What are the designs of quantitative and qualitative research? What are their key characteristics? (Lecture slides mostly in English)

1. Quantitative & Qualitative
Research Designs
PDU 211 Metode Penelitian
Semester Gasal 2014/2015
FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA
Kuliah XI & XII - 17 November 2014
ICON CREDIT: Architect by Joel Burke from The Noun Project

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One Day Objectives
2
• Mahasiswa memahami tiap desain penelitian
kuantitatif beserta karakteristiknya
• Mahasiswa memahami tiap desain penelitian
kualitatif beserta karakteristiknya
Part III:
Research Designs
ICON CREDIT: Architect by Joel Burke from The Noun Project

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The research design refers to the overall strategy
that you choose to integrate the different components
of the study in a coherent and logical way,
thereby, ensuring you will effectively address
the research problem;
it constitutes the blueprint for the collection,
measurement, and analysis of data.
3
(De Vaus, 2001)

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Note that your research problem
determines the type of design you can use,
not the other way around!
4
(De Vaus, 2001)

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Research Designs
5
QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE
(Creswell, 2012)
ICON CREDITS: Statistics by Mateo Zlatar; Conversation by Gregory Radek; Erlenmeyer Flask by Emily van den Heever; Clipboard by Garrett Knoll; book by Eugen Belyakoff; Mask by Richard González Tapia; Documents by hunotika from The Noun Project

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Research Designs
5
QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE
EXPERIMENTAL
DESIGNS
CORRELATIONAL
DESIGNS
GROUNDED THEORY
DESIGNS
ETHNOGRAPHIC
DESIGNS
NARRATIVE RESEARCH
DESIGNS
(Creswell, 2012)
SURVEY
DESIGNS
ICON CREDITS: Statistics by Mateo Zlatar; Conversation by Gregory Radek; Erlenmeyer Flask by Emily van den Heever; Clipboard by Garrett Knoll; book by Eugen Belyakoff; Mask by Richard González Tapia; Documents by hunotika from The Noun Project

7. Quantitative
Research Designs

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Experimental Designs
7
ICON CREDITS: Erlenmeyer Flask by Emily van den Heever; Music by Andreas Bjurenborg; Brain by Linda Yuki Nakanishi from The Noun Project
(Creswell, 2012; p. 294-301)

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Experimental Designs
• When should the researcher use it?
When the researcher wants to establish possible cause and effect
between two variables.
7
ICON CREDITS: Erlenmeyer Flask by Emily van den Heever; Music by Andreas Bjurenborg; Brain by Linda Yuki Nakanishi from The Noun Project
(Creswell, 2012; p. 294-301)

10. INFLUENCES?
FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA PDU 211 Metode Penelitian
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Experimental Designs
• When should the researcher use it?
When the researcher wants to establish possible cause and effect
between two variables.
7
MUSICAL
BEATS
COGNITIVE
DISTRACTIONS
ICON CREDITS: Erlenmeyer Flask by Emily van den Heever; Music by Andreas Bjurenborg; Brain by Linda Yuki Nakanishi from The Noun Project
(Creswell, 2012; p. 294-301)

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Experimental Designs
• When should the researcher use it?
When the researcher wants to establish possible cause and effect
between two variables.
8
INDEPENDENT
VARIABLE
DEPENDENT
VARIABLE
ICON CREDITS: Erlenmeyer Flask by Emily van den Heever; Music by Andreas Bjurenborg; Brain by Linda Yuki Nakanishi from The Noun Project
(Creswell, 2012; p. 294-301)
INFLUENCES?

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Experimental Designs
• What are key characteristics of this design?
9
MUSICAL
BEATS
COGNITIVE
DISTRACTIONS
ICON CREDITS: Erlenmeyer Flask by Emily van den Heever; Music by Andreas Bjurenborg; Brain by Linda Yuki Nakanishi from the Noun Project
(Creswell, 2012; p. 294-301)
INFLUENCES?

13. HIGH
MIDDLE
LOW
FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA PDU 211 Metode Penelitian
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Experimental Designs
• What are key characteristics of this design?
• Manipulation of the treatment conditions
the researcher physically intervenes to alter the conditions
experienced by the experimental unit
9
MUSICAL
BEATS
COGNITIVE
DISTRACTIONS
ICON CREDITS: Erlenmeyer Flask by Emily van den Heever; Music by Andreas Bjurenborg; Brain by Linda Yuki Nakanishi from the Noun Project
(Creswell, 2012; p. 294-301)
INFLUENCES?

14. HIGH
MIDDLE
LOW
FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA PDU 211 Metode Penelitian
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Experimental Designs
• What are key characteristics of this design?
• Random assignment
the process of assigning individuals at random to groups or to
different groups in an experiment
10
MUSICAL
BEATS
COGNITIVE
DISTRACTIONS
ICON CREDITS: Erlenmeyer Flask by Emily van den Heever; Music by Andreas Bjurenborg; Brain by Linda Yuki Nakanishi; People by Richard González Tapia from the Noun Project
(Creswell, 2012; p. 294-301)
INFLUENCES?

15. HIGH
MIDDLE
LOW
FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA PDU 211 Metode Penelitian
ardhiati © 2014
Experimental Designs
• What are key characteristics of this design?
• Random assignment
the process of assigning individuals at random to groups or to
different groups in an experiment
10
MUSICAL
BEATS
COGNITIVE
DISTRACTIONS
ICON CREDITS: Erlenmeyer Flask by Emily van den Heever; Music by Andreas Bjurenborg; Brain by Linda Yuki Nakanishi; People by Richard González Tapia from the Noun Project
(Creswell, 2012; p. 294-301)
INFLUENCES?

16. NUMBER OF
SURROUNDING
PEOPLE
MUSIC
VOLUME
VISUAL
PRESENTATION
(Creswell, 2012; p. 294-301)
INFLUENCES?
FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA PDU 211 Metode Penelitian
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Experimental Designs
• What are key characteristics of this design?
• Control over extraneous variables
the researcher attempts to control all variables that influence the
outcome except for the independent variable
11
MUSICAL
BEATS
COGNITIVE
DISTRACTIONS
ICON CREDITS: Erlenmeyer Flask by Emily van den Heever; Music by Andreas Bjurenborg; Brain by Linda Yuki; People by Francielly Costantin Senra; Speaker by Thomas Le Bas; Presentation by Joe Harrison from The Noun Project

17. NUMBER OF
SURROUNDING
PEOPLE
MUSIC
VOLUME
VISUAL
PRESENTATION
(Creswell, 2012; p. 294-301)
INFLUENCES?
FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA PDU 211 Metode Penelitian
ardhiati © 2014
Experimental Designs
• What are key characteristics of this design?
• Control over extraneous variables
the researcher attempts to control all variables that influence the
outcome except for the independent variable
11
MUSICAL
BEATS
COGNITIVE
DISTRACTIONS
ICON CREDITS: Erlenmeyer Flask by Emily van den Heever; Music by Andreas Bjurenborg; Brain by Linda Yuki; People by Francielly Costantin Senra; Speaker by Thomas Le Bas; Presentation by Joe Harrison from The Noun Project

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Correlational Designs
12
ICON CREDITS: People by Alexander Smith; Watches by Wilson Joseph from The Noun Project
(Creswell, 2012; p. 338-345)

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Correlational Designs
• When should the researcher use it?
When the researcher wants to predict scores and explain the relationship
among variables.
12
ICON CREDITS: People by Alexander Smith; Watches by Wilson Joseph from The Noun Project
(Creswell, 2012; p. 338-345)

20. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA PDU 211 Metode Penelitian
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Correlational Designs
• When should the researcher use it?
When the researcher wants to predict scores and explain the relationship
among variables.
12
NUMBER OF
(EX-) SPOUSES
TIME MANAGEMENT
SKILL
ICON CREDITS: People by Alexander Smith; Watches by Wilson Joseph from The Noun Project
(Creswell, 2012; p. 338-345)
RELATIONSHIP?

21. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA PDU 211 Metode Penelitian
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Correlational Designs
• When should the researcher use it?
When the researcher wants to predict scores and explain the relationship
among variables.
13
VARIABLE 1 VARIABLE 2
ICON CREDITS: People by Alexander Smith; Watches by Wilson Joseph from The Noun Project
(Creswell, 2012; p. 338-345)
RELATIONSHIP?

22. NUMBER OF
(EX-) SPOUSES
FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA PDU 211 Metode Penelitian
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Correlational Designs
• What are key characteristics
of this design?
14
ICON CREDITS: People by Alexander Smith; Watches by Wilson Joseph; Ruler by Alexis Gaillard from The Noun Project
TIME MANAGEMENT
SKILL
(Creswell, 2012; p. 338-345)
RELATIONSHIP?

23. SCORES
NUMBER OF
(EX-) SPOUSES
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Correlational Designs
• What are key characteristics
of this design?
• Displays of scores
each participants have scores obtained from
measuring each variables
14
ICON CREDITS: People by Alexander Smith; Watches by Wilson Joseph; Ruler by Alexis Gaillard from The Noun Project
TIME MANAGEMENT
SKILL
SCORES
(Creswell, 2012; p. 338-345)
RELATIONSHIP?

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Survey Designs
15
ICON CREDITS: Clipboard by Garrett Knoll; Multi-Culture by Claire Jones; Message by Prerak Patel; Bird by Thomas Le Bas from The Noun Project
(Creswell, 2012; p. 376-392)

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Survey Designs
• When should the researcher use it?
When the researcher administers a survey to a sample or to the entire
population of people to describe trends about the attitudes, opinions,
behaviors, or characteristics of the population and to test research
questions or hypotheses.
15
ICON CREDITS: Clipboard by Garrett Knoll; Multi-Culture by Claire Jones; Message by Prerak Patel; Bird by Thomas Le Bas from The Noun Project
(Creswell, 2012; p. 376-392)

26. MESSAGE CONTENT
PREFERENCE
FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA PDU 211 Metode Penelitian
ardhiati © 2014
Survey Designs
• When should the researcher use it?
When the researcher administers a survey to a sample or to the entire
population of people to describe trends about the attitudes, opinions,
behaviors, or characteristics of the population and to test research
questions or hypotheses.
15
PERSONALITY
TYPES
TWITTER USAGE
FREQUENCY
ICON CREDITS: Clipboard by Garrett Knoll; Multi-Culture by Claire Jones; Message by Prerak Patel; Bird by Thomas Le Bas from The Noun Project
(Creswell, 2012; p. 376-392)

27. VARIABLE 2
FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA PDU 211 Metode Penelitian
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Survey Designs
• When should the researcher use it?
When the researcher administers a survey to a sample or to the entire
population of people to describe trends about the attitudes, opinions,
behaviors, or characteristics of the population and to test research
questions or hypotheses.
16
VARIABLE 1 VARIABLE 3
ICON CREDITS: Clipboard by Garrett Knoll; Multi-Culture by Claire Jones; Message by Prerak Patel; Bird by Thomas Le Bas from The Noun Project
(Creswell, 2012; p. 376-392)

28. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA PDU 211 Metode Penelitian
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Survey Designs
• What are key characteristics of this design?
17
ICON CREDITS: Clipboard by Garrett Knoll; Multi-Culture by Claire Jones; Message by Prerak Patel; Bird by Thomas Le Bas from The Noun Project
(Creswell, 2012; p. 376-392)
PERSONALITY
TYPES
TWITTER USAGE
FREQUENCY
MESSAGE CONTENT
PREFERENCE

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Survey Designs
• What are key characteristics of this design?
• Sampling from a population
• Collecting data through questionnaires or interviews
• Designing instruments for data collection
• Obtaining a high response rate
17
ICON CREDITS: Clipboard by Garrett Knoll; Multi-Culture by Claire Jones; Message by Prerak Patel; Bird by Thomas Le Bas from The Noun Project
(Creswell, 2012; p. 376-392)
PERSONALITY
TYPES
TWITTER USAGE
FREQUENCY
MESSAGE CONTENT
PREFERENCE

30. Qualitative
Research Designs

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Grounded Theory Designs
19
ICON CREDITS: book by Eugen Belyakoff; Bird by Thomas Le Bas; Speech Bubble by Stephen JB Thomas from The Noun Project
(Creswell, 2012; p. 423-439)

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Grounded Theory Designs
• When should the researcher use it?
19
ICON CREDITS: book by Eugen Belyakoff; Bird by Thomas Le Bas; Speech Bubble by Stephen JB Thomas from The Noun Project
(Creswell, 2012; p. 423-439)

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Grounded Theory Designs
• When should the researcher use it?
When the researcher wants to generate a theory that explains, at a broad
conceptual level, a process, an action, or an interaction about a
substantive topic.
19
TWEET
CONTENT
ICON CREDITS: book by Eugen Belyakoff; Bird by Thomas Le Bas; Speech Bubble by Stephen JB Thomas from The Noun Project
(Creswell, 2012; p. 423-439)

34. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA PDU 211 Metode Penelitian
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Grounded Theory Designs
• When should the researcher use it?
When the researcher wants to generate a theory that explains, at a broad
conceptual level, a process, an action, or an interaction about a
substantive topic.
19
TWEET
CONTENT
‘MEANING’ OF
TWITTER AS
SOCIAL MEDIA
ICON CREDITS: book by Eugen Belyakoff; Bird by Thomas Le Bas; Speech Bubble by Stephen JB Thomas from The Noun Project
(Creswell, 2012; p. 423-439)
MESSAGE
CATEGORY
INTERACTIONS
IN SOCIAL MEDIA

35. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA PDU 211 Metode Penelitian
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Grounded Theory Designs
• When should the researcher use it?
When the researcher wants to generate a theory that explains, at a broad
conceptual level, a process, an action, or an interaction about a
substantive topic.
20
CENTRAL
PHENOMENON
THEORY 1
ICON CREDITS: book by Eugen Belyakoff; Bird by Thomas Le Bas; Speech Bubble by Stephen JB Thomas from The Noun Project
THEORY 2
THEORY 3
(Creswell, 2012; p. 423-439)

36. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA PDU 211 Metode Penelitian
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Grounded Theory Designs
• What are key characteristics of this design?
21
TWEET
CONTENT
‘MEANING’ OF
TWITTER AS
SOCIAL MEDIA
ICON CREDITS: book by Eugen Belyakoff; Bird by Thomas Le Bas; Speech Bubble by Stephen JB Thomas from The Noun Project
MESSAGE
CATEGORY
INTERACTIONS
IN SOCIAL MEDIA
(Creswell, 2012; p. 423-439)

37. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA PDU 211 Metode Penelitian
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Grounded Theory Designs
• What are key characteristics of this design?
• A process approach
the designs more frequently examine a process because the social world that we live in
involves people interacting with other people
21
TWEET
CONTENT
‘MEANING’ OF
TWITTER AS
SOCIAL MEDIA
ICON CREDITS: book by Eugen Belyakoff; Bird by Thomas Le Bas; Speech Bubble by Stephen JB Thomas from The Noun Project
MESSAGE
CATEGORY
INTERACTIONS
IN SOCIAL MEDIA
(Creswell, 2012; p. 423-439)

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Grounded Theory Designs
• What are key characteristics of this design?
• Theory generation
the entire procedure leads to generating a theory based on data collected by the
researcher; this theory in grounded theory research is an abstract explanation or
understanding of a process about a substantive topic grounded in the data
22
TWEET
CONTENT
‘MEANING’ OF
TWITTER AS
SOCIAL MEDIA
ICON CREDITS: book by Eugen Belyakoff; Bird by Thomas Le Bas; Speech Bubble by Stephen JB Thomas from The Noun Project
MESSAGE
CATEGORY
INTERACTIONS
IN SOCIAL MEDIA
(Creswell, 2012; p. 423-439)

39. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA PDU 211 Metode Penelitian
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Ethnographic Designs
23
ICON CREDITS: Mask by Richard González Tapia; Rock n Roll by Hum; David Bowie by Vlad Likh from The Noun Project
(Creswell, 2012; p. 462-473)

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Ethnographic Designs
• When should the researcher use it?
23
ICON CREDITS: Mask by Richard González Tapia; Rock n Roll by Hum; David Bowie by Vlad Likh from The Noun Project
(Creswell, 2012; p. 462-473)

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Ethnographic Designs
• When should the researcher use it?
When the researcher wants to describe, analyze, and interpret a culture-sharing
group’s shared patterns of behavior, beliefs, and language that
develop over time.
23
ROCK MUSIC
FANS
ICON CREDITS: Mask by Richard González Tapia; Rock n Roll by Hum; David Bowie by Vlad Likh from The Noun Project
(Creswell, 2012; p. 462-473)

42. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA PDU 211 Metode Penelitian
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Ethnographic Designs
• When should the researcher use it?
When the researcher wants to describe, analyze, and interpret a culture-sharing
group’s shared patterns of behavior, beliefs, and language that
develop over time.
23
ROCK MUSIC
FANS
INTERACTION
PATTERNS
ICON CREDITS: Mask by Richard González Tapia; Rock n Roll by Hum; David Bowie by Vlad Likh from The Noun Project
LANGUAGE
PHYSICAL
APPEARANCES
(Creswell, 2012; p. 462-473)

43. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA PDU 211 Metode Penelitian
ardhiati © 2014
Ethnographic Designs
• When should the researcher use it?
When the researcher wants to describe, analyze, and interpret a culture-sharing
group’s shared patterns of behavior, beliefs, and language that
develop over time.
24
CENTRAL
PHENOMENON
‘VARIABLE’ 1
ICON CREDITS: Mask by Richard González Tapia; Rock n Roll by Hum; David Bowie by Vlad Likh from The Noun Project
(Creswell, 2012; p. 462-473)
‘VARIABLE’ 2
‘VARIABLE’ 3

44. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA PDU 211 Metode Penelitian
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Ethnographic Designs
• What are key characteristics of this design?
25
ROCK MUSIC
FANS
INTERACTION
PATTERNS
ICON CREDITS: Mask by Richard González Tapia; Rock n Roll by Hum; David Bowie by Vlad Likh from The Noun Project
LANGUAGE
PHYSICAL
APPEARANCES
(Creswell, 2012; p. 462-473)

45. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA PDU 211 Metode Penelitian
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Ethnographic Designs
• What are key characteristics of this design?
• Cultural theme
a general position, declared or implied, that is openly approved or promoted in a society
or group; this theme does not serve to narrow the study, instead, it becomes a broad lens
that researchers use when they initially enter a field to study a group, and they look for
manifestations of it
25
ROCK MUSIC
FANS
INTERACTION
PATTERNS
ICON CREDITS: Mask by Richard González Tapia; Rock n Roll by Hum; David Bowie by Vlad Likh from The Noun Project
LANGUAGE
PHYSICAL
APPEARANCES
(Creswell, 2012; p. 462-473)

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Narrative Research Designs
26
ICON CREDITS: Documents by hunotika; Singer by Hum; Time by Richard de Vos; Mask by Claire R; Fingerprint by Miguel Olivera Galán from The Noun Project
(Creswell, 2012; p. 502-512)

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Narrative Research Designs
• When should the researcher use it?
26
ICON CREDITS: Documents by hunotika; Singer by Hum; Time by Richard de Vos; Mask by Claire R; Fingerprint by Miguel Olivera Galán from The Noun Project
(Creswell, 2012; p. 502-512)

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Narrative Research Designs
• When should the researcher use it?
When the researcher wants to describe the lives of individuals, collect and
tell stories about people’s lives, and write narratives of individual
experiences.
26
SINGER(S) WHO
SHOULD NOT SING
ANYMORE
ICON CREDITS: Documents by hunotika; Singer by Hum; Time by Richard de Vos; Mask by Claire R; Fingerprint by Miguel Olivera Galán from The Noun Project
(Creswell, 2012; p. 502-512)

49. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA PDU 211 Metode Penelitian
ardhiati © 2014
Narrative Research Designs
• When should the researcher use it?
When the researcher wants to describe the lives of individuals, collect and
tell stories about people’s lives, and write narratives of individual
experiences.
26
SINGER(S) WHO
SHOULD NOT SING
ANYMORE
CHRONOLOGY
ICON CREDITS: Documents by hunotika; Singer by Hum; Time by Richard de Vos; Mask by Claire R; Fingerprint by Miguel Olivera Galán from The Noun Project
ADJUSTMENT TO
THE NEW ROLE
PERSONAL
IDENTIFICATION
(Creswell, 2012; p. 502-512)

50. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA PDU 211 Metode Penelitian
ardhiati © 2014
Narrative Research Designs
• When should the researcher use it?
When the researcher wants to describe the lives of individuals, collect and
tell stories about people’s lives, and write narratives of individual
experiences.
27
CENTRAL
PHENOMENON
ASPECT 1
ICON CREDITS: Documents by hunotika; Singer by Hum; Time by Richard de Vos; Mask by Claire R; Fingerprint by Miguel Olivera Galán from The Noun Project
ASPECT 2
ASPECT 3
(Creswell, 2012; p. 502-512)

51. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA PDU 211 Metode Penelitian
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Narrative Research Designs
• What are key characteristics of this design?
28
SINGER(S) WHO
SHOULD NOT SING
ANYMORE
CHRONOLOGY
ICON CREDITS: Documents by hunotika; Singer by Hum; Time by Richard de Vos; Mask by Claire R; Fingerprint by Miguel Olivera Galán from The Noun Project
ADJUSTMENT TO
THE NEW ROLE
PERSONAL
IDENTIFICATION
(Creswell, 2012; p. 502-512)

52. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA PDU 211 Metode Penelitian
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Narrative Research Designs
• What are key characteristics of this design?
• Individual experiences
the researchers focus on the experiences of one or more individuals, most interested in
exploring the experiences of that individual, that are both personal (what the individual
experiences) and social (the individual interacting with others)
28
SINGER(S) WHO
SHOULD NOT SING
ANYMORE
CHRONOLOGY
ICON CREDITS: Documents by hunotika; Singer by Hum; Time by Richard de Vos; Mask by Claire R; Fingerprint by Miguel Olivera Galán from The Noun Project
ADJUSTMENT TO
THE NEW ROLE
PERSONAL
IDENTIFICATION
(Creswell, 2012; p. 502-512)

53. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA PDU 211 Metode Penelitian
ardhiati © 2014
Narrative Research Designs
• What are key characteristics of this design?
• Chronology of the experience
the researcher analyzes and writes about an individual life using a time sequence or
chronology of events
29
SINGER(S) WHO
SHOULD NOT SING
ANYMORE
CHRONOLOGY
ICON CREDITS: Documents by hunotika; Singer by Hum; Time by Richard de Vos; Mask by Claire R; Fingerprint by Miguel Olivera Galán from The Noun Project
ADJUSTMENT TO
THE NEW ROLE
PERSONAL
IDENTIFICATION
(Creswell, 2012; p. 502-512)

54. Want to know more?
Creswell, J.W. (2012). Educational research: Planning, conducting and
evaluating quantitative and qualitative research (4th ed.).
Boston, MA: Pearson Education, Inc.
De Vaus, D.A. (2001). Research design in social research.
London: SAGE.