Typical residential house construction in North America has long had vented attics above living space with the insulation and air control layer at the ceiling plane of the living space. Except for documented wintertime condensation issues in cold climates, such vented attics generally perform quite well, provided that they are ventilated adequately and air leakage from the interior is prevented. However, architects and designers are moving away from empty attics by using the attic space as conditioned storage or bonus rooms, or by designing larger interior volumes with cathedral ceilings. The practical challenges of ventilating cathedralized attics and cathedral ceilings have been significant, both because of increased geometrical complexity and because of the number of penetrations typically required for services.
Spray foam has been used successfully in tens of thousands of unvented roof assemblies throughout North America but some concerns remain in the building industry that these assemblies are inferior to ventilated roof assemblies. The National Building Code of Canada, in particular, makes it difficult for designers to use unvented roof assemblies, even using designs that are approved in similar building codes in the United States and have been proven to be durable, high-performing options. Over the past decade, the authors have been directly involved with studies of both 0.5 pcf (8 kg/m3) open cell spray foam, and 2.0 pcf (32 kg/m3) closed cell spray foam in unvented roof assemblies in various climates with continuous monitoring of temperature and moisture conditions. This paper provides a literature review of research that has been conducted on wood-framed sloped unvented roof assemblies, but will focus on results from a field monitoring study of sloped unvented wood roofs in partnership with the University of Waterloo, as well as a field survey that opened roofs and removed samples from aged unvented roof assemblies.
Presented at the 15th Canadian Conference on Building Science and Technology.
Using long screws directly through an exterior insulation layer to provide cladding attachment without the use of clips or girts has been shown to be a thermally and structurally efficient solution for more energy efficient wood-frame buildings. However, there is still significant scepticism regarding supporting cladding with only screws when using thicker exterior insulation (>38 mm or >1-1/2″), supporting heavy claddings (>48.8 kg/m² or >10 psf, e.g., stucco, stone veneer), or in particular, using exterior mineral wool insulation, which is perceived as insufficiently rigid in comparison to competing foam plastic insulations such as extruded polystyrene insulation (XPS).
Various studies have been conducted to address this gap in industry knowledge and familiarity to help promote adoption of this cladding attachment method. To build on this existing research, which focused on evaluation of screw bending and potential formation of a truss (created by the screw and compression of the insulation), this study focuses on the impact of the compressive strength of the insulation, large thicknesses of insulation (~305 mm or ~12″), and fastener embedment depth (framing member vs. sheathing only) on the structural performance of these systems. The impact of these parameters was evaluated in a laboratory condition using a custom-built apparatus to mechanically imitate cladding (gravity) load in an isolation from other factors such as various other forces building is subject to. The test specimens were selected so that the impact of these parameter can be evaluated by cross comparison. This study found that when 8.0 mm (5/16″) fasteners, fully embedded in to the structural framing, were subjected to common cladding load (9.1 kg or 25 lb per fastener) the deflection observed was typically less than 0.64 mm (0.025″), which is likely insignificant considering potential moisture shrinkage that could be anticipated in a typical one-storey wood-frame construction (10 mm or 3/8″).
Presented at the 15th Canadian Conference on Building Science and Technology.
The Tradition and Science of Window Installations - Where are We Headed with ...Graham Finch
Presentation on the impact of more highly insulated and passive house wall designs and practices on the installation of windows. Presented at the 2016 Euroline technology forum.
This Presentation covers the technique of retrofitting of existing as well as worn out structures using FRP laminates. Thermal stresses are imposed into the samples to mimic fire in a building. It is then tested for strength, repaired using 250 gsm glass fiber reinforced polymer and then tested for strength again. It was observed that the lost strength of the samples subjected to thermal stresses was regained.
Using long screws directly through an exterior insulation layer to provide cladding attachment without the use of clips or girts has been shown to be a thermally and structurally efficient solution for more energy efficient wood-frame buildings. However, there is still significant scepticism regarding supporting cladding with only screws when using thicker exterior insulation (>38 mm or >1-1/2″), supporting heavy claddings (>48.8 kg/m² or >10 psf, e.g., stucco, stone veneer), or in particular, using exterior mineral wool insulation, which is perceived as insufficiently rigid in comparison to competing foam plastic insulations such as extruded polystyrene insulation (XPS).
Various studies have been conducted to address this gap in industry knowledge and familiarity to help promote adoption of this cladding attachment method. To build on this existing research, which focused on evaluation of screw bending and potential formation of a truss (created by the screw and compression of the insulation), this study focuses on the impact of the compressive strength of the insulation, large thicknesses of insulation (~305 mm or ~12″), and fastener embedment depth (framing member vs. sheathing only) on the structural performance of these systems. The impact of these parameters was evaluated in a laboratory condition using a custom-built apparatus to mechanically imitate cladding (gravity) load in an isolation from other factors such as various other forces building is subject to. The test specimens were selected so that the impact of these parameter can be evaluated by cross comparison. This study found that when 8.0 mm (5/16″) fasteners, fully embedded in to the structural framing, were subjected to common cladding load (9.1 kg or 25 lb per fastener) the deflection observed was typically less than 0.64 mm (0.025″), which is likely insignificant considering potential moisture shrinkage that could be anticipated in a typical one-storey wood-frame construction (10 mm or 3/8″).
Presented at the 15th Canadian Conference on Building Science and Technology.
The Tradition and Science of Window Installations - Where are We Headed with ...Graham Finch
Presentation on the impact of more highly insulated and passive house wall designs and practices on the installation of windows. Presented at the 2016 Euroline technology forum.
This Presentation covers the technique of retrofitting of existing as well as worn out structures using FRP laminates. Thermal stresses are imposed into the samples to mimic fire in a building. It is then tested for strength, repaired using 250 gsm glass fiber reinforced polymer and then tested for strength again. It was observed that the lost strength of the samples subjected to thermal stresses was regained.
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to analyze how Aerogel is becoming more economically feasible through changes in processes and the composition of materials and increases in the scale of production equipment. As the best insulator in the world, aerogel has the potential to dramatically improve energy efficiency of homes and thus contribute towards reductions in fossil fuel usage.
Geopolymers are new materials for fire- and heat-resistant coatings and adhesives, medicinal applications, high-temperature ceramics, new binders for fire-resistant fiber composites, toxic and radioactive waste encapsulation and new cements for concrete.
Sintagg sintered fly ash lightweight aggregates are made from the sintering process of fly ash as per IS CODE 9142 PART 2. Sintagg is formed into small round pellets, which are then processed to creates a very hard aggregate with a honeycombed internal spongy structure. These hard pellets can then be used as a superior, consistent, lightweight aggregate which is up to 50% lighter than natural aggregate.
Airtightness of Large Buildings - Where We're At and Where We're GoingLorne Ricketts
Whole building airtightness performance and testing standards are gaining traction throughout North America with various jurisdictions now including them as part of the energy codes and standards. This presentation looks at the state of the industry with respect to airtightness based on a database of over 500 airtightness tests, and provides information on industry trends.
Hempcrete is a magical material which is being used for both construction and insulation purposes. It is resistant to molds, pests, fungus and completely fireproof. Because of these properties of hempcrete make it a remarkable option to construct a building or a hemp house. To know more visit: hempcretedirect.com
why we use fly ash in concrete , production of fly ash, how it improve the fresh and harden properties of concrete
how it react when mix with concrete.
Hempcrete product catalogue 2017 studio green singaporeJaye Tan
Prefabricated Hempcrete Wall Panels and Blocks to provide ease of construction in building your carbon neutral, energy saving and eco-friendly home or project. Prefinished with unique timber 'stone look' and dimensions to suit project needs.
Walls and Windows for Highly Insulated Buildings in the Pacific NorthwestRDH Building Science
Design objectives, Durability considerations and the Pros & Cons for using alternate highly insulated wall assemblies in the West Pacific Northwest. These include passive design strategies that require airtight and highly insulated walls with minimal thermal bridging to allow for energy efficiency, hygiene (mold/condensation) and thermal comfort. This is in response to a growing desire to apply passive house wall assemblies and windows for houses to taller and more exposed buildings including MURBs.
Also, the basic comparison of North American, European and Passivhaus Window rating standards and window selection guidelines. As windows from Europe are rated differently than in North America, passive house guidance from Germany uses European Standards and climate recommendations. The high performance windows provide high interior surface temperatures for thermal comfort and prevent condensation or surface mold growth. This forms an integral part of the strategy to achieve whole building energy targets (ie 4.75 kBtu/sf/y).
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to analyze how Aerogel is becoming more economically feasible through changes in processes and the composition of materials and increases in the scale of production equipment. As the best insulator in the world, aerogel has the potential to dramatically improve energy efficiency of homes and thus contribute towards reductions in fossil fuel usage.
Geopolymers are new materials for fire- and heat-resistant coatings and adhesives, medicinal applications, high-temperature ceramics, new binders for fire-resistant fiber composites, toxic and radioactive waste encapsulation and new cements for concrete.
Sintagg sintered fly ash lightweight aggregates are made from the sintering process of fly ash as per IS CODE 9142 PART 2. Sintagg is formed into small round pellets, which are then processed to creates a very hard aggregate with a honeycombed internal spongy structure. These hard pellets can then be used as a superior, consistent, lightweight aggregate which is up to 50% lighter than natural aggregate.
Airtightness of Large Buildings - Where We're At and Where We're GoingLorne Ricketts
Whole building airtightness performance and testing standards are gaining traction throughout North America with various jurisdictions now including them as part of the energy codes and standards. This presentation looks at the state of the industry with respect to airtightness based on a database of over 500 airtightness tests, and provides information on industry trends.
Hempcrete is a magical material which is being used for both construction and insulation purposes. It is resistant to molds, pests, fungus and completely fireproof. Because of these properties of hempcrete make it a remarkable option to construct a building or a hemp house. To know more visit: hempcretedirect.com
why we use fly ash in concrete , production of fly ash, how it improve the fresh and harden properties of concrete
how it react when mix with concrete.
Hempcrete product catalogue 2017 studio green singaporeJaye Tan
Prefabricated Hempcrete Wall Panels and Blocks to provide ease of construction in building your carbon neutral, energy saving and eco-friendly home or project. Prefinished with unique timber 'stone look' and dimensions to suit project needs.
Walls and Windows for Highly Insulated Buildings in the Pacific NorthwestRDH Building Science
Design objectives, Durability considerations and the Pros & Cons for using alternate highly insulated wall assemblies in the West Pacific Northwest. These include passive design strategies that require airtight and highly insulated walls with minimal thermal bridging to allow for energy efficiency, hygiene (mold/condensation) and thermal comfort. This is in response to a growing desire to apply passive house wall assemblies and windows for houses to taller and more exposed buildings including MURBs.
Also, the basic comparison of North American, European and Passivhaus Window rating standards and window selection guidelines. As windows from Europe are rated differently than in North America, passive house guidance from Germany uses European Standards and climate recommendations. The high performance windows provide high interior surface temperatures for thermal comfort and prevent condensation or surface mold growth. This forms an integral part of the strategy to achieve whole building energy targets (ie 4.75 kBtu/sf/y).
Walls and Windows for Highly Insulated Buildings in the Pacific NorthwestRDH Building Science
Presentation Outline:
- Design Objectives, Durability Considerations, and the Pros & Cons for Alternate Highly Insulated Wall Assemblies in the Wet Pacific Northwest
- Basics of North American, European and Passivhaus Window Rating Standards and Window Selection Guidelines
Moving Towards more Energy Efficient Wood-frame Building EnclosureRDH Building Science
In regards to newly stated implications of NBC section 9.36. The new building enclosure energy efficiency requirements under the NBC section 9.36 require increased emphasis on continuous insulation having higher effective R-values. It gives prescriptive airtightness requirements, minimum equipment efficiency in regards to HVAC duct sealing/insulation and domestic hot water.
Conventional Roofing Assemblies: Measuring the Thermal Benefits of Light to D...RDH Building Science
Presentation Overview:
• Conventional Roofing Designs
and Current Issues
• Conventional Roofing Field
Monitoring and Research
Program
• Measured Insulation Performance
• Selecting Roofing Membrane
Color and Insulation Strategy for
Optimum Energy Efficiency
• Case Studies
This presentation provides information on a field research project of an aerosol sealant used to reduce the leakage of existing and new construction multifamily units.
The definition of a "Super-Insulated" building, with a problem and solution based look at thermal bridging. The energy codes in the Pacific Northwest are some of the most stringent, but are also the best implemented in North America. Effective R-values are considered in the Energy codes and include the impacts of insulation installation and thermal bridges. A look into the other drivers behind Super-insulation such as comfort, passive design and mold-free enclosures.
Panache Green tech Solutions Pvt. Ltd. ( PGTS) takes the privilege to introduce itself as pioneers in providing Energy Efficient Building Enveloping with its range of innovative products, systems & to deliver the Concept of “Cool Homes without AC!”
Panache started its journey in 2008 as Aesthetic Solutions and in a short span of 6 years it has a wide spectrum clientele of Platinum , Gold LEED rated buildings ,Commercial , Residential and Industrial projects.
Panache with the conscious efforts to promote environment friendly approach , comprises a complete product range of water based products & excels to innovate in sustainable designs , products & systems for various applications.
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Rainscreen Cladding Summit – December 3rd & 4th, 2018ROCKWOOL
ROCKWOOL™ provided event at the Marshall County Facility and The Peabody Memphis; hosted by Todd Kimmel along with Keith P. Nelson and presented by ROCKWOOL™.
he ROCKWOOL™ provided event at the Marshall County Facility and The Peabody Memphis; hosted by Todd Kimmel along with Keith P. Nelson and presented by ROCKWOOL™.
Thank you for your attendance, participation, and discussions, at the Cladding Summit. We sincerely hope that you found the presentations informative and engaging.
ROCKWOOL is committed to the continued development of high value educational presentations and seminars. Your thoughts and feedback will help to improve our efforts to deliver more value for you and future participants.
Similar to State of the Art Review of Unvented Sloped Wood-Framed Roofs in Cold Climates (20)
Achieving the Passive House criteria on a high-rise, concrete-framed building located in Vancouver, BC.
Presented at the 2017 NAPHN Conference and Expo by Eric Catania, M.Eng., BEMP, CPHD, LEED AP BD+C, PHI Accredited Passive House Certifier.
Impact of Heating and Cooling of Expanded Polystyrene and Wool Insulations on...RDH Building Science
The thermal expansion and contraction of insulation products within conventional roof assemblies has been identified as a potential performance concern in the roofing industry. This movement can create gaps between insulation boards, which can short-circuit the insulation with respect to heat flow, and in conventional roof assemblies where the insulation also provides the substrate for the roofing membrane, insulation movement can also adversely affect the durability and integrity of the membrane and roofing system. Problems with creasing and ridging of membranes have been observed in the field, along with stress concentrations and holes around fixed penetrations. In particular, field observations have indicated that shrinkage of expanded polystyrene (EPS) insulation products may put undue stress on the roof membranes and could potentially affect the durability of styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) roof membranes.
To investigate these industry concerns regarding the potential effect of dimensional movement of EPS insulation on the performance of SBS membranes, laboratory testing was performed on conventional roof specimens in a purpose-built climate chamber. The roof assemblies were cooled and heated to evaluate the amount of insulation movement, and to then observe the impact of these temperature cycles on the roof assembly. This portion of the investigation in to this issue focused on recreation of the observed field condition (e.g., wrinkled membrane), and direct comparison of the relative performance of different insulation types as a first step towards determining the cause of the observed in-service wrinkling.
Presented at the 15th Canadian Conference on Building Science and Technology.
Challenges Related to Measuring and Reporting Temperature-Dependent Apparent ...RDH Building Science
In North America, the apparent thermal conductivity (and R-value) of building insulation materials is commonly reported at a mean temperature of 24°C (75°F) and practitioners typically assume thermal properties remain constant over the range of temperatures that are experienced in building applications. Researchers have long known and acknowledged the fact that the thermal properties of most building insulation materials change with temperature. There has been little more than academic reason to measure and report this effect. However, interest in temperature-dependent thermal performance has grown with the introduction of new materials, increasing concerns regarding energy performance, and the development of tools transient energy, thermal, and hygrothermal simulation software packages (e.g. Energy Plus, HEAT2, WUFI etc.) that have capacity to account for temperature-dependence. Continue reading by clicking the Download link to the left.
Presented at the 15th Canadian Conference on Building Science and Technology.
Guideline for the Two-Dimensional Simulation of Spandrel Panel Thermal Perfor...RDH Building Science
While the approach to thermal simulation of vision glazing areas is well documented by groups such as the National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC), the approach to simulate opaque spandrel panels is not similarly documented. Furthermore, spandrel assemblies are substantially different from conventional
opaque wall assemblies (i.e., concrete, steel stud, wood stud, etc.). To address this industry need, RDH in partnership with the Fenestration Association of BC (FENBC) and funding from BC Housing has developed a procedure to determine spandrel panel U-factors using common industry tools and familiar methods. The methodology includes consideration of various spandrel panel arrangements and builds off the existing NFRC 100 simulation methodology. The objective of this procedure is to document a reasonably accurate and practical approach to determine opaque spandrel area U-values with higher precision and uniformity. This allows for both the accurate representation of these systems with regards to code compliance and
energy modelling, as well as the fair comparison of competing products.
Presented at the 15th Canadian Conference on Building Science and Technology.
Solutions to Address Osmosis and the Blistering of Liquid-Applied Waterproofi...RDH Building Science
Waterproofing membranes are widely used in the building industry as a barrier for water entry into a building enclosure. Over the past two decades, waterproofing system failure due to osmotic blistering has occurred in some protected membrane/inverted roofing assemblies. Not all waterproofing membrane assemblies are at risk for this process and the authors have developed a test protocol to establish the relative risk level of waterproofing membranes to osmosis. Using this protocol, the osmotic flow rate of SBS, hot rubberized asphalt, PMMA, EPDM, TPO, HDPE, polyurea, asphalt emulsion, asphalt-modified polyurethane, and various other 2-component cold applied membranes was measured to determine a threshold osmotic flow rate for low risk waterproofing membrane systems.
In this research, a wide range of osmotic flow rates were obtained for the various membrane types. Most asphalt-modified polyurethane membranes consistently exhibit osmotic flow rates significantly higher than the low-risk threshold of ~0.0 g/m²/day (typically 1.4 to over 20 g/m²/day) after data corrections, which results in osmotic blistering and premature membrane failures. Some polyurea and asphalt emulsion membranes have flow rates above 2.0 g/m²/day with unknown long-term performance, while most other membranes that were tested have flow rates around 0.0 g/m²/day after data corrections from control samples. To reduce the potential for osmotic blistering over concrete, it is recommended that waterproofing membranes used in inverted roofing assemblies should have an osmotic flow rate near 0.0 g/m²/day when tested using the methodology herein, an inverted wet cup vapour permeance less than that of the substrate (i.e. <0.1 US Perms on a concrete substrate), and minimal long-term water absorption.
Presented at the 15th Canadian Conference on Building Science and Technology.
Improvements in building efficiency can significantly reduce carbon emissions and are an intrinsic component in greenhouse gas reduction targets. The Passive House concept provides a framework for high-performance building that is growing in popularity in Canada, and particularly in the Pacific Northwest. The Passive House standard requires its buildings to achieve specific performance values for heating energy use intensity, total energy use intensity, spatial temperature variation, heat recovery ventilation performance and air leakage rate. The promised co-benefits of Passive Houses include superior thermal comfort and indoor air quality.
Passive House design is not prescriptive and can incorporate many different design aspects. The wall assembly is no exception. This paper evaluates the hygrothermal performance of a deep-stud wall assembly of a Passive House in Victoria, BC, with regards to moisture durability. The concern with deep or doublestud wall assemblies is the combined effects of reduced drying with wall configurations that place moisture sensitive materials in riskier locations. Consequently, enclosure monitoring was undertaken in an occupied six-plex over the period of one year.
The enclosure monitoring sensor packages were installed in strategic locations in the wall assembly to monitor the conditions of the assembly. The assemblies were evaluated based on the results of an empirical mold risk index. The wall assembly appears to perform acceptably, with minor concerns of mold growth on the North wall. Air leakage is a significant concern for cavity insulated walls, but the airtightness requirements of Passive house minimize this risk.
Presented at the 15th Canadian Conference on Building Science and Technology.
Interest in taller wood buildings utilizing cross laminated timber (CLT), nail laminated timber (NLT), and structural glued laminated timber (glulam) is growing rapidly in Canada and the United States. On the west coast, recently completed projects including the 97 foot tall, 6-story Wood Innovation and Design Center (WIDC) in Prince George, BC, the 180 foot tall, 18-story UBC Brock Commons Tallwood House in Vancouver, BC, and the upcoming 12-story Framework project in Portland, OR, have captured the attention of the international construction industry. Several other taller wood buildings are on the horizon and feasibility studies are currently being performed for mass timber buildings over 30 stories in height. Tall wood buildings have been a reality in Europe longer than North America, and there is much to learn from the European experience. However, conditions unique to the North American construction industry create many challenges for the design team in demonstrating the safety, durability, and economics of these buildings, all while forming public perception of wood at taller heights.
Presented at the 15th Canadian Conference on Building Science and Technology.
Moisture Buffering and Ventilation Strategies to Control Indoor Humidity in a...RDH Building Science
Control of the indoor humidity in a marine climate is a challenge, especially under operating conditions where high indoor humidity is a norm. Outdated mechanical equipment, inefficient ventilation design, and occupants’ life styles are some of the contributing factors to high indoor humidity. In this field experimental study, the moisture buffering potential of unfinished drywall in reducing daily indoor humidity peaks, coupled with various ventilation strategies are investigated. Two identical test buildings exposed to real climatic conditions in Burnaby, BC are monitored under varying ventilation rates and schemes.
The interior of the test building is clad with unfinished drywall, while the control building is covered with polyethylene, which has negligible moisture buffering. In this way, the moisture buffering potential of drywall under four test cases is isolated. Under the test cases, the indoor air quality in terms of CO2 concentration, and ventilation heat loss of the two buildings are also evaluated.
The results show that the moisture buffering potential of drywall effectively regulates indoor humidity peaks, and maintains relative humidity levels within acceptable thresholds, when coupled with adequate ventilation as recommended by ASHRAE. When coupled with time-controlled and demand-controlled ventilation schemes, the moisture buffering effect of drywall shows competing benefits.
Presented at the 15th Canadian Conference on Building Science and Technology
Energy and Indoor Air Quality Impacts of DOAS Retrofits in Small Commercial B...RDH Building Science
Heating, ventilating and air-conditioning (HVAC) typically accounts for 30% to 50% of commercial building energy use. Small commercial buildings often use oversized and inefficient rooftop air handling units (RTUs) to provide both air conditioning and ventilation. A conversion strategy to reduce energy
consumption is the installation of a very high efficiency dedicated outdoor air system (DOAS) to provide ventilation with a separate heat pump system to provide heating and cooling. Decoupling the heating and cooling from ventilation allows for improved energy efficiency and control of space conditions. Upgrades to mechanical systems can also improve the indoor air quality (IAQ) and comfort through control of carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations, dry bulb temperature, and relative humidity (RH).
A pilot study of eight buildings was conducted to investigate the potential benefits of replacing existing RTUs with high efficiency heat recovery ventilators (HRVs) and air source heat pumps in the Pacific Northwest. This report contains results for a subset of seven buildings for which data is available. The
building energy use before and after the conversion was determined using utility data, energy modeling and monitoring. Indoor environmental conditions were measured at hourly intervals for up to one year postconversion using CO2, temperature, and RH sensors. The data was analyzed to determine changes in energy use and IAQ before and after the conversion.
This paper presents the pilot building results pre- and post-conversion. While several factors need to be in place to ensure optimal performance and cost effectiveness, the pilot shows that replacing RTUs with DOAS systems in existing commercial buildings can both reduce energy use as well as improve indoor environmental conditions. This conversion type is viable for a wide variety of building types and scale-up of the retrofits has the potential to significantly improve a previously underserved segment of the building stock.
Presented by James Montgomery at the 15th Canadian Conference on Building Science and Technology.
Energy Consumption in Low-Rise Wood Frame Multi-Unit Residential BuildingsRDH Building Science
A study was performed to understand the energy consumption in low-rise wood-frame multi-unit residential buildings (MURBs) and townhouse buildings in south-west British Columbia. Low-rise MURBs are an important building type as they make up a growing proportion of housing stock in cities across North
America.
Through this study, energy data was collected from electricity and gas utilities for 20 low-rise buildings (four storeys and less) and three townhouse complexes. This data was calendarized and weather normalized to determine average annual and monthly energy consumption for analysis and comparison. Two buildings were chosen from the data set for detailed analysis, one low-rise (four-storey) and one townhouse complex. The buildings were selected based on characteristics typical of low-rise MURBs in south-west BC. The purpose of the detailed analysis was to assess opportunities to improve the energy efficiency and reduce carbon emissions in existing low-rise MURBs using whole building energy modelling.
This paper details the energy consumption trends observed through the data analysis, and the energy modelling results of the buildings chosen for detailed study. These results are also compared to results from a similar study which evaluated the energy use in mid- to high-rise non-combustible MURBs. The work presented here will improve our understanding of energy consumption in low-rise MURBs, and characterize opportunities for energy savings in these buildings.
Presented by Elyse Henderson at the 15th Canadian Conference on Building Science and Technology
Moisture Uptake Testing for CLT Floor Panels in a Tall Wood Building in Vanco...RDH Building Science
Presented by Rob Lepage at the 2017 Canadian Conference on Building Science and Technology.
Cross laminated timber (CLT) and mass timber construction is a promising structural technology that harnesses the advantageous structural properties of wood combined with renewability and carbon sequestering capacities not readily found in other major structural materials. However, as an organic material, mass timber is susceptible to biodeterioration, and when considered in conjunction with increased use of engineered wood materials, particularly in more extreme environments and exposures, it requires careful assessments to ensure long-term performance.
A promising approach towards reducing construction moisture in CLT and other mass timber assemblies is to protect the surfaces with a water-resistant coating. To assess this approach, a calibrated hygrothermal model was developed with small and large scale CLT samples, instrumented with moisture content sensors at different depths, and treated with different types of water resistant coatings exposed to the Vancouver climate. The models were further validated with additional moisture content sensors installed in a mock-up floor structure of an actual CLT building under construction. Biodeterioration studies assessing fungal colonization were undertaken using the modified VTT growth method and a Dose-Response model for decay potential.
The research indicates that CLT and mass timber is susceptible to dangerously high moisture contents, particularly when exposed to liquid water in horizontal applications. However, a non-porous, vapour impermeable coating, when applied on dry CLT, appears to significantly reduce the moisture load and effectively eliminate the risk of biodeterioration. This work strongly suggests that future use of CLT consider applications of a protective water-resistant coating at the manufacturing plant to resist construction moisture. The fungal study also highlights the need for a limit state design for biodeterioration to countenance variance between predicted and observed conditions.
Presented at the BCBEC Building Smart with Safe and Durable Wall Assemblies Symposium Feb 2, 2017, by Lorne Ricketts.
Ever increasing thermal performance requirements for wood-frame walls have had a dramatic impact on how we build walls. To meet these targets, exterior insulation is becoming more and more common, and methods to support the cladding are required that are strong and rigid, yet do not create significant thermal bridging through the insulation. This presentation discusses the results of recent structural testing of various different arrangements on long fasteners through exterior insulation as a method of supporting cladding while limiting thermal bridging.
Christy Love, EIT LEED AP BD+C, is a Senior Project Engineer at RDH Building Science. This presentation was given at the 2016 Passive House Northwest Conference.
The North Park Passive House, a 6-unit strata project located in Victoria BC, was occupied in September 2015. It is the first market strata-title certified Passive House development in Canada.
While well-established elsewhere, the potential benefits of Passive House and other low energy design approaches are not as well understood in Canada, and there are limited data on the actual performance of low energy residential buildings in various Canadian climates.
To address this gap, RDH, in partnership with the Canadian Mortgage and Housing Corporation, the Homeowner Protection Office of BC Housing, and FP Innovations, is undertaking detailed quantitative and qualitative performance measurement of the North Park Passive House. The intent of this research is to develop a comprehensive case study for a Passive House project in the coastal BC climate.
Learning Objectives:
- Understand the scope of the research and what we hope to learn from it.
- Understand preliminary results about how the building is performing in terms of comfort, air quality, and energy use, via measured data collected within select suites and qualitative interviews with occupants.
- Understand and interpret preliminary results of how the building enclosure is performing.
- Learn tips and share lessons learned about undertaking this type of research.
Participants will:
1. Learn about approaches to identifying, quantifying, and investigating IGU performance problems and how results needed can inform the investigation tools/processes used.
2. Learn about the unique design challenges with replacing structurally glazed IGUs and how those challenges were overcome.
3. Learn how quality assurance procedures can be used to deliver innovative products that meet performance expectations.
4. Learn about how building enclosure repair implementation can be as challenging as figuring out how to repair the damaged building enclosure component.
Current Issues with Ventilated Attics
Case Study of Repairs
Attic Roof Hut Research & Monitoring Study – Key Findings
Performance of Potential Solutions
Ongoing Research & Field Trials
A deterioration model for establishing an optimal mix of time-based maintenance (TbM) and Condition-Based Maintenance (CbM) for the Enclosure System.
Participants will:
1. Learn the two types of asset deterioration models
2. Explore the correlations when the two deterioration models are overlaid
3. Identify six different phases in the maintenance of an asset
4. Identify further model development needs
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
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State of the Art Review of Unvented Sloped Wood-Framed Roofs in Cold Climates
1. State of the art review of unvented
sloped wood- framed roofs
Jonathan Smegal, M.A.Sc., Aaron Grin MA.Sc., P.Eng.,
Graham Finch, M.A.Sc, P.Eng.
RDH Building Science Labs
John Straube, Ph.D., P.Eng.
Assoc Professor, University of Waterloo
2. Outline
• Driving Building Science to the Next Level
– Using Science to make Building Design decisions?
– Yes, but also need to incorporate experience
• This paper
– Literature review / meta-analysis
– Research + Field Experience
• This presentation
– Some background, some highlights
3. Pitched Roof Types - Ventilated
• Vented Attic
– Air, vapor and thermal control at ceiling
– Rain control at roof
• Cathedral Ceiling
– Air, vapor, thermal and rain control at roof
4. 4
Building Science Corporation
Pitched Roof Types
• Unvented Cathedralized Attic
– More useable space as retrofit
– Space for mechanical equipment
• Unvented Cathedral
9. • Air leakage
– ceiling penetrations, top plate penetrations
– Exhaust duct leaks & discharge location (roof, soffit, or wall)
• Inadequate venting provisions
• Outdoor moisture: night sky condensation on underside of
sheathing… caused by ventilating attic
• Wetting through shingles/roofing? (tipping the moisture balance)
Moisture Sources
10. Condensation occurs at the first solid upstream-facing
surface after “dewpoint”
“Condensation occurs
on the first solid
upstream facing
surface downstream of
the dewpoint being
exceeded”
13. Research
• Moisture in ventilated attics has long been
researched
• Jordan, C.A., E.C. Peck, F.A. Strange, and L.V.
Teesdale. 1948. Attic condensation in tightly built
houses. Housing and Home Finance Agency Technical
Bulletin No 6, pp. 29-46.
14. Vented Attics – Previous Work
• Rose and TenWolde (1999, 2002)
• “We conclude that while attic ventilation can be beneficial
in some circumstances and climates, it should not be
viewed as the principal strategy to eliminate moisture and
other problems in the attic and roof. Rather, attic
ventilation should be part of a broader range of control
strategies.”
• “In summary, for each of the most commonly cited claims
of benefits offered by attic ventilation (reducing moisture
problems, minimizing ice dams, ensuring shingle service
life, and reducing cooling load), other strategies have been
shown to have a stronger and more direct influence.
Consequently, the focus of regulation should be shifted
away from attic ventilation.”
14
15. Vented Attics – Previous Work
• Potential Issues in colder humid coastal climates
• Forest and Walker, 1993
– High attic ventilation rates resulted in higher
sheathing moisture content – measurment &
simulations in humid climates
• Roppel et al. 2013
– Characterized attics, measured, monitored.
– venting area and an airtight ceiling alone is not
enough to control moisture, to limit mold growth, in
insulated attics of wood-framed sloped roofs in
marine climates, similar to Vancouver’s climatic zone.
15
16. Unvented Roofs
• Can we safely building unvented roofs?
• No doubt, in either science or practise
– Not all codes have caught up (e.g., NBCC)
• However, must have
– Exceptional air tightness near inside
– Low built-in moisture
– This limits design choices
18. • Unvented Hot Roof
(Sprayfoam applied
to underside)
Unvented Wood-frame solutions
• Exterior Insulated &
hybrid approaches
Air Control Layer
Water Control
Layer Air-Water
Control Layer
19. Sloped Unvented Wood Roofs
19
Control Layers
Exterior of Structure
- Ideal assembly
Image credit:
Building Science Corporation
20. Unvented Wood Frame
Spray foam insulation
Occupied or non-
occupiable space
(Cold-side Vapour Barrier)
Image credit: Building Science Corporation
21. 21
Air permeable insulation
air impermeable cavity insulation
(ie. low or high density low or high
vapor permeance spray foam)
air impermeable cavity insulation
(ie. low or high density spray foam
with low or high vapor permeance)
Air permeable insulation
Rigid board insulation
22. Can we build unvented roofs?
• Canadian Part 9 doesn’t allow this
– Need to get engineers letter, etc.
• American IRC/IBC allows with specific limits
– Significant research and experience to support
this
• Canadian Part 4 (professional) = most
common roof assembly
23. Canadian Code : NBC Part 9
• Residential Section 9 (9.19.1)
– Requires venting of all roofs unless an engineer
signs off
– Requires a vapour control layer not greater than
60 ng/Pa·s·m2. (1 US perm)
• Unvented residential roof assemblies not
allowed by code…. Clause 9.19
23
24. Part 9 NBC of Canada
• “Except where it can be shown to be unnecessary,
where insulation is installed between a ceiling and
the underside of the roof sheathing, a space shall be
provided between the insulation and the sheathing,
and vents shall be installed to permit the transfer of
moisture from the space to the exterior” 9.19.1.1
• Sensible rule for pitched wood-frame roofs, without
a practical solution for airtight insulation
• Spray polyurethane foam has been successful
because it is a practical solution to airtight insulation
25. U.S. Code: IRC R806.5
• Unvented cathedralized attics and unvented
cathedral ceilings allowed
• No additional vapor control needed
in Zones 1-4 (just control of air leakage)
• Insulation needs to be Class II vapor control
(0.1 to 1.0 perms) or have Class II in direct
contact
–Zones 5 and higher need vapour control
–E.g., virtually all of Canada needs vapor
control
26. Field Research
• Numerous US and Canada studies
• Sprayfoam papers in peer-reviewed studies
from 2005 (Rudd)
• U of Waterloo Field Study
31. Full Scale Field Testing
• Measured data is good to demonstrate, and
assess performance in a specific region.
• Measured data has limitations including
climate zone and boundary conditions.
• It’s not practical to conduct full scale tests in
all climate zones on all assemblies
• Validate hygrothermal analysis data with
measured data following monitoring
31
32. Correlation of measured and
simulated data
• Correlation of monitored UW data with
simulation data – Unvented ocSPF assembly
• Modifications made to worst case scenario
simulations
– East orientation
– 4:12 slope
– 40% interior RH first winter, 50% interior RH
second winter
– Waterloo weather file data
32
35. 35
Vancouver Toronto Ottawa
Depth of
Cavity
Ventilation
Type of
Vapour Control
Low RH
30/55%
M ed.
RH
40/60%
High RH
50%
Low RH
30/55%
M ed.
RH
40/60%
High RH
50%
Low RH
30/55%
M ed.
RH
40/60%
High RH
50%
5" R30
Ventilated
Continuous Baffle
ccSPF 13% 13% 13% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10%
5" R30 Non-ventilated ccSPF 11% 14% 14% 10% 13% 13% 12% 14% 14%
8" R30 Non-ventilated interior poly 13% 13% 13% 13% 13% 13% 13% 14% 15%
8" R30 Ventilated latex paint 13% 13% 14% 11% 11% 11% 11% 11% 11%
8" R30 Non-ventilated
1 US perm
paint on foam
12% 17% 18% 13% 24% 28% 15% 30% 32%
8" R30 Non-ventilated latex paint 17% 30% 35% 25% 40% 50% 38% 52% 54%
9 1/4" R30
Ventilated
Continuous Baffle
interior poly
9 1/4" R30
Ventilated
Continuous Baffle
latex paint 16% 17% 17% 14% 14% 14% 13% 13% 13%
2.0pcf
ClosedCell
3
Contents of
Cavity
Fiberglass
Batt
SprayPolyurethaneFoam(SPF)
0.5pcfOpenCell
Cathedral Roof Construction HDD 3000 HDD 4000 HDD 4500
Other Applicable Locations
(Heating Degree Days below 18°C)
From Environment Canada's
Canadian Climate Normals
1971-2000
White Rock (2782)
Vancouver (2926)
Abbotsford (2981)
Victoria (3040)
Windsor (3524)
Niagara Falls (3661)
Kelowna (3869)
Oshawa (3917)
Hamilton (4012)
Halifax (4030)
London (4057)
Toronto (4065)
Kitchener-Waterloo
(4288)
Kingston (4289)
Montréal (4518)
Moncton (4585)
Ottawa (4602)
Charlottetown (4715)
36. In-service Inspections
• Numerous published field surveys
• In-service buildings, 3 to 10+ years old
• Usually top-side sheathing inspections
• No observed systemic issues
– Small leaks dry out
• Forensic experience: less public info. Failures
do occur due to bad workmanship, mistakes
37. Conclusions
• Unvented pitched wood-frame roofs
– Can and do work
– Science and Field experience
– No good reason for code to block
• ccSPF requires proper workmanship, (of course)
– Airtightness!
• We need some vapor diffusion control
– Colder climates, high interior RH require low perm
• Control interior RH
– As per NBCC for example