1. Marine pollution is defined as the introduction of substances or energy by humans that results in harm to living resources, hazards to human health, hindrance to marine activities, and reduced water quality and amenities.
2. Sources of marine pollution include land-based runoff containing agricultural, industrial and municipal wastes as well as sea-based activities like offshore oil drilling, dumping and ship pollution.
3. Major types of marine pollution are oil, eutrophication, metals, halogenated hydrocarbons, thermal, radioactive and litter which can have wide-ranging impacts on ecosystems, human health and economies through effects like toxicity, anoxia, bioaccumulation and damage to fisheries.
Marine pollution is the introduction by man, directly or indirectly, of substances or energy into the marine environment (including estuaries), resulting in such deleterious effects as: harm to living resources; hazards to human health; hindrance to marine activities including fishing; impairing the quality for use of sea water and reduction of amenities
This presentation is created and presented in order to term presentation of ENV719 Water Quality Management Class of Hacettepe University, Dept. of Environmental Engineering.
Presenter - Berk Duruturk
Ocean Acidification: Cause, Impact and mitigationIIT Kanpur
Ocean Acidification and the battle for Carbonate.
In this presentation the points covered are detailed briefing of ocean acidification, its causes, its impact on marine ecosystems and measures to mitigate this.
Marine pollution is the introduction by man, directly or indirectly, of substances or energy into the marine environment (including estuaries), resulting in such deleterious effects as: harm to living resources; hazards to human health; hindrance to marine activities including fishing; impairing the quality for use of sea water and reduction of amenities
This presentation is created and presented in order to term presentation of ENV719 Water Quality Management Class of Hacettepe University, Dept. of Environmental Engineering.
Presenter - Berk Duruturk
Ocean Acidification: Cause, Impact and mitigationIIT Kanpur
Ocean Acidification and the battle for Carbonate.
In this presentation the points covered are detailed briefing of ocean acidification, its causes, its impact on marine ecosystems and measures to mitigate this.
Marine pollution, its impact on marine life and remedial measures against wat...MD. JAKIR HOSEN
Ocean is a source of valuable resources. It impacts a lot on the whole environment of the earth. So a perfect use is very necessary for the ocean. This slide is very effective about marine pollution and its remedial measures.
The Presentation briefly consists about what is water pollution,It's Sources, It's effects, Precautions, etc...
There is also a video about the some examples of the effects of Water Pollution on Humans,Animals and birds.
Disaster is also sometimes described as a “catastrophic situation in which the normal pattern of life or eco-system has been disrupted and extraordinary emergency interventions are required to save and preserve lives and or the environment”.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
1. Dr. P. SURESHKUMAR,
M. Sc., M. Phil., Ph.D., M.B.A.,
Assistant Professor in Environmental Sciences
Faculty of Marine Sciences
Annamalai University
Parangipettai-608 502
Mob. 8903041579
sure2004@gmail.com
By
MARINE POLLUTION
2. Marine pollution
"Introduction of man, directly or indirectly, of substances or
energy into the marine environment (including estuaries)
resulting in such deleterious effects as harm to living resources,
hazard to human health, hindrance to marine activities including
fishing, impairment of quality for use of sea-water, and reduction
of amenities.” – GESAMP
Definition
3. Impacts on living resources
Hazards to human health
Hindrance to marine activities
Impairment of quality of seawater
Reduction of amenities
Loss of aesthetic beauty
Impacts on the sensitive habitats
General impacts
Marine pollution
Contd..
4. Sources of pollution
Land-based sources
Agricultural run-off
Municipal and industrial wastes
Sea-based sources
Oceanic dumping
Offshore oil spills
5. Point and Non-Point Sources
Point source – refers to a single identifiable source of pollutants eg.
effluent outfall
Non-point source – refers to diffuse source of pollutants eg. Acid rain,
dust storms
NONPOINT SOURCES
POINT
SOURCES
Urban streets
Suburban
development
Wastewater
treatment
plant
Rural homes
Cropland
Factory
Animal feedlot
Contd..
6. Discrete vs. Chronic Pollution
Discrete (short term) – eg. an oil spill, the effects of which
diminish with time
Chronic (long term) – eg. nutrient input, effluent discharge
Types of pollution
8. Oil pollution
Oil pollution is mostly used to
describe marine oil spills, where oil
is released into the ocean or coastal
waters.
Oil spills are due to the following:
crude oil from tankers
offshore platforms
drilling rigs and wells
spills of refined petroleum
products (such as gasoline, diesel)
spill of any oily refuse or waste
oil
12. When oil is spilled on sea it spreads
over the surface to form a thin film
– called oil slick
Light oil spreads faster than heavy
wax oil
Low molecular weight fractions
evaporate
Water soluble components dissolve
Non-water soluble components
emulsify and forms a viscous mass
– “chocolate mousse”
Heavy residues form tar balls
Oil pollution
Fate
Contd..
14. Effects – Impairment of marine life
Plankton, esp. neuston at highest
risk – exposed to water soluble
components leaching from oil
Fixed vegetation –Sea grass beds–
killed or flowering inhibited
In Mangroves – lenticels clogged
with oil oxygen level in sediments
drops – death
Sea birds –buoyancy and thermal
insulation lost
Oil pollution
Impacts
Contd..
15. Oil Spills
1. Oil spills have huge and immediate economic, social, and environmental impacts.
2. Local people lose their livelihoods as fisheries and tourism areas are temporarily
closed; the clean up costs are enormous; and tens of thousands of marine animals
and plants are killed or harmed.
3. And the damage goes on. The chemicals used to break up the oil can be toxic, and
it's impossible to remove all the spilled oil. Even after an area has been cleaned up,
it can take a decade or more to fully recover.
4. There's also the problem of the oil that goes down with the ship, which can
contaminate the seabed and marine organisms.
5. This oil can also resurface. In 2001, a cyclone off the island of Yap in Micronesia
disturbed the oil tanker USS Mississinewa, which was sunk during World War II. For
two months, thousands of liters of oil and gasoline leaked out of the rusted ship
wreck onto the beaches of the atoll, stopping the 700 islanders from fishing. There
are hundreds of other shipwrecked tankers around the world.
Back to Polluted by toxins
17. Eutrophication
“The enrichment of water by nutrients,
especially nitrogen and/or phosphorus,
causing an accelerated growth of algae
and higher forms of plant life to produce
an undesirable disturbance to the balance
of organisms present in the water and to
the quality of water concerned”
- OSPAR (Oslo/Paris convention for the Protection of the
Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic)
18. Eutrophication
Wastewater effluent (municipal and
industrial)
Runoff and leachate from waste
disposal systems
Runoff from agriculture/irrigation
Runoff from pasture and range
Runoff from mines, oil fields,
unsewered industrial sites
Overflows of combined storm and
sanitary sewers
Untreated sewage
Sources
Contd..
19. Over-productivity
Reduction in phytoplankton
species diversity
Growth of harmful algal
blooms
Reduction in dissolved oxygen
content
Anoxia and mass mortalities of
marine organisms
Contd..
Impacts
Eutrophication
20. Conservative pollutants - Metals
A heavy metal is a member of a loosely-defined subset of
elements that exhibit metallic properties.
It mainly includes the transition metals, some metalloids,
lanthanides, and actinides.
There is an alternative term for heavy metal and is called as
toxic metal
The major sources of metals are:
Natural sources
Manmade sources
22. Industrial discharge
Sewage
Re-suspension of sediments by dredging and trenching
Conservative pollutants - Metals
Contd..
Manmade Sources
23. Metal Natural sources
(in thousand
tonnes/year)
Anthropogenic
sources
(in thousand
tonnes/year)
Arsenic 12 18
Cadmium 1.3 7.6
Copper 28 35
Lead 12 332
Nickel 30 56
Zinc 45 132
World-wide emissions (Clark, 2001)
Conservative pollutants - Metals
Contd..
24. Arsenic (As)
Phytoplankton most sensitive & accumulate from water
column
Higher trophic levels accumulate via food.
Cadmium (Cd)
Divalent cadmium is more toxic
Tends to bioaccumulate
Lead (Pb)
Forms strong complex with clay and suspended material
Bioaccumulates in most marine organisms – no
significant problems.
Conservative pollutants - Metals
Contd..
Impacts
25. An example of Mercury pollution in Minamata Bay, Japan (1953-1960)
Source
Pollution from plastic plant- dumped
mercuric chloride into the bay
Impact
Shellfishes contaminated with
mercury
People who consumed shellfish
severely affected
43 dead and 700 permanently
disabled
Bay is still unusable for fishing and
shell fishing
Conservative pollutants - Metals
Contd..
26. Bioaccumulation
Increase in concentration of a substance(s) in an organism or a
part of that organism
The affected organism has a higher concentration of the
substance than the concentration in the organism’s
surrounding environment
Not excreted or metabolised and failure of the target organ
27. An example of bioaccumulation in Arabic Gulf
Bioaccumulation
28. Also called bioamplification
Increase in concentration of a substance in a food chain,
not an organism
Biomagnification
29. Hydrocarbons containing chlorine, fluorine, bromine or
iodine
Differs from petroleum hydrocarbons – not degraded by
chemical oxidation or by bacteria
Low molecular weight compounds
– eg., Dichloroethane, Freons etc.
High molecular weight compounds
– eg., DDT, Drins, PCBs
Conservative pollutants –
Halogenated hydrocarbons
30. Aerial transport
Aerial spraying of pesticides as aerosols – travel great
distances
Freshwater inputs
Rain washing of pesticides carried into sea by rivers
Silt from flood
Direct inputs
By industrial outfalls – especially by Pesticide manufacturing
companies.
Sources
Contd..
Conservative pollutants –
Halogenated hydrocarbons
31. Low solubility in water persist for long durations
Fat-soluble , so incorporated into the tissue of marine
organisms and sediments
Lethal to the animal
Possibility of transmission through food webs – established in
a number of animals
Impacts
Contd..
Conservative pollutants –
Halogenated hydrocarbons
32. Thermal pollution
Thermal pollution is the degradation of water quality by any
process that changes ambient water temperature.
Outfall from Qurrayah power plant, Saudi Arabia
34. Thermal shock
Decrease in dissolved oxygen
Increase in photosynthesis
Increase in metabolic rate of fish
Increase in oxygen consumption
Thermal pollution
Impacts
Contd..
35. Radioactive pollution
Radioactive wastes are usually by-products of nuclear
power generation and other applications of research and
medicine.
Radioactive waste is hazardous to human health
Pollution due to radioactive wastes – Radioactive
pollution
36. Weapons testing – Testing of
nuclear weapons – when
exploded underwater release
fission products and isotopes
Liquid wastes – Discharge from
the cooling water of nuclear
reactors
Solid wastes – Dumping of
radioactive wastes in Sea (now
no longer practiced).
Radioactive pollution
Sources
Contd..
37. Highly lethal - Even low doses causes fatal damage
Possibility of bioaccumulation – especially in algae and
bivalves
eg. Porphyra near a nuclear power plant location
had 10 times more caesium-137 than in the
surrounding waters
Radioactive pollution
Impacts
Contd..
38. Litter and Plastics pollution
Marine litter, is human created
waste that has deliberately or
accidentally become afloat in a
the sea or ocean.
It tends to accumulate at the
centre of gyres and on
coastlines, frequently washing
aground, when it is known as
beach litter or tidewrack.
39. Litter and Plastics pollution
Sources
Up to 80% of the pollution is land-based.
A wide variety of anthropogenic artifacts can
become marine debris
Plastic Bags, Balloons, Buoys etc.
Contd..
40. Litter and Plastics pollution
Impacts
Many animals that live on or in the sea consume flotsam by
mistake, as it often looks similar to their natural prey
Blocks the passage of food and causing death through
starvation or infection.
Tiny floating particles also resemble zooplankton, which
can lead filter feeders to consume them and cause them to
enter the ocean food chain.
In samples taken from the North Pacific Gyre in 1999 by
the Algalita Marine Research Foundation, the mass of
plastic exceeded that of zooplankton by a factor of six.
Contd..
42. Plastics
• Nurdles – small pre-
production plastic
pellets
• Found in ocean and
all beaches due to
spillage
– Orange County, CA –
98% of beach debris
are nurdles
43. Quick Facts about the Ocean
Our Planet is made up of
70% water.
There Is
326,000,000,000,000,000,
000 gallons (326 million
trillion gallons of water
on the earth
96% of water on the earth
is ocean water
Fourteen billion pounds
of garbage, mostly plastic,
is dumped into the ocean
every year
44. Biological Pollution: Non-Native
Species
• Originate elsewhere, introduced by humans
intentionally or accidentally
• Outcompete and dominate native populations
• Invasive species cause extensive damage annually
45. Biological Pollution – Non-Native Species
• Caulerpa taxifolia –
tropical sea weed
– Cold-tolerant clone
introduced to
Mediterranean,
overwhelmed ecosystem
– Also in Southern
California, Australia
46. Biological Pollution – Non-Native Species
• Zebra mussel
– Invaded Great Lakes of North America
– Drove out local mussels
– Altered ecology of freshwater lakes, streams
– Blocked water pipes of industrial facilities
47. Solution to pollution
Reduce input of toxic pollutants
Treat sewage primary, secondary and tertiary treatment
Ban dumping of wastes and raw sewage in the sea
Ban ocean dumping of sludge and hazardous dredged material
Protect sensitive areas from development, oil drilling, and oil
shipping
Regulate coastal development
A common cause of thermal pollution is the use of water as a coolant by power plants and industrial manufacturers.
When water used as a coolant is returned to the natural environment at a higher temperature, the change in temperature decreases oxygen supply, and affects ecosystem composition.