4. Definition
Deep seated fungal infections caused by fungi that are soil
saprophytes.
ā¢ Infection is accidental.
ā¢ Inhalation of air borne spores produced by moulds
ā¢ Dimorphic fungi are causative agents.
ā¢ Ex:
ā Blastomyces dermatitidis
ā Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
ā Coccidioides immitis
ā Histoplasma capsulatum
5. Blastomycosis
(North American blastomycosis)
Chronic infection, characterized by
ā¢ Formation of suppurative and granulomatous lesions in any
part of the body
ā¢ With a marked predilection for the lungs and skin
Causative agent: Blastomyces dermatitidis
Distribution:
1. North America
2. Africa
3. India- Delhi (bronchial aspirates of patient and lungs of
insectivorous bats)
6. Mode of Transmission & Epidemiology
ā¢ Source of infection- soil
It grows in moist soil rich in organic material, forming hyphae
with small pear-shaped conidia
ā¢ Mode of infection- Inhalation of the conidia
ā¢ Primary pulmonary pathogen & resembles TB or histoplasmosis
ā¢ M:F ratio- 4:1
ā¢ 20-50 yrs age group
ā¢ Occupation- farmers and tree cutters
7. Clinical forms
1. Pulmonary form- Gilchrist disease, Chicago disease
ā Asymptomatic
ā Productive cough, weight loss, chest pain and fever
ā Chronicity- resembles carcinoma, TB
ā Dissemination
2. Cutaneous form
ā Traumatic inoculation into the exposed parts
ā Papule/ nodule breaks down to form a fistula- discharge pus
3. Disseminated form
ā In immunocompromised individuals
ā Other sites affected- bones and genitourinary organs
8. Laboratory diagnosis
A. Specimen-
sputum, pus, biopsy
transport asapā¦.
B. Processing of specimen
1. Microscopy
2. Culture
3. Skin test
4. Ab Detection
5. Nucleic acid Detection- DNA probes
6. Animal pathogenicity ā Mice, rats used to study virulence
9. 1. Microscopy- KOH (10%) or Calcofluorwhite
Yeast form:
ā¢ Large yeast cells
(8-12 Ī¼m)
ā¢ Blastoconidia
attached by broad base
ā¢ Double contoured wall
Mold phase:
ā¢ Lollipop forms
10. 2. Culture
Media : SDA, BHI agar, Blood Agar
ā¢ Two media inoculated
ā¢ incubated- one at 25Ā°C and one at 37Ā°C for 4 weeks.
Colony on medium at 25Ā°C- Fluffy and tan coloured
ā¢ LPCB - septate hyphae with oval or pyriform conidia (2-10Āµ)
Chlamydospores are thick walled
Colony on medium at 37Ā°C- Cream coloured, smooth,
ā¢ LPCB- thick walled yeast like cells, with broad based budding
Confirmation of the isolate
ā¢ Conversion of mycelial form to yeast form on BA at 37Ā°C
ā¢ Exoantigen analysis
13. Prevention & Control
ā¢ Amphotericin B & Ketoconazole- for Rx
ā¢ Surgical excision
ā¢ There are no means of prevention
14. Paracoccidioidomycosis
ā¢ South American Blastomycosis or Brazilian blastomycosis
Definition: Chronic infection, characterized by
ā¢ Formation of suppurative lesions in any part of the body
ā¢ With a marked predilection for the lungs and skin
Causative agent: P. braziliensis
Distribution:
1. South America, esp. Brazil
2. India- not yet reported
15.
16. Mode of Transmission & Epidemiology
ā¢ Source of infection- soil
It grows in moist soil rich in organic material, forming hyphae
with small pear-shaped conidia
ā¢ Mode of infection- Inhalation of the conidia, no man to man
transmission
ā¢ Primary pulmonary pathogen & resembles respiratory disease
ā¢ M:F ratio- females less affected due to estrogen
ā¢ 20-50 yrs age group
17. Clinical forms
1. Pulmonary form- Gilchrist disease, Chicago disease
ā Asymptomatic
ā Dissemination is by hematogenous route
2. Mucocutaneous form
ā Cooler areas of body such as nasal and oropharyngeal
ā Ulcerative lesions seen in mouth, on lips, tongue and conjunctiva
3. Lymphatic Paracoccidioidomycosis
ā Cervical lymphadenopathy and can spread to other LN
4. Disseminated
ā Seen in Immunocompromised patients
ā Disease spreads to other organs specially adrenals
18. Laboratory diagnosis
A. Specimen-
sputum, pus, biopsy, bronchoalveolar lavage
transport asapā¦.
B. Processing of specimen
1. Microscopy
2. Culture
3. Skin test- paracoccidioidin
4. Ab Detection- CFT, ELISA, counter immunoelectrophoresis
5. Nucleic acid Detection- DNA probes, PCR
6. Animal pathogenicity ā Mice, rats used to study virulence
19. 1. Microscopy- KOH (10%) or Calcofluorwhite
Yeast form:
ā¢ Yeast forms with multiple buds
encircling mother cell.
ā¢ Marinerās wheel or pilotā wheel or
mickey mouse cap appearance
ā¢ 15-30Āµ
ā¢ Narrow based budding
21. 2. Culture
Media : SDA, BHI agar, Blood Agar
ā¢ Two media inoculated and incubated- one at 25Ā°C and one at 37Ā°C.
ā¢ Slow growth- 6 weeks
Colony on medium at 25Ā°C- Fluffy and tan coloured
ā¢ LPCB- septate hyphae which are sterile (no conidia)
Colony on medium at 37Ā°C- Cream coloured, smooth,
ā¢ LPCB- marinerās wheel
Confirmation of the isolate
ā Conversion of mycelial form to yeast form on BA at 37Ā°C
ā Exoantigen analysis
27. Direct examination- Microscopy
Yeast form
ā¢ Appears as a spherule(15-75Āµm in diameter)
ā¢ Thick double walled refractile wall filled with
endospores.
ā¢ Each endospore- spherule.
Mycelial form
ā¢ Pseudohyphae which fragments into arthrospores-
highly infectious.
28. Culture
ā¢ SDA or BHI agar with cycloheximide and
chloramphenicol
ā¢ Incubate at 37ĖC and 25 ĖC
ā¢ Warning
arthrospores are highly infectious- arthrospores are
borne, never use petridishes for culture
29. Skin test
ā¢ DTH (similar to tuberculin)
ā¢ Ag- coccidioidin
ā¢ Interpretation
positive test (5mm induration within 48 hrs)
ā¢ Endemic areas test not useful
30. HISTOPLASMOSIS
ā¢ Also k/a Reticuloendothelial cytomycosis/ Caverās
disease/ Spelunkerās disease/ Darlingās disease
ā¢ Causative agent- H. capsulatum
ā¢ Dimorphic fungus
ā¢ Disease of Reticuloendothelial system
ā¢ Intracellular parasite
ā¢ Distribution- Worldwide, most common in America
31. Source of infection
ā¢ Soil enriched with excreta of birds or bats
ā¢ Inhalation of spores
Reticuloendothelial system.. How???
ā¢ Lymphadenopathy
ā¢ Hepatospleenomegaly
ā¢ Fever and anemia
32. Clinical features
ā¢ Majority ā asymptomatic
ā¢ Some- pulmonary disease- resembles tuberculosis
ā¢ Dissemination
Any skin or mucosal lesions??
ā¢ Granulomatous and/ or
ā¢ Ulcerative lesions
34. Direct examination- Microscopy
ā¢ Staining: Giemsa or Wright stains
ā¢ H.capsulatum appears as small oval yeast
cells, (2-4Āµm in diameter) packed within the
cytoplasm of macrophages or monocytes.
35. Culture
ā¢ SDA or BHI agar with cycloheximide and
chloramphenicol
ā¢ Incubate at 37ĖC and 25 ĖC
ā¢ Yeast forms- 37 ĖC
ā¢ Mycelial forms- large thick walled spherical spores
with tubercles or finger like projections at 25 ĖC
36. Serological tests
After two weeks of infection- antibodies detected
ā¢ Latex agglutination test
ā¢ Precipitation test
ā¢ Complement fixation test
Rise in the antibody titre- progressive disease
37. Histoplasmin skin test
ā¢ DTH (similar to tuberculin)
ā¢ Ag- Histoplasmin
ā Culture filtrate of Mycelial phase of H.capsulatum
ā¢ Interpretation
positive test ---- indicates past/ present infection
Treatment-
Amphotericin-B
38. African Histoplasmosis
ā¢ H. duboisii
ā¢ Africa
ā¢ Primarily involves skin and subcutaneous tissues
ā¢ Lungs not involved.
ā¢ Morphologically similar to Mycelial phase of
H.capsulatum
ā¢ Larger and elongated yeast forms
40. Opportunistic Mycosis
ā¢ Opportunistic mycosis is a fungal or fungus-like disease
occurring in a human with a compromised immune system.
ā¢ Opportunistic organisms are normal resident flora that become
pathogenic only when the host's immune defences are altered,
ā immunosuppressive therapy,
ā in a chronic disease, such as diabetes mellitus,
ā steroid or antibacterial therapy that upsets the balance of
bacterial flora in the body.
41. Common Opportunistic Fungus
ā¢ We find the highest frequency of opportunistic
fungal infections come in the following order:
1.Candidiasis
2.Aspergillosis
3.Cryptococcosis
43. Candidosis
ā¢ Candidiasis / Monoliasis,
ā¢ Normal flora
Exist in Mouth, Gastrointestinal
tract, Vagina, skin in 20 % of
normal Individuals.
ā¢ Called as Yeast Like fungus
ā¢ Currently important cause of
opportunistic fungal infection.
44. Morphology and Culturing
ā¢ Ovoid shape or spherical budding cells and
produces pseudo mycelium
ā¢ Routine cultures are done on Sabouraud's
Glucose agar,
ā¢ Grow predominantly in yeast phase
ā¢ A mixture of yeast cells and pseudo mycelium
and true mycelium are seen in Vivo and
Nutritionally poor media.
47. Systemic Candidosis
ā¢ Occurs in Patients who carry more yeasts in Mouth, GIT
ā¢ Predisposed with Individuals with
1. On antibiotic or/and Steroid Therapy
2. Immunosuppressed
3. Recipients with organ transplantation
4. Infancy ā Old age ā Pregnancy
5. Indisposed with trauma Occluding lesions,
6. Diabetes mellitus.
7. Zinc and iron deficiencies
48. Predisposition after Surgery and
Therapeutic Approaches
ā¢ Post operative Immuno
Suppression
ā¢ Use of IV catheters
ā¢ Use of cytotoxic drugs
and cortosteriods
ā¢ Use of Urinary
Catheters
49. Important species of Candida in
Human infections
ā¢ C.albicans
ā¢ C.tropicalis
ā¢ C.glabrata
ā¢ C.Krusei
56. Culturing
ā¢ Easier to culture on
Sabouraud's dextrose agar
ā¢ Culturing in routine
Blood culture Media
ā¢ Culturing urine - A semi
quantitative estimations
are essential Colony
forming units essential in
attributing infections
57. Easier Identification of
species as C.albicans
ā¢ Germ tube test
identifies C.albicans
from other Candida
species.
ā¢ Majority of Diagnostic
laboratories depend on
this test.
58. Emerging Methods for detection of
Candida Infections
ā¢ Molecular Methods
ā¢ PCR
62. Morphology
ā¢ A true yeast
ā¢ Round 4 ā 10 microns
ā¢ Capsule - Mucopolysaccharide.
ā Negative staining with India Ink and Nigrosin
ā¢ KOH preparations in Sputum and other tissues,
ā¢ PAS and Mucicaramine staining helps confirmation.
68. Aspergillosis
ā¢ In nature > 100 species of Aspergillosis exist, Few are
important as human pathogens
1 A.fumigatus
2 A.niger
3 A.flavus
4 A.terreus
5 A.nidulans
70. Pathogenesis clinical presentations
ā¢ Allergic Aspergillosis ā Atopic individuals, with elevated IgE
levels
ā¢ 10-20% of Asthmatics react to A.fumigatus
ā¢ Allergic alveoitis follows particularly heavy and repeated
exposure to larger number of spores
ā¢ Maltsters Lung ā causes allergic alveolitis, who handle barley
on which A.claveus has sporulated during malting process
71. Pathogenesis
ā¢ Aspergilloma ā A fungal
ball, fungus colonize
Preexisting cavities in the
lung and form compact ball
of Mycelium which is later
surrounded by dense fibrous
wall
ā¢ C/F- cough with
expectoration, Haemoptysis
72. Culture
ā¢ Cultured as Mycelial fungus
ā¢ Separate hyphae with
distinctive sporing structures
ā¢ Spore bearing hyphae
ā¢ Sterigmata
77. Important Clinical
Manifestations
ā¢ Rhino cerebral Zygomycosis
associate with Diabetes
mellitus, leukemia, or
lymphomas
ā¢ Causes extensive Cellulitis,
and tissue destruction.
78. Mucormycosis
ā¢ Cellulitis causes
extensive tissue
destruction.
ā¢ Spread from Nasal
mucosa to turbinate
bone, paranasal sinuses ,
orbit, and Brain
ā¢ Rapdily fatal if
untreated
79. Other Manifestations
ā¢ Severe immuno compromised may manifest as
primary cutaneous lesions
ā¢ Rarely infects Burns patients
ā¢ But lesions can be less severe than Brain
lesions
80. Microscopy
ā¢ In KOH preparation shows
broad aseptate branching
mycelium, and distorted
hyphae
ā¢ Methenamine silver is more
sensitive.
ā¢ Staining with PAS not helpful