trees-of-the-coral-jungle/;
flowerslane.com/diving-vacation/diving-bunaken.html;
rahasiaotakjenius.blogspot.com/2013/03/6-tempat-wisata-bawah-laut-indonesia.html

6. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI
UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2015 Ardhiati PDU 211 METODE PENELITIAN 5
How do we know that
the picture describes
reality?
IMAGE SOURCE:
rahasiaotakjenius.blogspot.com/2013/03/6-tempat-wisata-bawah-laut-indonesia.html

7. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI
UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2015 Ardhiati PDU 211 METODE PENELITIAN
LOOKING FOR REALITY
6
You’ve probably long suspected that some of the things you
“know” may not be true, but how can you really know what’s real?
ICON SOURCES: Evolution by Jakob Sagel, Sikh by Simon Child,
judge by carlotta zampini; from the Noun Project

8. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI
UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2015 Ardhiati PDU 211 METODE PENELITIAN
logis dan ilmiah,
walaupun tidak harus
dibuktikan sendiri oleh
ilmuwan
AGREEMENT
REALITY
LOOKING FOR REALITY
6
You’ve probably long suspected that some of the things you
“know” may not be true, but how can you really know what’s real?
ORDINARY
HUMAN INQUIRY
TRADITION AUTHORITY
ada hubungan sebab-
akibat yang digunakan
untuk memprediksi
peristiwa mendatang
secara ‘turun-
temurun’ sudah
dianggap sebagai
sesuatu yang ‘benar’
ada pihak otoritas yang
menyatakan sesuatu
sebagai sebuah
kebenaran
(Babbie, 2011, p. 3-6)
ICON SOURCES: Evolution by Jakob Sagel, Sikh by Simon Child,
judge by carlotta zampini; from the Noun Project

9. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI
UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2015 Ardhiati PDU 211 METODE PENELITIAN
logis dan ilmiah,
walaupun tidak harus
dibuktikan sendiri oleh
ilmuwan
AGREEMENT
REALITY
LOOKING FOR REALITY
7
ORDINARY
HUMAN INQUIRY
TRADITION AUTHORITY
ada hubungan sebab-
akibat yang digunakan
untuk memprediksi
peristiwa mendatang
secara ‘turun-
temurun’ sudah
dianggap sebagai
sesuatu yang ‘benar’
ada pihak otoritas yang
menyatakan sesuatu
sebagai sebuah
kebenaran
(Babbie, 2011, p. 3-6)
MORE SCIENTIFIC LESS SCIENTIFIC
ICON SOURCES: Evolution by Jakob Sagel, Sikh by Simon Child,
judge by carlotta zampini; from the Noun Project

10. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI
UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2015 Ardhiati PDU 211 METODE PENELITIAN 8
TOLIKARA, PAPUA
HOW DO WE KNOW THAT THIS IS REAL?
IMAGE SOURCE:
news.metrotvnews.com/read/2015/07/17/148328/saat-imam-takbir-pertama-sekelompok-orang-datang-dan-lempari-musala-di-tolikara

11. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI
UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2015 Ardhiati PDU 211 METODE PENELITIAN
what’s the main difference
between scientific research
and ‘casual research’?
9
So…

12. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI
UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2015 Ardhiati PDU 211 METODE PENELITIAN
THE DEFINITION
10
Research is a process of steps used to collect and analyze
information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue.

13. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI
UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2015 Ardhiati PDU 211 METODE PENELITIAN
2.1. 3.PRESENT AN
ANSWER TO
THE QUESTION
POSE A
QUESTION
COLLECT DATA
TO ANSWER
THE QUESTION
THE DEFINITION
10
Research is a process of steps used to collect and analyze
information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue.
AT A GENERAL LEVEL, RESEARCH CONSISTS OF:
(Creswell, 2012, p. 3)

14. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI
UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2015 Ardhiati PDU 211 METODE PENELITIAN
RESEARCH IS
IMPORTANT FOR AT
LEAST THREE
REASONS.
THE IMPORTANCE
11
ICON SOURCES: Brain by Vicons Design, Glasses by João Proença,
Gavel by Diego Naive; from the Noun Project

15. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI
UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2015 Ardhiati PDU 211 METODE PENELITIAN
RESEARCH IS
IMPORTANT FOR AT
LEAST THREE
REASONS.
Helps individuals improve their practices on the
job, helps practitioners evaluate approaches that
they hope will work with individuals in their
settings, helps the practitioners build connections
with other practitioners
Provides information to policy makers when they
research and debate (psychological) topics, offers
results that can help them weigh various
perspectives
Contribute to existing information about issues,
gain a deeper understanding of the problems, fill
a void in existing knowledge, provide additional
results to confirm or disconfirm results of prior
studies
IMPROVES PRACTICE
ADDS TO OUR KNOWLEDGE
INFORMS POLICY DEBATES
THE IMPORTANCE
11
(Creswell, 2012, p. 4-6)
ICON SOURCES: Brain by Vicons Design, Glasses by João Proença,
Gavel by Diego Naive; from the Noun Project

16. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI
UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2015 Ardhiati PDU 211 METODE PENELITIAN
THE PROCESS
12
1 2 3 4 5 6
IDENTIFYING
A RESEARCH
PROBLEM
REVIEWING
THE LITERATURE
SPECIFYING
A PURPOSE
FOR RESEARCH
COLLECTING
DATA
ANALYZING &
INTERPRETING
DATA
REPORTING &
EVALUATING
RESEARCH
ICON SOURCES: Light Bult by Shane David Kenna, Books by Jakub Čaja,
Map Marker by Sergey Furtaev, Box by Jerome Tave, Thinking by Marek Polakovic
Pencil by Sabine Wollender; from the Noun Project

17. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI
UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2015 Ardhiati PDU 211 METODE PENELITIAN
THE PROCESS
12
1 2 3 4 5 6
IDENTIFYING
A RESEARCH
PROBLEM
REVIEWING
THE LITERATURE
SPECIFYING
A PURPOSE
FOR RESEARCH
COLLECTING
DATA
ANALYZING &
INTERPRETING
DATA
REPORTING &
EVALUATING
RESEARCH
(Creswell, 2012, p. 7-11)
ICON SOURCES: Light Bult by Shane David Kenna, Books by Jakub Čaja,
Map Marker by Sergey Furtaev, Box by Jerome Tave, Thinking by Marek Polakovic
Pencil by Sabine Wollender; from the Noun Project

18. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI
UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2015 Ardhiati PDU 211 METODE PENELITIAN
THE PROCESS
13
IDENTIFYING
A RESEARCH
PROBLEM
REVIEWING
THE LITERATURE
SPECIFYING
A PURPOSE
FOR RESEARCH
COLLECTING
DATA
ANALYZING &
INTERPRETING
DATA
REPORTING &
EVALUATING
RESEARCH
(Creswell, 2012, p. 7-11)
ICON SOURCES: Light Bult by Shane David Kenna, Books by Jakub Čaja,
Map Marker by Sergey Furtaev, Box by Jerome Tave, Thinking by Marek Polakovic
Pencil by Sabine Wollender, Statistics by Mateo Zlatar,
Chat by Martin Chapman Fromm; from the Noun Project
1 2 3 4 5 6

19. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI
UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2015 Ardhiati PDU 211 METODE PENELITIAN
THE PROCESS
13
IDENTIFYING
A RESEARCH
PROBLEM
REVIEWING
THE LITERATURE
SPECIFYING
A PURPOSE
FOR RESEARCH
COLLECTING
DATA
ANALYZING &
INTERPRETING
DATA
REPORTING &
EVALUATING
RESEARCH
(Creswell, 2012, p. 7-11)
ICON SOURCES: Light Bult by Shane David Kenna, Books by Jakub Čaja,
Map Marker by Sergey Furtaev, Box by Jerome Tave, Thinking by Marek Polakovic
Pencil by Sabine Wollender, Statistics by Mateo Zlatar,
Chat by Martin Chapman Fromm; from the Noun Project
QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
DESIGN
1 2 3 4 5 6

20. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI
UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2015 Ardhiati PDU 211 METODE PENELITIAN
THE CHARACTERISTICS
14
Exploring a problem and developing a detailed
understanding of a central phenomenon
Describing a problem through a description of trends or
a need for an explanation of the relationship among
variables
Providing a major role for the literature
Creating purpose statements, research questions, and
hypotheses that are specific, narrow, measurable, and
observable
Collecting numeric data from a large number of people
using instruments with preset questions and responses
Analyzing trends, comparing groups, or relating
variables using statistical analysis, and interpreting
results by comparing them with prior predictions
Writing the research report using standard, fixed
structures and evaluation criteria, and taking an
objective, unbiased approach
Having the literature review play a minor role
Stating the purpose and research questions in a
general and broad way so as to the participants’
experiences
Collecting data based on words from a small number of
individuals so that the participants’ views are obtained
Analyzing the data for description and themes using
text analysis and interpreting the larger meaning of the
findings
Writing the report using flexible, emerging structures
and evaluative criteria, and including the researchers’
subjective reflexivity and bias
QUALITATIVEQUANTITATIVE
(Creswell, 2012, p. 11-19)
ICON SOURCES: Light Bult by Shane David Kenna, Books by Jakub Čaja,
Map Marker by Sergey Furtaev, Box by Jerome Tave, Thinking by Marek Polakovic
Pencil by Sabine Wollender; from the Noun Project

21. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI
UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2015 Ardhiati PDU 211 METODE PENELITIAN
WANT TO KNOW MORE?
BABBIE, E. (2011). THE BASICS OF SOCIAL RESEARCH (5TH ED.). BELMONT, CA:
WADSWORTH CENGAGE LEARNING.
CRESWELL, J.W. (2012). EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH: PLANNING, CONDUCTING
AND EVALUATING QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE RESEARCH (4TH ED.).
BOSTON, MA: PEARSON EDUCATION, INC.