This document discusses work measurement techniques. It provides an introduction and objectives of work measurement which include comparing performance times, enabling realistic schedules, establishing fair incentive schemes, and minimizing human effort. It then describes the procedure for work measurement which involves selecting work, recording relevant data, measuring elements of work, examining data, compiling standards, and defining activities and methods. Finally, it outlines several techniques for work measurement including time study, activity sampling, synthesis from standard data, predetermined motion time systems, analytical estimating, and Maynard operation sequence technique.

3.  Introduction
 Meaning
 Objectives
 Procedure of
WM
 Techniques of
WM

6. 1. To compare the times of performance by alternative methods.
2. To enable realistic schedule of work to be prepared.
3. To arrive at a realistic and fair incentive scheme.
4. To minimise the human effort.
5. To assist in the organisation of labour by daily comparing the actual
time with that of target time.
6. Target time for each job can be scientifically estimated, with this
estimate realistic schedules and manpower requirements can be
prepared.
7. It can lead to proper balancing of the work distribution.
8. To standardise the efficient method of performing operations.
9. To standardise conditions for efficient performance.

7. PROCEDURE FOR WORK MEASUREMENT
 1. Select the work to be studied, defining the objectives.
 2. After that all the relevant data relating to the circumstances in which
the work is being done, is recorded.
 3. Measurement :each element is measured in terms of time over a
sufficient number of cycles of activity to ensure that are representative
picture has been obtained.
 4. Examine :the recorded data and elements time critically to ensure
that the unproductive and random elements are separated from
productive element.
 5. Compile :the time for the operation which will provide a realistic
standard of performance and will include time allowance to cover
suitable rest, personal need contingencies,etc.
 6. Define : precisely the series of activities and the method of
operation for which the rime has been allowed and issue the time as
standard for the activities and method specified.

8. TECHNIQUES OF WORK MEASUREMENT
• Time study
• Activity sampling
• Synthesis from standard data
• Predetermined motion time system (PMTS)
• Analytical estimating
• Maynard operation sequence technique(MOST)

9. 1. Time study :- time study is the primary method of work measurement.it is a
technique of recording the times and rates of working for the elements of specified
job carried out under specified conditions.it is also used for analyzing the data for
obtaining the time which is required for carrying out the job at defined level of
performance,
2. Activity sampling:- it is a technique of finding the percentage occurrence of a
certain activity by random observation and statistical sampling .in this technique ,a
sample of observation are made at random ,generally there observation have a
high proximity of reflecting the real situation, plus or minus a certain percentage of
error.
3. Synthesis from standard data:-it is such a technique of work measurement
which is used for non-repetitive work in which elements of work are repeated in
varying sequence , as in drilling and center lathe work. When the stop-watch
studies and activity sampling are not convenient, then we may estimate a
standard arrived at this way are called synthesis.
4. Predetermined motion time system (PMTS)-:it is a work measurement
technique in which times established for basic human motion are used to build
up the time for a job at a defined level of performance .

10. 5. Analytical estimating:- analytical estimating is a technique in which the
time required to carry out element of a job at a defined level of
performance is established from knowledge and practical experience at
the elements concerned. This type of analytical calculation takes into
account the speed ,feed, length of cut,etc.
6. Maynard operating sequence technique (MOST):-this technique was
conceptualized in 1967.it is assumed that displacement of object is the
common denominator to study an overwhelming majority of work.it
concentrates an movement objects in three modes-general move
sequence for movement in air, controlled move sequence for movement
against a surface or attached movement and the tool use sequence for
the use of common hand tools.