Presented by Andrew Pape-Salmon at the 2016 Pathways to Net-Zero Buildings, hosted by Pembina Institute.

1. 1
Options for Retrofit Regulations
at the Time of Renovation
THOUGHT LEADERS FORUM
NOVEMBER 29, 2016
ANDREW PAPE-SALMON, P.ENG., MRM, FCAE

2. 2
à Energy Code for Existing Buildings Project
à ASHRAE 100
à Analysis and Findings
à Policy Options
Agenda

3. 3
Energy Code for Existing
Buildings Project

4. 4
Purpose
à BC Building Code and Vancouver Building Bylaw currently
apply to existing buildings at time of building permit
à ASHRAE 90.1-2010 includes provisions related to existing buildings
à NECB not intended to apply to existing buildings, except additions
à Enforcement across the Province inconsistent
à VBBL addresses whole-building energy efficiency with “menu” system
à Energy Efficiency Act triggered for equipment replacement
à Project Aim: conduct analysis and develop a White Paper with
options for the Province to enact energy efficiency
requirements for existing buildings at the time of permit

5. 5
Codes/Regulations/Standards Reviewed
à ASHRAE 100-2015
à ASHRAE 90.1-2010
à NECB-2011
à VBBL Part 11 Existing Buildings
à California Title 24, Part 6 – Energy
Code
à BOMA BESt
à LEED - EBOM
à City of Atlanta Land Development
Code, Part II, Section 8-2002
à Austin Energy Conservation Audit &
Disclosure Ordinance (ECAD)
à City of Berkeley Building Energy
Saving Ordinance
à Boston Energy Assessment and
Retro-commissioning Requirements
(Component of the Building Energy
Reporting and Disclosure Regulation)
à NYC Local Law 87 - Audits and Retro-
commissioning
à NYC Local Law 88 - Lighting
Upgrades and Sub-metering in
Tenant Spaces
à San Francisco Commercial Buildings
Energy Performance Ordinance

6. 6
ASHRAE 100-2015

7. 7
ASHRAE 100-2015
à General Description: Buildings meet a target energy-use
intensity based on bills, or implement EEMs based on ASHRAE
Level 2 Energy Audit
à EUI reflects 75th percentile performance for similar building type
(measured by CBECS)
à Scope: Residential, non-residential; whole-building
performance, system specific EEMs
à Size requirement: >5,000ft2
à Compliance duration: 5yrs
à EUI outcome in CZ 4C: Office - 149 kWh/m2

8. 8
Energy Benchmarking Example (Seattle)
50th %:
155 kWh/m2
75th %:
133 kWh/m2

9. 9
ASHRAE 100-2015 – Compliance Flow Chart
Retro-commissioning
Energy Target
Energy Audit
and Action Plan
M&V

10. 10
Technical and Economic
Analysis

11. 11
Annual Permits
à Approximately 7,000 building permits per year, representing
about 10% of the BC Building stock

12. 12
Permits Breakdown
à Study focuses on Small Projects (<$250,000), MURB, Office, Trade
and Service, and Hotel, Restaurant
98%
91%

13. 13
Building Archetypes
à Applicability of permits to different building systems estimated in
consultation with local authorities having jurisdiction (AHJs)
à Revealed that 3/10 jurisdictions enforce ASHRAE 90.1 for existing
buildings, 2/10 do not enforce
à Rows can add to >100% due to overlapping permits
Building Type
Total number
of permits
Lighting Mechanical Envelope DHW
Small Projects 1,693 85% 15% 5% 25%
Office 82 85% 15% 5% 25%
MURB (Large - electric) 33 0% 45% 5% 50%
MURB (Small - electric) 62 0% 45% 5% 50%
MURB (Large - hydronic) 20 0% 45% 5% 50%
MURB (Small - hydronic) 38 0% 45% 5% 50%
Retail 67 85% 15% 5% 25%
Restaurant 47 85% 15% 5% 25%

14. 14
Single Year Costs and Savings for Each Code
à The analysis combining ASHRAE 90.1-2010 and ASHRAE 100-2015 assumes
that ASHRAE 100-2015 applies to all large permits and ASHRAE 90.1-2010
applies to all small projects. This results in a reduction in GHG savings
compared to ASHRAE 100-2015 alone due to small project lighting upgrades.
ASHRAE 90.1-
2010
NECB 2015 ASHRAE 100-2015
ASHRAE 90.1-2010 &
ASHRAE 100-2015
APPLICABLE
PERMITS
ALL ALL
EXCL. SMALL
PROJECTS
ALL
INCREMENTAL
CAPITAL COST
$55 MILLION
(4%)
$50 MILLION
(4%)
$81 MILLION
(7%)
$112 MILLION
(8%)
NET PRESENT VALUE $15 MILLION $12 MILLION $76 MILLION $83 MILLION
ELECTRICITY
SAVINGS
63 GWH 54 GWH 62 GWH 98 GWH
NG SAVINGS
0.7 GWH/YR
(2,500 GJ/YR)
2.1 GWH/YR
(7,600 GJ/YR)
69 GWH/YR
(248,000 GJ/YR)
64 GWH/YR
(230,000 GJ/YR)
GHG SAVINGS 765 T/YR 914 T/YR 13 KT/YR 12.5 KT/YR

15. 15
Energy Code Options

16. 16
Policy Options
à Option 1
à Province-wide enforcement of the BC Building Code (BCBC)
to existing buildings
› ASHRAE 90.1 or NECB enforced for existing buildings
› ASHRAE 100 as a “flexibility” option (outcome-based)
à Option 1a
à Add retro-commissioning requirement
à Option 2
à New, outcome based standard that deliver the highest
economic returns for society, with substantial energy
efficiency and emission reduction outcomes
› ASHRAE 100 phased in for all large building retrofits
› ASHRAE 90.1 or NECB for small building retrofits

17. 17
OPTION 1 OPTION 1B OPTION 2
Cumulative
Annual
Electricity
Savings
in 2025 2,800 GWh/yr 2,900 GWh/yr 3,000 GWh/yr
in 2030 6,400 GWh/yr 7,100 GWh/yr 7,400 GWh/yr
Cumulative
Annual Natural
Gas Savings
in 2025
77 GWh/yr
(277,000 GJ/yr)
215 GWh/yr
(775,000 GJ/yr)
470 GWh/yr
(2,400,000 GJ/yr)
in 2030
270 GWh/yr
(970,000 GJ/yr)
880 GWh/yr
(3,170,000 GJ/yr)
2,200 GWh/yr
(7,920,000 GJ/yr)
Cumulative
Annual GHG
Savings
in 2025 0.04 Mt/yr 0.06 Mt/yr 0.11 Mt/yr
in 2030 0.11 Mt/yr 0.20 Mt/yr 0.47 Mt/yr
Discounted
Cumulative ICC
(2017 $)
in 2025 $405 million $405 million $483 million
in 2030 $560 million $560 million $764 million
Discounted
Cumulative NPV
(2017 $)
in 2025 $123 million $138 million $234 million
in 2030 $175 million $205 million $439 million
Cumulative Savings with Policy Options

18. 18
Three Stages of Implementation
à Option 1
à 2017: Enforcement
à 2022: Outcome-based
flexibility provision for
large projects
à 2027: Revised standards
à Option 2
à 2017: Enforcement +
Outcome based flexibility
provision
à 2022: 60th percentile
performance for large
projects; prescriptive for
small projects
à 2027: 75th percentile
performance for large
projects

19. 19
à rdh.com | buildingsciencelabs.com
Discussion
ANDREW PAPE-SALMON, P.ENG, MRM, FCAE
APAPESALMON@RDH.COM

20. 20
ASHRAE 100-2015

21. 21
Emission Reduction Measures
à Typical Emission Reduction Measures
à Glazing replacement
à Wall insulation
à Roof insulation
à Airsealing
à Lighting upgrade (reduction in LPD)
à Lighting controls
à Replace make-up air unit
à Boiler replacement
à Add variable air volume (VAV) to fans
à Upgrade to low-flow plumbing fixtures
à Retro-commissioning

22. 22
Projected Strata Renewals – Lower Mainland
NUMBER OF STRATA UNITS AFFECTED BY RENEWALS EACH YEAR
Archetype
Building System Affected
Walls Windows Roof Mechanical
Number of Strata Residential Units
High-rise 3,545 5,741 6,546 9,628
Low-rise 5,640 6,778 9,476 9,610
Townhouse 2,673 3,530 3,663 2,474
Percent of Total
High-rise 4% 6% 7% 11%
Low-rise 5% 6% 8% 8%
Townhouse 5% 7% 7% 5%

23. 23
Option 1
à Tier 1 (2017)
à Establish Building Act regulation for existing buildings.
à Enforce ASHRAE 90.1 alteration standards.
à Establish exemptions, as appropriate.
à Update the BCBC to the latest technical standards.
à Implement complementary Energy Efficiency Act standards.

24. 24
Option 1
à Tier 2 (2022)
à Continued updating to reference the most up-to-date standards.
à Add flexibility through Alternative Solution using ASHRAE 100:
› Capacity building required;
› BC specific table of energy use intensity targets?
› Full compliance would be required at time of permit;
› Start with 40% percentile of (lowest) energy consumption as target.

25. 25
Option 1
à Tier 3 (2027)
à Reference updated versions of NECB and/or ASHRAE 90.1.
à Reference ASHRAE 100 EUI table 25th percentile lowest
energy consumption.

26. 26
Option 1
à Option 1 Pros
à Works within the current legislative framework.
à Extends current practice in some municipalities.
à References technical standards that are updated by Standards
Development Organizations (SDOs) and are familiar to BC
industry players.
à Minimizes incremental capital costs (4% on average).
à In Tier 2, provides flexibility for high performance buildings and
lower implementation cost than performance path of ASHRAE
90.1.

27. 27
Option 1
à Option 1 Cons
à Does not maximize financial benefits to consumers, greenhouse
gas emissions.
à Provides limited flexibility for compliance options.
à In Tier 2, the ASHRAE 100 alternative compliance path applies to
a minority of buildings.

28. 28
Option 2
à Tier 1 (2017)
à Enforce ASHRAE 90.1 (or NECB) for all permits.
à In addition, mandate an ASHRAE 100 energy audit for large
permits (one of the following conditions):
1. Permit greater than $250,000;
2. Buildings with a gross floor area more than 50,000 ft2;
3. "Major" permit types, as defined by regulation.
à Full compliance with ASHRAE 100 at the time of building permit
as an Alternative Solution.
à Ongoing Energy Efficiency Act regulatory amendments.

29. 29
Option 2
à Tier 2 (2022)
à Enforce ASHRAE 90.1 (or NECB) for small permits:
1. Permit value less than $250,000;
2. Buildings with a gross floor area less than 50,000 ft2;
3. "Minor" permit types, as defined by regulation.
à Mandate ASHRAE 100 compliance for large permits:
› Compliance with ASHRAE 100 at 40% percentile of energy efficiency;
› Develop a BC specific EUI table?
› Enable a 2nd compliance path with energy audit, etc.;
› New regulation to enable a multiple level enforcement procedure;
› Provide financing?

30. 30
Option 2
à Tier 3 (2027)
à All of the Tier 2 provisions above, referencing the latest
standards, with the following modification:
› For Tier 3, compliance with ASHRAE 100 EUIs that represent the 25%
lowest consumption percentile of energy efficiency.

31. 31
Option 2
à Option 2 Pros
à Maximizes energy savings, emissions reductions and
consumer financial benefits.
à References technical standards that are updated by
Standards Development Organizations (SDOs) and are
familiar to BC industry players.
à Provides significant flexibility for building owners for
compliance.
à Option 2 Cons
à Higher incremental capital costs (7%).
à Potentially requires new legislation to enable post-
occupancy permit enforcement actions.

32. 32
Energy Savings
à Option 1
à Tier 1 (2017-2021):
› ASHRAE 90.1-2010 applies to all energy related permits.
à Tier 2 (2022-2030):
› ASHRAE 90.1-2010 applies to all energy related permits for
Small Projects.
› ASHRAE 90.1-2010 applies to 90% of energy related permits
and ASHRAE 100-2015 applies to the remaining 10% of energy
related permits for all other segments.

33. 33
Energy Savings
à Option 2
à Tier 1 (2017-2021):
› ASHRAE 90.1-2010 applies to all energy related permits.
à Tier 2 (2022-2026):
› ASHRAE 90.1-2010 applies to all energy related permits for
Small Projects.
› ASHRAE 100-2015 Alternate EUIs (40th percentile lowest
consumption) applies to all energy related permits for all other
segments.
à Tier 3 (2027-2030):
› ASHRAE 90.1-2010 applies to all energy related permits for
Small Projects.
› ASHRAE 100-2015 (25th percentile lowest consumption) applies
to all energy related permits for all other segments.

34. 34
Implementation Timeline
Year Stage Option 1 Actions Option 2 Actions
2016 Policy Analysis and
Stakeholder Engagement
Review ASHRAE 90.1-2016 and
compare with NECB-2015.
Prepare regulatory language for 2017
and complete consultations.
Prepare regulatory language for 2017 and
complete consultations.
Develop training on ASHRAE 100 flexibility
provisions (audits).
2017 Development of Regulatory
Roadmap
Tier 1 Effective Date
Checklist to track compliance
approach.
Review NECB-2017.
Tier 1 Effective Date
Checklist to track compliance approach.
Confirm ASHRAE 100 EUI table.
2018-2020 Voluntary Market
Transformation Programs
Promote use of ASHRAE 100 as
flexibility measure.
Review ASHRAE 90.1-2019.
Review NECB-2020.
Provide incentives for owners to seek full
ASHRAE 100 compliance at 40th percentile.
Review ASHRAE 100-2018.
2021 Voluntary Market
Transformation Programs
Prepare regulatory language and
conduct consultations.
Develop training for new standards.
Confirm ASHRAE 100 EUI table.
Provide training on ASHRAE 100
flexibility provisions.
Prepare regulatory language and conduct
consultations.
Develop training for new standards and full
EUI requirements under ASHRAE 100 (40th
percentile).
2022 Comprehensive Standards Tier 2 Effective Date
Incentives for ASHRAE 100 flexibility
provision.
Tier 2 Effective Date
Incentives for ASHRAE 100 25th percentile
EUIs.
2027 (or
earlier)
Deep Energy Retrofits Tier 3 Effective Date Tier 3 Effective Date