This document discusses collecting quantitative data in research. It outlines the key steps in collecting quantitative data, including determining participants, obtaining permissions, considering the types of information needed, locating instruments, and collecting data. It focuses on determining participants, explaining that researchers must identify the unit of analysis and specify the population and sample. Probability and non-probability sampling methods are described for selecting a representative sample from the target population.

1. Collecting Quantitative Data
PDU 211 Metode Penelitian
Semester Gasal 2014/2015
FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA
Kuliah VI - 15 September 2014

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One Day Objectives
2
Chapter 5:
Collecting
Quantitative Data
• Mahasiswa memahami tahapan dalam
pengumpulan data kuantitatif
• Mahasiswa memahami cara untuk memilih
partisipan penelitian kuantitatif
• Mahasiswa mampu mengidentifikasi
informasi yang dibutuhkan sesuai jenis
penelitian serta instrumen yang digunakan
untuk mengumpulkan data tersebut

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The Process OF COLLECTING QUANTITATIVE DATA
3

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The Process OF COLLECTING QUANTITATIVE DATA
4
Determining
the Participants
Obtaining
Permissions
Considering Types
of Information
Locating & Selecting
Instruments
Collecting
the Data
(Creswell, 2012, p. 141)

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Determining the
Participants
5
(Creswell, 2012, p. 141; Babbie, 2011, p. 101-107)

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Determining the
Participants
1. IDENTIFY THE UNIT OF ANALYSIS
5
the what or whom being studied; depends on the questions or hypotheses that you seek to answer
(Creswell, 2012, p. 141; Babbie, 2011, p. 101-107)

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Determining the
Participants
1. IDENTIFY THE UNIT OF ANALYSIS
5
the what or whom being studied; depends on the questions or hypotheses that you seek to answer
(Creswell, 2012, p. 141; Babbie, 2011, p. 101-107)
INDIVIDUALS
Individual
human beings.
GROUPS
Characteristics that
belong to one group,
considered as
a single entity.
ORGANIZATIONS SOCIAL
INTERACTIONS
SOCIAL
ARTIFACTS
What goes between
individuals, such as
telephone calls,
kisses, dancing,
arguments, etc.
Formal social
organizations such as
corporations, colleges,
army divisions,
academic departments,
etc.
Any product of
social beings
or their behavior.
Includes concrete
objects (books, poems,
paintings, etc.)
or intangible objects
(traffic accidents,
divorces, final exams,
etc.).

8. the what or whom being studied; depends on the questions or hypotheses that you seek to answer
FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA PDU 211 Metode Penelitian
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Determining the
Participants
1. IDENTIFY THE UNIT OF ANALYSIS
6
INDIVIDUALS
Individual
human beings.
GROUPS
Characteristics that
belong to one group,
considered as
a single entity.
ORGANIZATIONS SOCIAL
INTERACTIONS
SOCIAL
ARTIFACTS
What goes between
individuals, such as
telephone calls,
kisses, dancing,
arguments, etc.
Formal social
organizations such as
corporations, colleges,
army divisions,
academic departments,
etc.
Any product of
social beings
or their behavior.
Includes concrete objects
(books, poems, paintings,
etc.) or intangible
objects (traffic accidents,
divorces, final exams, etc.).
Psychology

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Determining the
Participants
2. SPECIFY THE POPULATION & SAMPLE
7

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Determining the
Participants
2. SPECIFY THE POPULATION & SAMPLE
7
Woman
30-40 years old
Married for 1 year
with no children
Working, IDR 25mill/mo
Lower income
from husband
Characteristics
of the Population

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Determining the
Participants
2. SPECIFY THE POPULATION & SAMPLE
8
(Creswell, 2012, p. 142)
Selecting Sample
(Sampling)
the process of selecting individuals,
events, observations, or objects to
be observed

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Determining the
Participants
2. SPECIFY THE POPULATION & SAMPLE
8
(Creswell, 2012, p. 142)
Selecting Sample
(Sampling)
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING the process of selecting individuals,
events, observations, or objects to
be observed

13. Selecting Sample(Sampling)
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Determining the
Participants
2. SPECIFY THE POPULATION & SAMPLE
9
(Creswell, 2012, p. 142; Babbie, 2011, p. 228)
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
selects individuals from the population who are representative of that population:
• the aggregate characteristics of the sample ≈ those same aggregate characteristics in the populations
• all members of the population have an equal chance of being selected in the sample

14. Selecting Sample(Sampling)
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Determining the
Participants
2. SPECIFY THE POPULATION & SAMPLE
10
(Creswell, 2012, p. 143; Babbie, 2011, p. 228-229)
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
selects participants for the sample so that any individual has an equal probability of being
selected from the population

15. Selecting Sample(Sampling)
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Determining the
Participants
2. SPECIFY THE POPULATION & SAMPLE
10
(Creswell, 2012, p. 143; Babbie, 2011, p. 228-229)
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
selects participants for the sample so that any individual has an equal probability of being
selected from the population
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
Table of Random Numbers
10480 15011 01536
22368 46573 25595
24130 48360 22527
42167 93093 06243
37570 39975 81837
77921 06907 11008
99562 72905 56420
96301 91977 05463
89579 14342 63661
85475 36857 53342
POPULATION

16. Selecting Sample(Sampling)
5 7
27 36 37
42 57
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Determining the
Participants
2. SPECIFY THE POPULATION & SAMPLE
11
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
selects participants for the sample so that any individual has an equal probability of being
selected from the population
30
67 68 70 77
80
43
95
Table of Random Numbers
10480 15011 01536
22368 46573 25595
24130 48360 22527
42167 93093 06243
37570 39975 81837
77921 06907 11008
99562 72905 56420
96301 91977 05463
89579 14342 63661
85475 36857 53342
SAMPLE
(Creswell, 2012, p. 143; Babbie, 2011, p. 228-229)

17. Selecting Sample(Sampling)
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Determining the
Participants
2. SPECIFY THE POPULATION & SAMPLE
12
(Creswell, 2012, p. 143; Babbie, 2011, p. 228-229)
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
choose every nth individual or site in the population until you reach your desired sample
size

18. Selecting Sample(Sampling)
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Determining the
Participants
2. SPECIFY THE POPULATION & SAMPLE
12
(Creswell, 2012, p. 143; Babbie, 2011, p. 228-229)
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
choose every nth individual or site in the population until you reach your desired sample
size
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
POPULATION

19. Selecting Sample(Sampling)
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Determining the
Participants
2. SPECIFY THE POPULATION & SAMPLE
12
(Creswell, 2012, p. 143; Babbie, 2011, p. 228-229)
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
choose every nth individual or site in the population until you reach your desired sample
size
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
POPULATION
5
25
45
65
85
10
30
50
70
90
15
35
55
75
95
20
40
60
80
100
SAMPLE

20. Selecting Sample(Sampling)
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Determining the
Participants
2. SPECIFY THE POPULATION & SAMPLE
13
(Creswell, 2012, p. 144; Babbie, 2011, p. 230-233)
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
STRATIFIED SAMPLING
divide (stratify) the population on some specific characteristic and then, using simple
random sampling, sample from each subgroup (stratum) of the population
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
POPULATION

21. Selecting Sample(Sampling)
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Determining the
Participants
2. SPECIFY THE POPULATION & SAMPLE
13
(Creswell, 2012, p. 144; Babbie, 2011, p. 230-233)
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
STRATIFIED SAMPLING
divide (stratify) the population on some specific characteristic and then, using simple
random sampling, sample from each subgroup (stratum) of the population
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
POPULATION
2
22
42
62
82
7
27
47
67
87
12
32
52
72
92
17
37
57
77
97
SAMPLE

22. Selecting Sample(Sampling)
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Determining the
Participants
2. SPECIFY THE POPULATION & SAMPLE
14
(Creswell, 2012, p. 145; Babbie, 2011, p. 234-237)
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
MULTISTAGE CLUSTER SAMPLING
choose a sample in two or more stages because either the researchers cannot easily
identify the population or the population is extremely large; natural groups (clusters) are
sampled initially, with the members of each selected group being subsampled afterward

23. Selecting Sample(Sampling)
FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA PDU 211 Metode Penelitian
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Determining the
Participants
2. SPECIFY THE POPULATION & SAMPLE
14
(Creswell, 2012, p. 145; Babbie, 2011, p. 234-237)
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
MULTISTAGE CLUSTER SAMPLING
choose a sample in two or more stages because either the researchers cannot easily
identify the population or the population is extremely large; natural groups (clusters) are
sampled initially, with the members of each selected group being subsampled afterward
Kebayoran
Baru
Kebayoran
Lama
Pesang-grahan
Cilandak Pasar
Minggu Jagakarsa Mampang
Prapatan Pancoran Tebet Setiabudi
POPULATION

24. Selecting Sample(Sampling)
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Determining the
Participants
2. SPECIFY THE POPULATION & SAMPLE
15
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
MULTISTAGE CLUSTER SAMPLING
choose a sample in two or more stages because either the researchers cannot easily
identify the population or the population is extremely large; natural groups (clusters) are
sampled initially, with the members of each selected group being subsampled afterward
Kebayoran
Baru
Pesang-grahan
Pasar
Minggu
Mampang
Prapatan Tebet
(Creswell, 2012, p. 145; Babbie, 2011, p. 234-237)

25. Selecting Sample(Sampling)
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Determining the
Participants
2. SPECIFY THE POPULATION & SAMPLE
16
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
MULTISTAGE CLUSTER SAMPLING
choose a sample in two or more stages because either the researchers cannot easily
identify the population or the population is extremely large; natural groups (clusters) are
sampled initially, with the members of each selected group being subsampled afterward
Kebayoran
Baru
Pesang-grahan
Pasar
Minggu
Mampang
Prapatan Tebet
(Creswell, 2012, p. 145; Babbie, 2011, p. 234-237)

26. Selecting Sample(Sampling)
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Determining the
Participants
2. SPECIFY THE POPULATION & SAMPLE
17
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
MULTISTAGE CLUSTER SAMPLING
choose a sample in two or more stages because either the researchers cannot easily
identify the population or the population is extremely large; natural groups (clusters) are
sampled initially, with the members of each selected group being subsampled afterward
Kebayoran
Baru
Pesang-grahan
Pasar
Minggu
Mampang
Prapatan Tebet
SAMPLE
(Creswell, 2012, p. 145; Babbie, 2011, p. 234-237)

27. Selecting Sample(Sampling)
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Determining the
Participants
2. SPECIFY THE POPULATION & SAMPLE
18
(Creswell, 2012, p. 142; Babbie, 2011, p. 206)
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
selects individuals because they are available, convenient, and represent some
characteristic the investigator seeks to study

28. Selecting Sample(Sampling)
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Determining the
Participants
2. SPECIFY THE POPULATION & SAMPLE
19
(Creswell, 2012, p. 145-146; Babbie, 2011, p. 206-207)
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
CONVENIENCE SAMPLING
select participants because they are willing and available to be studied

29. Selecting Sample(Sampling)
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Determining the
Participants
2. SPECIFY THE POPULATION & SAMPLE
19
(Creswell, 2012, p. 145-146; Babbie, 2011, p. 206-207)
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
CONVENIENCE SAMPLING
select participants because they are willing and available to be studied

30. Selecting Sample(Sampling)
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Determining the
Participants
2. SPECIFY THE POPULATION & SAMPLE
19
(Creswell, 2012, p. 145-146; Babbie, 2011, p. 206-207)
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
CONVENIENCE SAMPLING
select participants because they are willing and available to be studied

31. Selecting Sample(Sampling)
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Determining the
Participants
2. SPECIFY THE POPULATION & SAMPLE
20
(Creswell, 2012, p. 146; Babbie, 2011, p. 208)
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
SNOWBALL SAMPLING
ask participants to identify others to become members of the sample

32. Selecting Sample(Sampling)
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Determining the
Participants
2. SPECIFY THE POPULATION & SAMPLE
20
(Creswell, 2012, p. 146; Babbie, 2011, p. 208)
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
SNOWBALL SAMPLING
ask participants to identify others to become members of the sample

33. Selecting Sample(Sampling)
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ardhiati © 2014
Determining the
Participants
2. SPECIFY THE POPULATION & SAMPLE
20
(Creswell, 2012, p. 146; Babbie, 2011, p. 208)
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
SNOWBALL SAMPLING
ask participants to identify others to become members of the sample

34. Selecting Sample(Sampling)
FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA PDU 211 Metode Penelitian
ardhiati © 2014
Determining the
Participants
2. SPECIFY THE POPULATION & SAMPLE
20
(Creswell, 2012, p. 146; Babbie, 2011, p. 208)
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
SNOWBALL SAMPLING
ask participants to identify others to become members of the sample

35. Selecting Sample(Sampling)
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Determining the
Participants
2. SPECIFY THE POPULATION & SAMPLE
21
(Babbie, 2011, p. 208-209)
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
QUOTA SAMPLING
a type of nonprobability sampling in which units are selected into a sample on the basis of
prespecified characteristics, so that the total sample will have the same distribution of
characteristics assumed to exist in the population being studied
Fakultas
Ekonomi
Fakultas
Ilmu Adm. Bisnis
& Ilmu Komunikasi
Fakultas
Keguruan &
Ilmu Pendidikan
Fakultas
Teknik
Fakultas
Hukum
Fakultas
Kedokteran
Fakultas
Psikologi
Fakultas
Teknobiologi
POPULATION 1.400 1.600 100 200 20 80 500 100 300 200 300 300 50 350 200 100

36. Selecting Sample(Sampling)
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Determining the
Participants
2. SPECIFY THE POPULATION & SAMPLE
21
(Babbie, 2011, p. 208-209)
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
QUOTA SAMPLING
a type of nonprobability sampling in which units are selected into a sample on the basis of
prespecified characteristics, so that the total sample will have the same distribution of
characteristics assumed to exist in the population being studied
Fakultas
Ekonomi
Fakultas
Ilmu Adm. Bisnis
& Ilmu Komunikasi
Fakultas
Keguruan &
Ilmu Pendidikan
Fakultas
Teknik
Fakultas
Hukum
Fakultas
Kedokteran
Fakultas
Psikologi
Fakultas
Teknobiologi
POPULATION 1.400 1.600 100 200 20 80 500 100 300 200 300 300 50 350 200 100
SAMPLE 350 400 25 50 5 20 125 25 75 50 75 75 13 88 50 25

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Determining the
Participants
2. SPECIFY THE POPULATION & SAMPLE
22
Sample Size
(Creswell, 2012, p. 146-147)

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Determining the
Participants
2. SPECIFY THE POPULATION & SAMPLE
22
Sample Size
POPULATION
(Creswell, 2012, p. 146-147)

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Determining the
Participants
2. SPECIFY THE POPULATION & SAMPLE
22
Sample Size
POPULATION
SAMPLE 1 SAMPLE 2
(Creswell, 2012, p. 146-147)

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Determining the
Participants
2. SPECIFY THE POPULATION & SAMPLE
22
Sample Size
general rule of thumb: select as
large a sample as possible from
the population;
the larger the sample, the less the
potential error is that the sample
will be different from the
population
POPULATION
SAMPLE 1 SAMPLE 2
(Creswell, 2012, p. 146-147)

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Obtaining
Permissions
23
(Creswell, 2012, p. 147-150)

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Obtaining
Permissions
23
(Creswell, 2012, p. 147-150)
OBTAINING
PERMISSIONS
permission before you can
enter a site and collect data;
usually comes from leaders
or persons of authority in organizations
OBTAINING
INFORMED
CONSENT
a statement that participants sign
before they participate in research;
this form should state that you
will guarantee them certain rights, and
that when they sign the form,
they are agreeing to be involved
in the study and acknowledge
the protection of their rights

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Considering Types of
Information
24
(Creswell, 2012, p. 150-157)

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Considering Types of
Information
24
(Creswell, 2012, p. 150-157)
IDENTIFY
THE VARIABLES
OPERATIONALLY
DEFINED
THE VARIABLES
CHOOSING
TYPES OF DATA &
MEASURES

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Locating & Selecting
Instruments
25
(Creswell, 2012, p. 157)

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Locating & Selecting
Instruments
1. LOCATE OR DEVELOP AN INSTRUMENT
25
(Creswell, 2012, p. 157)

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Locating & Selecting
Instruments
1. LOCATE OR DEVELOP AN INSTRUMENT
25
(Creswell, 2012, p. 157)
DEVELOP
AN INSTRUMENT
BY YOURSELF
MODIFYING
AN INSTRUMENT
USING
A PREVIOUS
INSTRUMENT
locating an existing
instrument, obtaining
permission to change it, and
making changes in it to fit
your requirements

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Locating & Selecting
Instruments
2. CHOOSING A GOOD INSTRUMENT
26
(Creswell, 2012, p. 158-159)
?
?
?
?
?
?

49. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA PDU 211 Metode Penelitian
ardhiati © 2014
Locating & Selecting
Instruments
2. CHOOSING A GOOD INSTRUMENT
26
(Creswell, 2012, p. 158-159)
? have authors developed the instrument recently, and can you obtain the most
recent version?
is the instrument widely cited by other authors?
are reviews available for the instrument?
is there information about the reliability and validity of scores from past uses of
the instrument?
does the procedure for recording data fit the research questions/hypotheses in
your study?
does the instrument contain accepted scales of measurement?
?
?
?
?
?

50. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA PDU 211 Metode Penelitian
ardhiati © 2014
Collecting
the Data
27
(Creswell, 2012, p. 169)

51. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA PDU 211 Metode Penelitian
ardhiati © 2014
Collecting
the Data
27
(Creswell, 2012, p. 169)
STANDARDIZATION
it is important to
use standard procedures;
reducing bias and helping you
keep on track
ETHICAL ISSUES

52. Want to know more?
Babbie, E. (2011). The basics of social research (5th ed.). Belmont, CA:
Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
Creswell, J.W. (2012). Educational research: Planning, conducting and
evaluating quantitative and qualitative research (4th ed.). Boston, MA:
Pearson Education, Inc.