The document provides an overview of high performance wall assemblies that minimize thermal bridging and maximize energy efficiency. It discusses recent trends toward more insulated building enclosures to meet stricter energy codes. Various strategies for constructing highly insulated wall assemblies are presented, including attaching exterior insulation. The summary examines different cladding attachment systems and compares their thermal performance, highlighting methods like clip and rail systems that reduce thermal bridging. Case studies demonstrate how these technologies have been applied to new and existing buildings.
The definition of a "Super-Insulated" building, with a problem and solution based look at thermal bridging. The energy codes in the Pacific Northwest are some of the most stringent, but are also the best implemented in North America. Effective R-values are considered in the Energy codes and include the impacts of insulation installation and thermal bridges. A look into the other drivers behind Super-insulation such as comfort, passive design and mold-free enclosures.
Walls and Windows for Highly Insulated Buildings in the Pacific NorthwestRDH Building Science
Design objectives, Durability considerations and the Pros & Cons for using alternate highly insulated wall assemblies in the West Pacific Northwest. These include passive design strategies that require airtight and highly insulated walls with minimal thermal bridging to allow for energy efficiency, hygiene (mold/condensation) and thermal comfort. This is in response to a growing desire to apply passive house wall assemblies and windows for houses to taller and more exposed buildings including MURBs.
Also, the basic comparison of North American, European and Passivhaus Window rating standards and window selection guidelines. As windows from Europe are rated differently than in North America, passive house guidance from Germany uses European Standards and climate recommendations. The high performance windows provide high interior surface temperatures for thermal comfort and prevent condensation or surface mold growth. This forms an integral part of the strategy to achieve whole building energy targets (ie 4.75 kBtu/sf/y).
The document provides information on various electrical services including definitions, types of current, single and three phase power supply systems, electricity generation, earthing, lightning protection, and wiring accessories. It defines key electrical terms and describes:
- Alternating and direct current, their characteristics and examples of use
- Single and three phase power supply systems including their components, voltages, applications and advantages
- The process of electricity generation, transmission, and distribution to end users
- Methods of earthing buildings for safety and reducing earth resistance
- Lightning protection systems used to protect structures from lightning strikes
- Common wiring accessories like switches, sockets, plugs, and their uses in electrical installations
Interior Wiring types and their applications, factors to be considered while selecting the type
of wiring system, materials required for Interior wiring and their specifications, Code of
Practice for Lighting Installations, method of deciding the number of sub-circuits, calculating
the quantity of wiring materials and accessories for the Interior Wiring, load calculations for
a residential buildings, size of conductors, main switch, sub switches and protective devices.
Draw wiring plan for AEH Installation, concept of horizontal run, vertical rise and vertical
drop. Prepare the schedule of materials for providing lighting and heating circuits and their
estimates. Procedure for converting lighting to AEH installation.
Green Building: Sustainable Architecture
Environmentally responsible and resource efficient building design. Architecture that minimizes the negative environmental impact of buildings by efficiency in the use of materials and energy. Goal: to effectively reduce the overall impact of the built environment on human health and the natural environment and increase comfort and livability. Consistent with AIA sponsored Architecture Challenge 2030.
McNaughton Architectural Inc. | http://mna-p.com
300 E State St Suite 360, Redlands, CA 92373
(909) 583-1806
This document provides an overview of common commercial building HVAC systems and related energy code requirements. It discusses basic HVAC system types, important energy-saving controls like economizers, and key code requirements regarding equipment efficiency and fan energy limits. Complex systems involving central plants and secondary HVAC are also briefly outlined. The presentation aims to help participants identify common HVAC components and understand requirements in the energy code.
This document discusses key concepts related to heat transfer and climate control in the built environment. It defines temperature, heat, conductivity, resistance, and describes how heat flows through conduction, convection, and radiation. It explains how a building's design can control microclimate through passive structural elements or active mechanical systems. Specifically, it examines heat transfer processes between buildings and the outdoor environment, and characterizes periodic heat flow using time-lag and decrement factor.
Analyzing Double Skin Façades for Different Global Climate RegionsIES VE
The document discusses analyzing double skin facades for different global climate regions using Integrated Environmental Solutions - Virtual Environment (IES-VE) software. It describes modeling a double skin facade building and comparable non-double skin facade building to compare metrics like solar gain, energy use, and comfort in cities like Chicago, Toronto, Las Vegas, London, Cairo, Abu Dhabi, and Shanghai. The modeling process in IES-VE and sample views of the results are shown.
The definition of a "Super-Insulated" building, with a problem and solution based look at thermal bridging. The energy codes in the Pacific Northwest are some of the most stringent, but are also the best implemented in North America. Effective R-values are considered in the Energy codes and include the impacts of insulation installation and thermal bridges. A look into the other drivers behind Super-insulation such as comfort, passive design and mold-free enclosures.
Walls and Windows for Highly Insulated Buildings in the Pacific NorthwestRDH Building Science
Design objectives, Durability considerations and the Pros & Cons for using alternate highly insulated wall assemblies in the West Pacific Northwest. These include passive design strategies that require airtight and highly insulated walls with minimal thermal bridging to allow for energy efficiency, hygiene (mold/condensation) and thermal comfort. This is in response to a growing desire to apply passive house wall assemblies and windows for houses to taller and more exposed buildings including MURBs.
Also, the basic comparison of North American, European and Passivhaus Window rating standards and window selection guidelines. As windows from Europe are rated differently than in North America, passive house guidance from Germany uses European Standards and climate recommendations. The high performance windows provide high interior surface temperatures for thermal comfort and prevent condensation or surface mold growth. This forms an integral part of the strategy to achieve whole building energy targets (ie 4.75 kBtu/sf/y).
The document provides information on various electrical services including definitions, types of current, single and three phase power supply systems, electricity generation, earthing, lightning protection, and wiring accessories. It defines key electrical terms and describes:
- Alternating and direct current, their characteristics and examples of use
- Single and three phase power supply systems including their components, voltages, applications and advantages
- The process of electricity generation, transmission, and distribution to end users
- Methods of earthing buildings for safety and reducing earth resistance
- Lightning protection systems used to protect structures from lightning strikes
- Common wiring accessories like switches, sockets, plugs, and their uses in electrical installations
Interior Wiring types and their applications, factors to be considered while selecting the type
of wiring system, materials required for Interior wiring and their specifications, Code of
Practice for Lighting Installations, method of deciding the number of sub-circuits, calculating
the quantity of wiring materials and accessories for the Interior Wiring, load calculations for
a residential buildings, size of conductors, main switch, sub switches and protective devices.
Draw wiring plan for AEH Installation, concept of horizontal run, vertical rise and vertical
drop. Prepare the schedule of materials for providing lighting and heating circuits and their
estimates. Procedure for converting lighting to AEH installation.
Green Building: Sustainable Architecture
Environmentally responsible and resource efficient building design. Architecture that minimizes the negative environmental impact of buildings by efficiency in the use of materials and energy. Goal: to effectively reduce the overall impact of the built environment on human health and the natural environment and increase comfort and livability. Consistent with AIA sponsored Architecture Challenge 2030.
McNaughton Architectural Inc. | http://mna-p.com
300 E State St Suite 360, Redlands, CA 92373
(909) 583-1806
This document provides an overview of common commercial building HVAC systems and related energy code requirements. It discusses basic HVAC system types, important energy-saving controls like economizers, and key code requirements regarding equipment efficiency and fan energy limits. Complex systems involving central plants and secondary HVAC are also briefly outlined. The presentation aims to help participants identify common HVAC components and understand requirements in the energy code.
This document discusses key concepts related to heat transfer and climate control in the built environment. It defines temperature, heat, conductivity, resistance, and describes how heat flows through conduction, convection, and radiation. It explains how a building's design can control microclimate through passive structural elements or active mechanical systems. Specifically, it examines heat transfer processes between buildings and the outdoor environment, and characterizes periodic heat flow using time-lag and decrement factor.
Analyzing Double Skin Façades for Different Global Climate RegionsIES VE
The document discusses analyzing double skin facades for different global climate regions using Integrated Environmental Solutions - Virtual Environment (IES-VE) software. It describes modeling a double skin facade building and comparable non-double skin facade building to compare metrics like solar gain, energy use, and comfort in cities like Chicago, Toronto, Las Vegas, London, Cairo, Abu Dhabi, and Shanghai. The modeling process in IES-VE and sample views of the results are shown.
This document discusses passive building envelope design strategies to protect buildings from the sun. It begins with defining the building envelope and its components such as walls, floors, roofs, and fenestrations. Passive design is then differentiated from active design, with examples of passive techniques provided. Such techniques include building orientation, form, solid building components like double roofs and green roofs, and fenestration design with shading. Specific passive strategies are outlined for roofs, walls, and facades. The next lecture topic on thermal insulation in buildings is previewed.
To save energy seal ducts. New code requirements will test ducts for air leakage. Find out the best way to seal your HVAC system whether it's a retrofit or a new system.
SHAJIM Engineering is located in Pakistan and specializes in green technologies including lighting, hardware/software solutions, security, renewable energy, and energy assessments. The company distributes leading brands and uses DIALux software to design lighting plans and optimize lighting quality before installation. Key considerations in lighting design include illumination levels, energy efficiency, budget, daylight integration, and control strategies.
The document discusses building envelope design strategies for different climate types. It explains that the building envelope includes walls, floors, roofs, windows, and doors, and provides protection from external elements. The key components of building envelopes are described for arid, tropical, cold, and mixed cold/hot climates. Specific strategies include using thermal mass in arid climates, maximizing shading and ventilation in tropical areas, emphasizing insulation in cold climates, and incorporating features like overhangs and thermal mass in temperate zones. The document also covers topics like insulation materials and properties, reducing thermal bridging, and designing high-performance fenestration.
This document provides information on electrical wiring for domestic and industrial applications. It discusses different types of domestic wiring such as cleat wiring, CTS wiring, metal sheathed wiring, and conduit wiring. It also covers factors to consider when choosing wiring such as durability, safety, cost and accessibility. The document then discusses industrial wiring requirements including color coding, splices, panel wiring, machine wiring and wire connectors. It concludes by describing common wire forms like solid, stranded and braided wires.
This document presents an overview of different types of lamps by Mr. Kantoli S.B. at B.M. Polytechnic in Solapur, India. It discusses the construction, working principles and applications of incandescent lamps, fluorescent tubes, halogen lamps, sodium vapor lamps, mercury vapor lamps, compact fluorescent lamps, metal halide lamps, LED lamps, and neon signs. The document includes diagrams and videos to illustrate the working of each lamp type. It provides technical details on factors like efficiency, lifespan and materials used for informational purposes.
Eliminating Data Center Hot Spots: An Approach for Identifying and Correcting Lost Air
Data center cooling is a hot topic. But, when you consider the challenges associated with cooling the latest generation servers, the growing cost of infrastructure equipment, and the risks associated with data center hot spots brought on by high-density clusters and premature hardware failure, it's easy to understand the focus.
To view the recorded webinar event, please visit http://www.42u.com/data-center-hot-spots-webinar.htm
This document provides guidelines for a solar PV system. It discusses the components of the system including solar panels, batteries, charge controllers, inverters and meters. Solar panels convert sunlight to electricity while batteries store it for use when sunlight is unavailable. Charge controllers regulate battery charging and inverters convert DC to AC current. Meters track energy exchange with the grid through net metering. The document also covers topics like types of solar panels and batteries, system installation, maintenance, sizing considerations and mounting options.
The document discusses lighting calculation methods and standards. It provides details on calculating illumination levels in lux based on the lumen method. Key factors discussed include lumens, utilization factor, and maintenance factor. Recommended illumination levels for offices are 500 lux for general tasks and 300 lux for less demanding tasks. Lighting system efficacy is defined as lumens per watt. Standards and guidelines suggest providing daylight where practicable but there are no absolute legal requirements.
Passive solar design uses natural sunlight and the sun's energy to heat and cool buildings with minimal use of mechanical and electrical devices. Key elements of passive solar design include apertures like south-facing windows to collect sunlight, thermal mass materials like masonry walls and floors to absorb and store heat, and passive methods to distribute stored heat like natural convection. Different passive solar techniques include direct gain, indirect gain using elements like trombe walls, isolated gain, and passive solar cooling methods involving shading, natural ventilation, and thermal mass.
HVAC Energy Efficiency in Commercial BuildingsAlan Richardson
This document discusses improving energy efficiency in HVAC systems for existing non-residential buildings. It provides an overview of HVAC systems and components, outlines opportunities for energy efficiency such as upgrading controls and optimizing operations. Barriers to implementation and strategies for overcoming them are also addressed, along with various financing options available to fund efficiency projects.
structural glazing is term used to describe glass that is integral to the design of a building. It involves large glass panels, which usually bear some weight in the structure.
Building Enclosures of the Future - Building Tomorrow's Buildings TodayRDH Building Science
- Trends and Drivers for Improved Building Enclosures & Whole Building Energy Efficiency
- New BCBC & VBBL Building & Energy Code Updates
- Effective R-values & Insulation Behaviour
- Highly Insulated Walls – Alternate Assemblies & New Cladding Attachment Strategies
- Highly Insulated Low-Slope Roofs – Insulation Strategies & New Research into Conventional Roofs
This document discusses net zero energy buildings. It defines a net zero energy building as one where the total annual energy consumption is equal to the amount of renewable energy created on site. Net zero energy buildings aim to overcome energy crises and reduce environmental impacts like greenhouse gases. They can be achieved through building design and use of renewable energy sources like solar and wind. An example of a net zero energy building, the Indira Paryavaran Bhawan in India, is presented, which saves 40% on energy and 55% on water.
Solar panel integration – vertical wall cladding la build expo 2015Bill Harris
The document discusses solar integration with building design. It provides examples of how solar panels were used to renovate the facade of a 40-year-old tower in Manchester, creating the largest vertical solar array in Europe. The solar panels generated enough power for 55 homes annually while weatherproofing and updating the building. The document argues that sustainable design should integrate trades like rainscreen technology and solar power. Specifiers need to work with architects and owners to specify these integrated solar and energy-efficient systems.
For more relevant materials visit
electro-voyage.blogspot.com
In this slide, we will see how to approach the basic lighting system both manually and using software
We will have to solve a few examples and design the lighting system manually by applying the various formula of the Lumen Method.
• AIS, or Asahi India Glass Ltd., is India’s leading glass manufacturing company, and has been the number one choice of consumers for its high quality glass and uPVC window applications.
The document discusses duct design and sealing. Some key points:
1) Poorly sealed ductwork is a common problem that wastes energy and can impact comfort and health. Locating ducts inside conditioned spaces eliminates leakage issues.
2) The IECC requires effective sealing materials like mastic and tape to minimize duct leakage. Limiting leakage saves energy and improves indoor air quality.
3) Forced air systems should have balanced airflow between supply and return ducts to prevent pressure imbalances that can increase leakage and backdrafting of combustion appliances. High priority leak areas to seal include disconnected components and connections to the air handler.
Presentation Outline:
- What are "Super-Insulated" buildings and what are the drivers?
- Thermal bridging- problems and solutions
- Designing of highly insulated walls - insulation placement & durability considerations
- Super-Insulated wood-frame building enclosure design guide
This document discusses passive building envelope design strategies to protect buildings from the sun. It begins with defining the building envelope and its components such as walls, floors, roofs, and fenestrations. Passive design is then differentiated from active design, with examples of passive techniques provided. Such techniques include building orientation, form, solid building components like double roofs and green roofs, and fenestration design with shading. Specific passive strategies are outlined for roofs, walls, and facades. The next lecture topic on thermal insulation in buildings is previewed.
To save energy seal ducts. New code requirements will test ducts for air leakage. Find out the best way to seal your HVAC system whether it's a retrofit or a new system.
SHAJIM Engineering is located in Pakistan and specializes in green technologies including lighting, hardware/software solutions, security, renewable energy, and energy assessments. The company distributes leading brands and uses DIALux software to design lighting plans and optimize lighting quality before installation. Key considerations in lighting design include illumination levels, energy efficiency, budget, daylight integration, and control strategies.
The document discusses building envelope design strategies for different climate types. It explains that the building envelope includes walls, floors, roofs, windows, and doors, and provides protection from external elements. The key components of building envelopes are described for arid, tropical, cold, and mixed cold/hot climates. Specific strategies include using thermal mass in arid climates, maximizing shading and ventilation in tropical areas, emphasizing insulation in cold climates, and incorporating features like overhangs and thermal mass in temperate zones. The document also covers topics like insulation materials and properties, reducing thermal bridging, and designing high-performance fenestration.
This document provides information on electrical wiring for domestic and industrial applications. It discusses different types of domestic wiring such as cleat wiring, CTS wiring, metal sheathed wiring, and conduit wiring. It also covers factors to consider when choosing wiring such as durability, safety, cost and accessibility. The document then discusses industrial wiring requirements including color coding, splices, panel wiring, machine wiring and wire connectors. It concludes by describing common wire forms like solid, stranded and braided wires.
This document presents an overview of different types of lamps by Mr. Kantoli S.B. at B.M. Polytechnic in Solapur, India. It discusses the construction, working principles and applications of incandescent lamps, fluorescent tubes, halogen lamps, sodium vapor lamps, mercury vapor lamps, compact fluorescent lamps, metal halide lamps, LED lamps, and neon signs. The document includes diagrams and videos to illustrate the working of each lamp type. It provides technical details on factors like efficiency, lifespan and materials used for informational purposes.
Eliminating Data Center Hot Spots: An Approach for Identifying and Correcting Lost Air
Data center cooling is a hot topic. But, when you consider the challenges associated with cooling the latest generation servers, the growing cost of infrastructure equipment, and the risks associated with data center hot spots brought on by high-density clusters and premature hardware failure, it's easy to understand the focus.
To view the recorded webinar event, please visit http://www.42u.com/data-center-hot-spots-webinar.htm
This document provides guidelines for a solar PV system. It discusses the components of the system including solar panels, batteries, charge controllers, inverters and meters. Solar panels convert sunlight to electricity while batteries store it for use when sunlight is unavailable. Charge controllers regulate battery charging and inverters convert DC to AC current. Meters track energy exchange with the grid through net metering. The document also covers topics like types of solar panels and batteries, system installation, maintenance, sizing considerations and mounting options.
The document discusses lighting calculation methods and standards. It provides details on calculating illumination levels in lux based on the lumen method. Key factors discussed include lumens, utilization factor, and maintenance factor. Recommended illumination levels for offices are 500 lux for general tasks and 300 lux for less demanding tasks. Lighting system efficacy is defined as lumens per watt. Standards and guidelines suggest providing daylight where practicable but there are no absolute legal requirements.
Passive solar design uses natural sunlight and the sun's energy to heat and cool buildings with minimal use of mechanical and electrical devices. Key elements of passive solar design include apertures like south-facing windows to collect sunlight, thermal mass materials like masonry walls and floors to absorb and store heat, and passive methods to distribute stored heat like natural convection. Different passive solar techniques include direct gain, indirect gain using elements like trombe walls, isolated gain, and passive solar cooling methods involving shading, natural ventilation, and thermal mass.
HVAC Energy Efficiency in Commercial BuildingsAlan Richardson
This document discusses improving energy efficiency in HVAC systems for existing non-residential buildings. It provides an overview of HVAC systems and components, outlines opportunities for energy efficiency such as upgrading controls and optimizing operations. Barriers to implementation and strategies for overcoming them are also addressed, along with various financing options available to fund efficiency projects.
structural glazing is term used to describe glass that is integral to the design of a building. It involves large glass panels, which usually bear some weight in the structure.
Building Enclosures of the Future - Building Tomorrow's Buildings TodayRDH Building Science
- Trends and Drivers for Improved Building Enclosures & Whole Building Energy Efficiency
- New BCBC & VBBL Building & Energy Code Updates
- Effective R-values & Insulation Behaviour
- Highly Insulated Walls – Alternate Assemblies & New Cladding Attachment Strategies
- Highly Insulated Low-Slope Roofs – Insulation Strategies & New Research into Conventional Roofs
This document discusses net zero energy buildings. It defines a net zero energy building as one where the total annual energy consumption is equal to the amount of renewable energy created on site. Net zero energy buildings aim to overcome energy crises and reduce environmental impacts like greenhouse gases. They can be achieved through building design and use of renewable energy sources like solar and wind. An example of a net zero energy building, the Indira Paryavaran Bhawan in India, is presented, which saves 40% on energy and 55% on water.
Solar panel integration – vertical wall cladding la build expo 2015Bill Harris
The document discusses solar integration with building design. It provides examples of how solar panels were used to renovate the facade of a 40-year-old tower in Manchester, creating the largest vertical solar array in Europe. The solar panels generated enough power for 55 homes annually while weatherproofing and updating the building. The document argues that sustainable design should integrate trades like rainscreen technology and solar power. Specifiers need to work with architects and owners to specify these integrated solar and energy-efficient systems.
For more relevant materials visit
electro-voyage.blogspot.com
In this slide, we will see how to approach the basic lighting system both manually and using software
We will have to solve a few examples and design the lighting system manually by applying the various formula of the Lumen Method.
• AIS, or Asahi India Glass Ltd., is India’s leading glass manufacturing company, and has been the number one choice of consumers for its high quality glass and uPVC window applications.
The document discusses duct design and sealing. Some key points:
1) Poorly sealed ductwork is a common problem that wastes energy and can impact comfort and health. Locating ducts inside conditioned spaces eliminates leakage issues.
2) The IECC requires effective sealing materials like mastic and tape to minimize duct leakage. Limiting leakage saves energy and improves indoor air quality.
3) Forced air systems should have balanced airflow between supply and return ducts to prevent pressure imbalances that can increase leakage and backdrafting of combustion appliances. High priority leak areas to seal include disconnected components and connections to the air handler.
Presentation Outline:
- What are "Super-Insulated" buildings and what are the drivers?
- Thermal bridging- problems and solutions
- Designing of highly insulated walls - insulation placement & durability considerations
- Super-Insulated wood-frame building enclosure design guide
Proefschrift the green building envelope 17-06-2011Geert Elemans
Op dinsdag 28 juni 2011 is Marc Ottele gepromoveerd op het onderwerp groene gevels.
Vergroenen van de buitenschil van gebouwen is één van de meest innovatieve en snelst ontwikkelende gebieden van duurzame technologieën met betrekking tot de bebouwde omgeving. Verticaal groen, ook wel bekent als groene gevels, draagt bij aan fijn stof afvang, toenemende biodiversiteit, afname urban heat island effect en bezit o.a. isolerende eigenschappen op gebouwniveau. Het promotieonderzoek van ir. Marc Ottelé heeft geleid tot een methode voor het classificeren (grootte, aantal) van fijn stof deeltjes op bladoppervlakken. Daarnaast is op een theoretische manier benaderd wat de invloed van groene gevels kan betekenen op de isolerende eigenschappen van de muren van gebouwen. Om deze isolerende eigenschappen beter inzichtelijk te maken is een experimentele proefopstelling gebouwd waarin verschillende verticaal groensystemen zijn getest op o.a. het temperatuurverloop door de gevelconstructie. Daarnaast zijn veldmetingen verricht om het effect van een groene buitenspouw op de windsnelheid rondom een gebouw inzichtelijk te maken. Vooral bij living wall systemen blijkt er een significante afname van de windsnelheid plaats te vinden, deze afname levert een gunstige bijdrage aan de isolerende eigenschappen van een gebouw. Duurzaamheid (Sustainability) is een belangrijk aspect in de hedendaagse bouwmethodiek. De hoofdvraag bij veel marktpartijen is dan ook of het gebruik van groene gevels verantwoord is t.a.v. milieubelasting. Om deze vraag te beantwoorden is een ruim opgezette levenscyclus analyse (LCA) doorlopen waarbij op verschillende schaalniveaus inzicht is verkregen in hoeverre verticaal groensystemen een duurzame bouwmethode is.
This document discusses opportunities for reducing waste from construction and refurbishment projects. It highlights several case studies, including retrofitting an existing home and industrial building to be more sustainable, reusing and adapting older buildings like an administrative center, and sourcing building materials locally to reduce waste and emissions from transportation. The document emphasizes the importance of thorough waste management planning, carefully specifying materials, vetting contractor credentials, and considering waste streams as a potential fuel source on large developments.
The document discusses predicting building collapse during fires. It describes analyzing a building's construction type and load-bearing elements, tracing how loads are transferred, and evaluating factors that could accelerate failure. A five-step process is provided: 1) classify construction type, 2) determine structural involvement, 3) identify key load-bearing elements under attack, 4) define weak points, and 5) evaluate time factors to predict and communicate collapse potential. ISO responders must understand building construction and failure mechanisms to properly analyze collapse risk.
A facade is generally the exterior front of a building. The word comes from the French meaning "frontage" or "face". A facade can include the front, sides, and rear of a building. Glazing refers to glass used in walls, windows, and doors, and is installed by glaziers. Common types of glazing include curtain walls, structural glazing, skylights, and doors. Facade design considers factors like the building height, location, and span of glass panels.
Presented at the BCBEC Building Smart with Safe and Durable Wall Assemblies Symposium Feb 2, 2017, by Lorne Ricketts.
Ever increasing thermal performance requirements for wood-frame walls have had a dramatic impact on how we build walls. To meet these targets, exterior insulation is becoming more and more common, and methods to support the cladding are required that are strong and rigid, yet do not create significant thermal bridging through the insulation. This presentation discusses the results of recent structural testing of various different arrangements on long fasteners through exterior insulation as a method of supporting cladding while limiting thermal bridging.
Developing an Open Source Hourly Building Energy Modelling Software ToolRDH Building Science
Energy modelling is an important tool in the design of low energy buildings. It helps evaluate energy savings of various energy efficiency measures and can predict total building energy consumption.
Airflow in Mid to High-rise Multi-Unit Residential BuildingsRDH Building Science
Agenda
1. Understand typical ventilation practices for multi-unit residential buildings including corridor pressurization systems.
2. Understand performance issues associated with the ventilation of high-rise multi-unit residential buildings including the impacts of stack effect, wind, and airtightness.
3. Learn about how the theory of airflow relates well to what is
measured in-service, but that the well understood theory is not always taken into account in design.
NBEC 2014 - Flow Exponent Values and Implications for Air Leakage TestingRDH Building Science
- Introduction to air leakage testing
- Relationship between flow and pressure
- Case study building
- Abnormal flow exponents
- Data extrapolation to operating pressures
- Conclusions/Implications
- Further study
Ventilation in Multi-Family Buildings - Summer Camp 2015Lorne Ricketts
This document summarizes a case study on ventilation in a 13-story multi-family building in Vancouver, Canada. Testing found significant variations in ventilation rates between suites, with most under or over-ventilated. It also found higher CO2 levels in lower suites. The study determined the main causes were: duct and corridor leakage reducing airflow to suites by over 90%, and stack effect pressures competing with the mechanical system. The findings suggest natural pressures like stack effect can overwhelm mechanical ventilation in multi-family buildings, particularly in more extreme climates or taller buildings.
Presentation on Building Enclosure Airtightness Testing in Washington StateRDH Building Science
This document discusses building airtightness testing that was conducted in Washington State on 31 buildings. It provides an overview of airtightness testing procedures and requirements under the 2009 and 2012 energy codes. Test results showed that while an airtightness of 0.4 cfm/ft2 is attainable, achieving it requires repetitive simple details, experienced teams, and coordination between designers, contractors and trades to minimize air leakage.
Energy Consumption in Mid to High-rise Residential Buildings both Before and ...RDH Building Science
This document analyzes energy consumption data from six mid- to high-rise residential buildings before and after enclosure rehabilitation. It found that while enclosure retrofits improved building enclosures, they did not necessarily reduce total energy use, as service systems had a greater influence on energy consumption. On average, the buildings saw a 4.8% reduction in total energy use after rehabilitation, but results varied, with savings of up to 16.8% in one building and increased usage of 13.8% in another. The study concluded that energy improvements require coordinated efforts between enclosure and service system engineers.
This document discusses a case study of a deep energy retrofit of a 13-story multifamily residential building in Vancouver, BC. It describes the existing building's poor energy performance and enclosure issues. A comprehensive building enclosure renewal was performed, including exterior wall insulation, new triple-glazed windows, roof and air sealing upgrades. This improved the overall enclosure R-value from R-2.8 to R-9.1. Measured energy savings from the retrofit were 19% total energy, 33% electricity, and reductions in electric baseboard heating and gas fireplace usage. Benchmarking showed the building's energy use intensity decreased from 71 to 56 kBTU/sqft per year, improving its performance significantly.
State of the Art of Multi-Unit Residential Building Airtightness: Test Procedures, Performance, and Industry Involvement
Outline:
- Airtightness Test Procedures & Equipment
- Worldwide Regulatory Requirements & Targets for Airtightness
- Airtightness of Multi-Unit Residential Buildings
- Air Barrier Systems
- Industry Preparedness for Airtightness Testing
A deterioration model for establishing an optimal mix of time-based maintenance (TbM) and Condition-Based Maintenance (CbM) for the Enclosure System.
Participants will:
1. Learn the two types of asset deterioration models
2. Explore the correlations when the two deterioration models are overlaid
3. Identify six different phases in the maintenance of an asset
4. Identify further model development needs
Building Enclosures For the Future - Building Tomorrows Buildings TodayGraham Finch
Presentation from the 2015 Buildex Conference in Vancouver BC. Covers a brief review of recent energy and building code changes in BC along with compliance tips followed by an in-depth discussion of various highly insulated wall and roof assemblies that can be built to meet the new requirements. Cladding attachment strategies through exterior insulation are covered in great detail.
Passive House Walls and Windows for the Pacific NorthwestGraham Finch
This document summarizes a presentation on wall and window design for highly insulated buildings in the Pacific Northwest region. Some key points:
- Passive design strategies require airtight, highly insulated walls with minimal thermal bridging and effective R-values of R-30 to R-60 depending on climate.
- Several wall assembly options were discussed including exterior insulation, split insulation, and double stud designs. Considerations include moisture control, vapor diffusion, insulation placement and thermal bridging.
- Window selection guidelines differ between the North American NFRC system and European standards used for Passive House certification. Frame size, spacer placement and boundary conditions impact U-values.
- Past building failures in
WoodWorks 2013 Vancouver - Energy-Efficient Building Enclosure Design Guideli...Graham Finch
Presentation from the 2013 Vancouver Woodworks Conference (October 29, 2013). Covers an overview of the considerations for energy-efficient wood frame building enclosures while outlining the content of a new guideline document published by FP Innovations "Guide for Designing Energy Efficiency Building Enclosures for Wood-Frame Multi-Unit Residential Buildings in Marine to Cold Climate Zones in North America"
Andy Turner from Nuform Building Technologies presented on building envelopes and thermal mass walls. [1] Nuform was founded in 1992 and provides building systems and technologies. [2] The presentation covered the benefits of envelope construction including speed of construction, limited site disturbance, and energy efficiency. [3] It also discussed moisture management, wall physical performance characteristics like R-values and sustainability, and the various types of concrete wall panels and insulation options.
AA3004 The Role of High Performance Doors and Hardware in Energy Efficient Bu...asmith55364
The document discusses the role of high-performance doors and hardware in improving building energy efficiency. It outlines factors to consider like U-factor and air infiltration. It also describes door and frame components that enhance energy performance, such as insulated cores, thermal break frames, kerf frames, thresholds, gaskets, and integrated door assemblies. Current code requirements for commercial and residential doors are also summarized.
Walls and Windows for Highly Insulated Buildings in the Pacific NorthwestRDH Building Science
Presentation Outline:
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High Performance Walls - Solutions for Thermal Bridging
1. High Performance Wall Assemblies –
Designs to Minimize Thermal Bridging &
Maximize Performance
PHILADELPHIA BUILDING ENCLOSURE COUNCIL – SEPT 15, 2015
GRAHAM FINCH, MASC, P.ENG – PRINCIPAL, RDH BUILDING SCIENCES INC.
2. “RDH Building Sciences” is a Registered Provider with The
American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems
(AIA/CES). Credit(s) earned on completion of this program will be
reported to AIA/CES for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for
both AIA members and non-AIA members are available upon request.
This program is registered with AIA/CES for continuing professional
education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed
or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any
material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using,
distributing, or dealing in any material or product.
Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be
addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.
3. Copyright Materials
This presentation is protected by US and
International Copyright laws. Reproduction,
distribution, display and use of the presentation
without written permission of the speaker is
prohibited.
4. High Performance Wall Assemblies – Designs that Minimize Thermal Bridging &
Maximize Performance (1 AIA/CES HSW CREDIT)
This 1 hour educational session will cover the latest in building enclosure technology for high
performance wall assembly designs. Presented by one of North America’s leading building
science research engineers, Graham Finch of RDH Building Sciences will provide an
overview of emerging wall assemblies and components that provide durable, cost effective
and thermally efficient performance.
Recent energy code changes will be reviewed including an opportunity to discuss solutions
to meet these more stringent requirements. Strategies to construct highly insulated wall
assemblies and minimize thermal bridges will be presented, including an in-depth
assessment of various cladding supports. Several case studies will be incorporated to
illustrate how these emerging technologies have been utilized in new and existing buildings.
Course Outline
5. Learning Objectives
At the end of this program, participants will be able to:
1. Review recent changes to local Energy Codes that impact wall
assembly design strategies
2. Understand the building enclosure design requirements for wall
assemblies and how the selection of all the right materials together
are critical to reliable long-term performance.
3. Learn about several emerging technologies that are being used for
the construction of highly insulated wall assemblies.
4. Learn about different strategies for attaching cladding through
exterior insulation and how the different systems compare in terms
of thermal performance, ease of installation and cost
6. Outline
Drivers for Improved Building Enclosures & Trends in
Exterior Wall Designs
Evolution of Designs, Trials and Lessons Learned
Introduction to New & Innovative Cladding Attachment
Strategies
Thermal Performance Comparison
9. Industry Trends in Building Enclosure Designs
Trend towards more efficiently insulated
building enclosures due to higher energy code
targets and uptake of passive design strategies
At a point where traditional wall/roof designs are
being replaced with new ones
Seeing many new building materials, enclosure
assemblies and construction techniques
Greater attention paid to reducing thermal
bridging & use of effective R-values instead of
nominal insulation R-values
Optimization of cladding attachments for both
structural and thermal performance
More & more insulation is being used
10. US Codes now require consideration of
Effective R-values
Nominal R-values are the rated
R-values of insulation materials which
do not include impacts of how they are
installed
For example 5.5” R-20 batt insulation or
2” R-10 rigid foam insulation
Effective R-values are the actual
R-values of assemblies which include
for the impacts thermal bridging through
the insulation
For example nominal R-20 batts within
2x6 steel studs 16” o.c. becoming ~R-9
effective, or in wood studs ~R-15
Code Shift to Effective R-values
11. From Code Minimum to Next Generation
Energy codes outline minimum
thermal performance criteria based
on general climate zone
classifications
Energy Standards & International
Codes: ASHRAE 90.1, IECC
Municipal & State Adoptions w/
Modifications
Green Building Codes (ASHRAE
189.1, IGCC) and Voluntary
Programs (Passive House, LEED)
raise the bar
Wall Effective R-value/U-values are
an integral part of energy code
compliance
12. Energy Codes Targets for Commercial Buildings – IECC
2012
IECC2012
Climate
Zone
Above Grade Walls:
Mass, Steel, Wood
Min. Eff. R-value
Roofs:
Sloped, Flat
Min. Eff. R-value
7 16.4, 15.6, 19.6 47.6, 35.7
6 12.8, 15.6, 19.6 47.6, 31.3
5 & 4C 12.8, 15.6, 15.6 47.6, 25.6
4 A/B 9.6, 15.6, 15.6 37.0, 25.6
3 9.1, 15.6, 15.6 37.0, 20.8
2 7.0, 13.0, 15.6 37.0, 20.8
1 7.0, 13.0, 15.6 37.0, 20.8
ClimateZone
Some state by state & municipal differences depending on year of energy
code adoption.
Based on Maximum Effective Assembly U-value
Tables.
Residential Building R-values similar or in some
cases slightly higher
13. R-15.6 Steel Stud Wall?
As bad (here), or as good as you can practically build – you just can’t get an
effective R-15.6 (or even lower R-13) out of stuffing insulation between steel
studs – no matter what depth the studs may be.
14. Also not R-15.6 Steel Framed Walls
No matter the insulation type, you also cannot practically get to >R-15.6 with
continuous steel girts through exterior insulation
15. Performance Targets & New Expectations
In Northeast (Climate Zones 4-7) minimum
effective R-value design targets are in
range of:
R-15 to R-30 effective for walls
R-25 to R-50 effective for roofs
Green or more energy efficient building
programs including Passive House, R-
value targets in range of:
R-25 to R-50+ effective for walls
R-40 to R-80+ effective for roofs
Plus other drivers – air-tight, thermal
comfort, passive design, mould-free
20. Cladding Attachment & Exterior Insulation
Exterior insulation is only as good as the
cladding attachment strategy
What attachment systems work best?
What is and how to achieve true
continuous insulation (ci) performance?
What type of insulation?
28. Little Nuances & Details to Resolve
FILL AROUND
CLIPS
HOW TO
RETAIN
INSULATION?
CORNER
SUPPORTS?
HOW TO
OPTIMIZE
CLIPS &
OTHER
METALWORK
?
PENETRATION
S AND
DETAILS?
30. Other Considerations - NFPA 285
Full-scale fire test developed
initially by foam plastic
insulation industry in late
1970s in response to non-
combustible construction
requirements within the IBC
Intent is to prevent fire
propagation up the outside of
a tall building
EIFS, combustible claddings
and WRBS added to test
requirements in addition to
foam plastic insulation
requirements between 2000
and 2012
31. NFPA 285 Triggers & Industry Response
Foam Plastics in the wall assembly all
buildings (any height)
Combustible claddings in buildings over
40 feet
High Pressure Laminates
Fiber Reinforced Polymers
Metal Composite Materials
EIFS
Combustible WRBs in buildings over 40
feet
Industry Response = NFPA 285 Tested
Assemblies or Non-Combustible
Insulation, Claddings
& WRBs
Passing test with mineral wool &
fiberglass clips
33. Exterior Insulation & Cladding Attachment Considerations
Cladding weight & gravity loads
Wind & seismic loads
Back-up wall construction (wood, concrete, steel)
Attachment from clip/girt back into structure (studs, sheathing, or slab edge)
Thickness of exterior insulation
Use of rigid, semi-rigid or spray-applied insulation
Ability to fasten cladding supports through face
Ability to ft insulation tightly around cladding supports
R-value target, tolerable thermal loss from supports
Cladding orientation (panel, vertical, horizontal)
Ease of attachment of cladding – returns, corners, returns etc.
Combustibility requirements
53. Cladding Attachment: Clip & Rail, Fiberglass
Remove the metal –
maximize the
performance
~5-30% loss in R-value (spacing & fastener type dependant)
59. Why You Need to Mechanically Retain Exterior Insulation
60. Cladding Attachment: Screws through Insulation
Longer cladding
Fasteners directly
through rigid
insulation (up to 2”
for light claddings)
Long screws through
vertical strapping and rigid
insulation creates truss –
short cladding fasteners
into vertical strapping
Rigid shear block type connection
through insulation, short cladding
fasteners into vertical strapping
61. Cladding Attachment: Screws Through Insulation
~5-25% loss in R-value (back-up wall, spacing & fastener type dependant)
65. Cladding Attachment: Masonry Ties & Shelf Angles
Continuous shelf angles
~50% R-value loss
Brick ties – 10-30% loss for
galvanized ties, 5-10% loss for
stainless steel
Shelf angle on stand-offs
only ~15% R-value loss
66. Effective R-value Summary of Various Cladding
Support Systems
No Penetrations
Stainless Screws
Galvanized Screws
Stainless Clips
Fiberglass Clips
Thermally Isolated
Galvanized Clips
Galvanized Clips
Aluminum T-Clip
Horizontal Z-Girts
Vertical Z-Girts
0
20
EffectiveR-Value[ft²·°F·hr/Btu]
Nominal R-4.2/Inch Exterior Insulation Thickness
[inches]
2” 4” 6” 8”
30
40
10
50
Base backup wall is 3 5/8” steel stud (empty) + exterior insulation
67. Galvanized Screws
Stainless Screws
Thermally Isolated
Galvanized Clips
Fiberglass Clips
Stainless Clips
Galvanized Clips
Aluminum T-Clip
Horizontal Z-Girts
Vertical Z-Girts
PercentEffectivenessofExteriorInsulation Percent Effectiveness of Exterior Insulation with
Various Cladding Support Systems
0
2” 4” 6” 8”
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Nominal R-4.2/Inch Exterior Insulation Thickness
[inches]
68. Percent Effectiveness of Exterior Insulation with
Various Cladding Support Systems
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Stainless Steel Screws
Galvanized Screws
Fiberglass Clip
Stainless Steel Clip
Isolated Galvanized Clip
Intermittent Galvanized Clip
Aluminum T-Clip
Continuous Horizontal Z-Girt
Continuous Vertical Z-Girt
Percent Effectiveness of Exterior Insulation (Typical Range)
70. Cladding Attachment Recommendations
Substrate
Cladding Type
Wood Backup
(OSB/Plywood)
Steel Stud Backup Concrete or
Concrete Block
Backup
Light weight
(up to fiber cement
panels, <10psf)
Clip & Rail good
Screws good
Clip & Rail good
Screws okay, but
difficult to hit stud
Clip & Rail good
Screws can be difficult
to install
Medium weight
(stucco, cultured
stone, 10-30 psf)
Clip & Rail good
Screws with shear
block or engineered
Clip & Rail good
Screws with shear
block or engineered
Clip & Rail good
Screws can be difficult
to install
Heavy weight
(Masonry, Stone
Panels, >30 psf)
Gravity supports,
anchors & engineered
connections only
Gravity supports,
anchors & engineered
connections only
Gravity supports,
anchors & engineered
connections only
71. Cladding Attachment System
Videos:
http://www.roxul.com/products/commercial/
products/roxul+cavityrock
Exterior Insulation Installation
Guide
http://www.roxul.com/products/residential/p
roducts/roxul+comfortboard+is
Commercial Installation Guide
Coming Very Soon
Further Information
73. This concludes The American Institute of Architects
Continuing Education Systems Course
Graham Finch , Dipl.T, MASc, P.Eng
Principal, Building Science Research Specialist
RDH Building Sciences Inc.
gfinch@rdhbe.com www.rdh.com
Presentation Created & Delivered by:
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