Oil pollution and its recovery

1. OIL POLLUTION
&
RECOVERY

2. • INTRODUCTION
• OIL SPILLS
• Oil Sources
• Crude oil
• MAJOR MARINE OIL SPILL INCIDENTS
• EFFECTS OF OIL SPILLS
• STRATEGIES FOR OIL SPILL CLEANUP
A. Natural Recovery
B. Mechanical containment or recovery
C. Chemical and biological methods
D. Bioremediation
• Control of Oil Spill in Oceans
• OIL SPILLS ON LAND
• Effects of Land Oil Spills
• Recovery of Land Oil Pollution
A. Bioremediation
B. Phytoremediation
• CONCLUSION
• REFERENCE
SYNOPSIS

3. • Petroleum is used in manufacturing a wide variety of materials, and
it is estimated that the world consumes about 88
million barrels each day.
• The excess use of petroleum is exerting a negative impact on
Earth's environment.
• Oil spills can have devastating effects.
(Agarwal V.K. Verma P.S. ,www.bioline.com,www.wikipedia.com)
INTRODUTION

4. • An oil spill is the release of a liquid petroleum hydrocarbon into
the environment, especially marine areas, due to human activity,
and is a form of pollution.
• Another significant route by which oil enters the marine
environment is through natural oil seeps.
• Oil spills may be due to release of crude oil from tankers,
offshore platforms, drilling rigs and wells.
(www.wikipedia.com,seawifs.gsfc.nasa.gov)
OIL SPILLS:-

5. • The graph shows how
many millions of gallon of
oil each source puts into
the oceans worldwide
each year.
OIL SOURCES:-
(www.imo.org)

6. • Petroleum or crude oil is a naturally occurring flammable liquid consisting of
a complex mixture of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights and other
liquid organic compounds.
• Main Compartments of the crude oil are:
• Aromatics
• Hydrocarbons
• Naphthelene
• Sulfur
• N2, O2,
• Na, Ni, Fe,Va
CRUDE OIL:-

7. • Light weight components (bp<150°C):
• High acute toxicity, e.g., benzene,toluene, xylene
• Medium weight components (bp: 150-450°C):
• Moderate acute and chronic toxicity , e.g., naphthalene
• High weight components( bp> 450°C):
•Moderate acute toxicity
•High chronic toxicity, e.g., benzopyrene
(www.authourstream.com)
TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN OIL

8. TYPES OF OIL CAUSING
POLLUTION
Type of oil
Features:
Type-1 Type-2 Type-3 Type-4
Weight Very Light Oils Light Oils Medium Oils Heavy Oils
Density Highly volatile Moderately
volatile
Lightly volatile Non-volatile
Toxicity Highly toxic (soluble)
compounds
Moderately toxic
(soluble)
compounds
------------------ -----------------
Impact Localized, severe Longerm, severe Long-term, severe Long-term,
severe
Cleanup Not possible Very effective Most effective if
conducted quickly
Difficult under all conditions
Examples Jet Fuels, Gasoline,
Kerosene
Diesel, Light
Crudes, Gas Oil
Most Crude Oils,
Arabian Light
Crude Oils
Heavy Crude Oils, No. 6
Fuel Oil, Heavy Fuel Oil

9. MAJOR MARINE OIL SPILL
INCIDENTS
Spill / Vessel Location Dates
Torrey Canyon United Kingdom, Isles of Scilly March 18, 1967
Amoco Cadiz France, Brittany
United States, Prince William Sound, Alaska
March 16, 1978
March 24, 1989Exxon Valdez
MV Braer United Kingdom, Shetland
United Kingdom, Pembrokeshire
January 5, 1993
February 15, 1996
Sea Empress
Nestucca United States December 23, 1988
Gulf War oil spill Iraq, Persian Gulf January 23, 1991
Deepwater Horizon United States, Gulf of Mexico April 20, 2010 – July 15, 2010
Mumbai-Uran pipeline spill India, Mumbai, Arabian Sea January 21, 2011
Nigeria oil spill Nigeria, Bonga Field December 21, 2011
Sundre, Alberta oil spill Canada, Sundre June 8, 2012
(www.wikipedia.com)

10. THE EFFECTS OF OIL SPILLS

11. i. Plants most affected by oil spills grow
near the shore or in marshes.
ii. Mangrove trees growing along shores
or in marshes and coral reefs can
suffocate in heavy oil pollution.
iii. Any effect on these plants weakens
the entire food chain, and massive loss
of phytoplankton in large oil spills will
have a profound effect on
ON MARINE PLANTS
Fig:-The Effects of Oil Spills on Aquatic Plants
(www.eHow.com)

12. • These are the following strategies used for cleaning of marine
oil spills:-
A. Natural Recovery
B. Mechanical containment
C. Chemical and biological methods
D. Bioremediation
STRATEGIES FOR OIL SPILL
CLEANUP

13. A. NATURAL RECOVERY

14. • Mechanical containment or recovery is the primary line of defense
against oil spills. It includes containment and recovery equipment :-
• 1.Booms:- A boom specially designed
for pollution response is a floating,
physical barrier, placed on the water to
contain, divert, deflect, or exclude oil.
B. MECHANICAL CONTAINMENT

15. • 2.Barriers/Spill Berms:-
A physical
barrier is placed across an area to prevent oil
from passing.
• 3.Skimming:-
They are placed at
the oil/water interface to recover or
skim oil from the water’s surface.

16. • 4.Vacuum:-
A vacuum unit is attached via a flexible hose to
a suction head that recovers free oil.
• 5.Sediment Reworking/Tilling:-
The oiled sediments are
root-tilled, disked, or otherwise mixed using mechanical
equipment or manual tools.
Fig:-Vacuum

17. • Chemical and biological methods can be used in conjunction with
mechanical means for containing and cleaning up oil spills.
• 1.Dispersants:-
Dispersants reduce
the oil/water interfacial tension,
thereby decreasing the energy
needed for the slick to break into
small particles .
C. CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL
METHODS

18. • 2.Solidifiers:-
Chemical agents (polymers) are applied to
oil at rates of 10-45 percent or more, solidifying the oil in
minutes to hours.
(www.env.gov.bc.ca/eemp)

19. 1. Biostimulation:-
• Microbes:-
Certain enzymes produced by microbes attack hydrocarbons
molecules, causing degradation.
• Degradation of hydrocarbons can take place only if all other basic
requirements of the microbes are met.
i. Nutritional Requirements:
The nutritional requirements of carbon to nitrogen 10:1
and carbon to phosphorus 30:1.
D. BIOREMEDIATION

20. ii. Environmental Requirements for Microbial Growth
Microbial growth and
enzymatic activity are affected by stress from the following factors, Such
as:-
• Oxygen
• Water
• Variables: pressure, salinity, and pH.
• Concentration: The concentration of pollutants is an important
factor.

21. 2. Bioaugmentation:-
The genes which enable to feed on
hydrocarbons are found on four types of plasmids, referred to as XYL,
NAH, OCT, and CAM present in the Pseudomonas species.
Fig: - Construction of Superbug (www.bioline.com)

22. • 1. Doubled-hulled ship
• 2.Prevent oil from entering drains,
sewage systems, pipe and cable ducts,
ventilation ducts of rail tunnels etc.
• 3.Use dams made from soil, sand
bags or absorbents to protect inlets.
• 4.Seal drain gratings with plastic bags
filled with water and sand.
CONTROL OF OIL SPILL IN
OCEANS
Fig:-A Doubled Hulled Ship
(www.library.thinkquest.org)

23. OIL SPILLS ON LAND
A FEW CAUSES OF OIL SPILLS INLAND:-
Fig:-Illegal dumping Fig:-Road accidents
Fig:-Insufficient bounding Fig:-Pipeline leaks
(www.oilspillsolution.org)

24. • On Flora:-
• Crude oil affects germination and growth of some plants.
• Crude oil creates anaerobic condition in the soil, results of which are
toxic to plant growth.
• On Fauna:-
• Volatile components implicated in the aggravation of asthma, bronchitis
and accelerating aging of the lungs.
• Affect genetic integrity resulting in carcinogenesis, mutagenesis and
impairment of reproductive capacity.
EFFECTS OF OIL SPILLS ON LAND

25. • Inland spills can be very much more difficult to cleanup than marine
spills.
A. Bioremediation of Oil Spills on Lands:-
1. In situ:-
This technology embraces the use of aerobic micro organisms
to degrade the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PHC) and other
derivatives to carbon dioxide and water, or other less toxic intermediates
in the site of origin.
RECOVERY OF LAND OIL
POLLUTION

26. i. BIO-SPARGING
Fig:-Bio-sparging

27. 2. EX- SITU:-
I.COMPOSTING & LAND-FARMING
Fig:-Composting Fig:-Land-farming

28. II.SLURRY PHASE
Fig:-Slurry phase bioremediation

29. • This is an approach in which plants are used in
cleanup of contaminated environments.
• Plants resistant to crude oil toxicity such as black poplar and willows,
miscanthus grass (elephant grass)
• Dioscorea sp can metabolise petroleum hydrocarbons such as n-
hexadecane.
B. PHYTOREMEDIATION
(www.bioline.com)

30. • The soil binding grass must be planted and the large trees must
be placed along the banks.
• The mining ways must be improved along with their
transportation.
• The industrial wastes must be dumped in the low lying areas.
CONTROL OF LAND OIL POLLUTION

31. • Oil pollution is one of the major type of the pollution contaminating
water bodies and lands, that has many adverse effects on the flora and
fauna. So, there is need to have some knowledge about the chemical
processes involved in crude oil-ecosystem interactions, the public and
environmental health issues associated with oil spills. This will help to
control oil pollution and reduce problems caused.
CONCLUSION

32. • Book source:-
• Agarwal V.K. Verma P.S. (2008), Pollution, Enviornmental Biology (Principles
of Ecology), S.Chand & Company Ltd., 1st Edition, Page. No.-493-517
• Web source:-
• www.bioline.com
• www.env.gov.bc.ca/eemp
• www.eHow.com
• www.greenlivingtips.com
• www.imo.org
• www.itopf.cm
• www.library.thinkquest.org
• www.microbewiki.kenyon.edu
• www.oceana.org
• www.oils.gpa.unep.org
• www.oilspillsolution.org
• www.seawifs.gsfc.nasa.gov
• www.upendrats.blogspot.in
• www.water-pollution.org.uk/oilpollution.html
• www.wikipedia.com
REFERENCES