1. The document outlines the process of observation, including preparation, collecting information, and summarizing/interpreting. 2. In preparation, the observer must determine purpose, who/what/where/when to observe, and how to record information. Different types of records like checklists and rating scales can be used. 3. To collect data, the observer should be unobtrusive and gather a large amount of data over a long period in various situations. 4. After collecting information, the observer summarizes and interprets the data to make appropriate decisions based on the observational purpose. Problems like biases are addressed through techniques like using multiple observers.

1. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA
SEMESTER GENAP 2015/2016
FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA
Kuliah III - 01 Februari 2016
OBSERVATION:
Methods & Record Keeping

2. One Day
Objectives
Mahasiswa mampu memahami tahap
perancangan panduan observasi;1
Mahasiswa mampu menyusun panduan
observasi untuk pengumpulan data sesuai
dengan tujuan.
2

3. Principles of
Methods &
Record
Keeping

4. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA
FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2016 Ardhiati
Different types of information require
the use of different recording forms.
Regardless of the purpose of the observation
and the type of record that is to be used,
several general procedures collectively make up
a method of observing.
4
(Cartwright & Cartwright, 1984: 30)
“
”

5. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA
FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2016 Ardhiati
The Process
5
OBSERVATION
PREPARATION COLLECT
INFORMATION
SUMMARIZE &
INTERPRETATION

6. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA
FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2016 Ardhiati
The first step in the process of observation is to determine the purpose.
If the observer is a researcher, the questions under investigation
form the purpose.
Because of the different characteristics
of various records, we will find that certain types
of records match well with some decisions that is to be made
using the observational data or the purpose for the observation,
and not with others.
Preparation
6
OBSERVATION: THE PROCESS
(Cartwright & Cartwright, 1984: 30, 35)
1. THE PURPOSE

7. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA
FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2016 Ardhiati
If the purpose is well defined, it will dictate the following guidelines
for the procedure:
• Who will make the observation;
• Who or what will be observed;
• Where the observation will take place (there should be
a variety of situations included);
• When the observation will occur (there should be diversified
time periods);
• How the observation will be recorded.
Preparation
7
OBSERVATION: THE PROCESS
(Cartwright & Cartwright, 1984: 31)
1. THE PURPOSE

8. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA
FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2016 Ardhiati
Some basic considerations:
Preparation
8
OBSERVATION: THE PROCESS
(Cartwright & Cartwright, 1984: 35-38)
2. PREPARING RECORDS
A certain amount of time and effort
is required to develop and use
such records
A precise description of the behaviour
or event be a part of the development
of record forms for use in the
observation process
Conduct field tests with the record
forms and make pertinent revisions
before extensive use is made of them
Ample opportunity to observe the
behaviours or events of interest
contained in a well-designed form
The information collected using a record
form will yield meaningful, useful
information on which questions
can be answered
Make a decision based on
the evidence exists

9. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA
FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2016 Ardhiati
Preparation
9
OBSERVATION: THE PROCESS
(Cartwright & Cartwright, 1984: 36)
2. PREPARING RECORDS
A precise description of the behaviour
or event be a part of the development
of record forms for use in the
observation process
The information collected using a record
form will yield meaningful, useful
information on which questions
can be answered
Make a decision based on
the evidence exists
Operational
Definitions

10. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA
FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2016 Ardhiati
Preparation
10
OBSERVATION: THE PROCESS
2. PREPARING RECORDS
PURPOSE VARIABLE DEFINITION DIMENSION BEHAVIOUR
Purpose of the
observation, which can
be used to answer
the research questions
Psychological
variable(s)
Conceptual definition
Operational definition Dimension (A)
Dimension (B)
Behaviour (A.1.)
Behaviour (A.2.)
Behaviour (B.1.)
Behaviour (B.2.)

11. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA
FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2016 Ardhiati
The theory plays
an important role on preparing
the observation records.
Preparation
10
OBSERVATION: THE PROCESS
2. PREPARING RECORDS
PURPOSE VARIABLE DEFINITION DIMENSION BEHAVIOUR
Purpose of the
observation, which can
be used to answer
the research questions
Psychological
variable(s)
Conceptual definition
Operational definition Dimension (A)
Dimension (B)
Behaviour (A.1.)
Behaviour (A.2.)
Behaviour (B.1.)
Behaviour (B.2.)

12. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA
FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2016 Ardhiati
Preparation
11
OBSERVATION: THE PROCESS
3. TYPES OF RECORDS
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
(F)
(A) ANECDOTAL RECORDS
(B) PARTICIPATION CHARTS
(C) CHECKLISTS
(D) RATING SCALES
(E) BEHAVIOUR TALLYING
(F) CHARTING PROCEDURES

13. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA
FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2016 Ardhiati
General rules:
Collect Data
12
OBSERVATION: THE PROCESS
(Cartwright & Cartwright, 1984: 40)
Being unobtrusive and avoiding
the contrived situation will
enhance the integrity and
objectivity of the observation,
and, probably, the reliability of
the data recorded.
The longer time period, the more
reliable the information
obtained is likely to be;
A long time period provides an
opportunity for systematically
gathering information covering
a variety of situations and
behaviours.
Be Unobtrusive Get Lots of Data

14. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA
FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2016 Ardhiati
Any records, even excellent ones, are of no value
unless the information is interpreted.
Information is not gathered as an end in itself;
the information is a means to an end and that end
is the making of appropriate decisions to meet
the purposes of the observation.
Information on which interpretations will be based should be
gathered over an adequate period of time and in a variety
of situations to ensure that a reliable sampling of behaviour
is available before drawing any conclusions.
Summarize & Interpretation
13
OBSERVATION: THE PROCESS
(Cartwright & Cartwright, 1984: 41-43)

15. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA
FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2016 Ardhiati
The Problems
14
OBSERVATION
7654321

16. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA
FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2016 Ardhiati
The Problems
14
OBSERVATION
7654321
Inaccuracy Inefficiency
Observer’s
Biases
Subjectivity
Other Errors
(Generosity,
Severity, Central
Tendency, &
Logical)
Observer’s
Recent
Condition
Observer’s
Individual
Characte-
ristics
Making records
precisely and
immediately
Using a variety
of aids (index
cards,
notebooks, etc)
Making some
value judgments
Involving several
independent
observers
Taking
precautions,
using other
methods
Controling the
observer’s
condition to be
neutral
Controling the
observer’s
condition to be
neutral
PROBLEMSSOLUTIONS
(Cartwright & Cartwright, 1984: 39-52)

17. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA
FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2016 Ardhiati
Want to Know More?
Cartwright, C.A. & Cartwright, G.P. (1984). Developing observation skills (2nd
ed.).
New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, Inc.
All illustrations designed by freepik.
19