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Dr. P. SURESHKUMAR,
M. Sc., M. Phil., Ph.D., M.B.A.,
Assistant Professor in Environmental Sciences
Faculty of Marine Sciences
Annamalai University
Parangipettai-608 502
Mob. 8903041579
sure2004@gmail.com
By
MARINE POLLUTION
Marine pollution
"Introduction of man, directly or indirectly, of substances or
energy into the marine environment (including estuaries)
resulting in such deleterious effects as harm to living resources,
hazard to human health, hindrance to marine activities including
fishing, impairment of quality for use of sea-water, and reduction
of amenities.” – GESAMP
Definition
 Impacts on living resources
 Hazards to human health
 Hindrance to marine activities
 Impairment of quality of seawater
 Reduction of amenities
 Loss of aesthetic beauty
 Impacts on the sensitive habitats
General impacts
Marine pollution
Contd..
Sources of pollution
Land-based sources
 Agricultural run-off
 Municipal and industrial wastes
Sea-based sources
 Oceanic dumping
 Offshore oil spills
Point and Non-Point Sources
Point source – refers to a single identifiable source of pollutants eg.
effluent outfall
Non-point source – refers to diffuse source of pollutants eg. Acid rain,
dust storms
NONPOINT SOURCES
POINT
SOURCES
Urban streets
Suburban
development
Wastewater
treatment
plant
Rural homes
Cropland
Factory
Animal feedlot
Contd..
Discrete vs. Chronic Pollution
 Discrete (short term) – eg. an oil spill, the effects of which
diminish with time
 Chronic (long term) – eg. nutrient input, effluent discharge
Types of pollution
Types of pollution
Pollution
Oil
(Petroleum
hydrocarbons)
Eutrophication
Conservative
Metals
Halogenated
hydrocarbons
Thermal
Radioactive
Litter &
Plastic debris
Contd..
Oil pollution
Oil pollution is mostly used to
describe marine oil spills, where oil
is released into the ocean or coastal
waters.
Oil spills are due to the following:
 crude oil from tankers
 offshore platforms
 drilling rigs and wells
 spills of refined petroleum
products (such as gasoline, diesel)
 spill of any oily refuse or waste
oil
Oil pollution
Sources
Contd..
Source: UNEP
Exxon Valdez Oil Spill
– March 29, 1989
• Almost 44
million liters
(11.6 million
gallons) of oil
spilled into
Prince William
Sound, AK
World’s Largest Oil Spills
 When oil is spilled on sea it spreads
over the surface to form a thin film
– called oil slick
 Light oil spreads faster than heavy
wax oil
 Low molecular weight fractions
evaporate
 Water soluble components dissolve
 Non-water soluble components
emulsify and forms a viscous mass
– “chocolate mousse”
 Heavy residues form tar balls
Oil pollution
Fate
Contd..
Chocolate mousse
Tar balls
Oil pollution
Fate
Contd..
 Effects – Impairment of marine life
 Plankton, esp. neuston at highest
risk – exposed to water soluble
components leaching from oil
 Fixed vegetation –Sea grass beds–
killed or flowering inhibited
 In Mangroves – lenticels clogged
with oil oxygen level in sediments
drops – death
 Sea birds –buoyancy and thermal
insulation lost
Oil pollution
Impacts
Contd..
Oil Spills
 1. Oil spills have huge and immediate economic, social, and environmental impacts.
2. Local people lose their livelihoods as fisheries and tourism areas are temporarily
closed; the clean up costs are enormous; and tens of thousands of marine animals
and plants are killed or harmed.
3. And the damage goes on. The chemicals used to break up the oil can be toxic, and
it's impossible to remove all the spilled oil. Even after an area has been cleaned up,
it can take a decade or more to fully recover.
4. There's also the problem of the oil that goes down with the ship, which can
contaminate the seabed and marine organisms.
5. This oil can also resurface. In 2001, a cyclone off the island of Yap in Micronesia
disturbed the oil tanker USS Mississinewa, which was sunk during World War II. For
two months, thousands of liters of oil and gasoline leaked out of the rusted ship
wreck onto the beaches of the atoll, stopping the 700 islanders from fishing. There
are hundreds of other shipwrecked tankers around the world.
Back to Polluted by toxins
Impacts of Exxon …..
Eutrophication
“The enrichment of water by nutrients,
especially nitrogen and/or phosphorus,
causing an accelerated growth of algae
and higher forms of plant life to produce
an undesirable disturbance to the balance
of organisms present in the water and to
the quality of water concerned”
- OSPAR (Oslo/Paris convention for the Protection of the
Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic)
Eutrophication
 Wastewater effluent (municipal and
industrial)
 Runoff and leachate from waste
disposal systems
 Runoff from agriculture/irrigation
Runoff from pasture and range
 Runoff from mines, oil fields,
unsewered industrial sites
 Overflows of combined storm and
sanitary sewers
 Untreated sewage
Sources
Contd..
 Over-productivity
 Reduction in phytoplankton
species diversity
 Growth of harmful algal
blooms
 Reduction in dissolved oxygen
content
 Anoxia and mass mortalities of
marine organisms
Contd..
Impacts
Eutrophication
Conservative pollutants - Metals
 A heavy metal is a member of a loosely-defined subset of
elements that exhibit metallic properties.
 It mainly includes the transition metals, some metalloids,
lanthanides, and actinides.
 There is an alternative term for heavy metal and is called as
toxic metal
 The major sources of metals are:
 Natural sources
 Manmade sources
 Erosion of ore-bearing rocks
 Atmospheric inputs - wind blown
dust
 Volcanic activity
 Forest fires
 Riverine inputs into oceans
Conservative pollutants - Metals
Contd..
Natural Sources
 Industrial discharge
 Sewage
 Re-suspension of sediments by dredging and trenching
Conservative pollutants - Metals
Contd..
Manmade Sources
Metal Natural sources
(in thousand
tonnes/year)
Anthropogenic
sources
(in thousand
tonnes/year)
Arsenic 12 18
Cadmium 1.3 7.6
Copper 28 35
Lead 12 332
Nickel 30 56
Zinc 45 132
World-wide emissions (Clark, 2001)
Conservative pollutants - Metals
Contd..
Arsenic (As)
 Phytoplankton most sensitive & accumulate from water
column
 Higher trophic levels accumulate via food.
Cadmium (Cd)
 Divalent cadmium is more toxic
 Tends to bioaccumulate
Lead (Pb)
 Forms strong complex with clay and suspended material
 Bioaccumulates in most marine organisms – no
significant problems.
Conservative pollutants - Metals
Contd..
Impacts
An example of Mercury pollution in Minamata Bay, Japan (1953-1960)
Source
Pollution from plastic plant- dumped
mercuric chloride into the bay
Impact
 Shellfishes contaminated with
mercury
 People who consumed shellfish
severely affected
 43 dead and 700 permanently
disabled
 Bay is still unusable for fishing and
shell fishing
Conservative pollutants - Metals
Contd..
Bioaccumulation
 Increase in concentration of a substance(s) in an organism or a
part of that organism
 The affected organism has a higher concentration of the
substance than the concentration in the organism’s
surrounding environment
 Not excreted or metabolised and failure of the target organ
An example of bioaccumulation in Arabic Gulf
Bioaccumulation
 Also called bioamplification
 Increase in concentration of a substance in a food chain,
not an organism
Biomagnification
 Hydrocarbons containing chlorine, fluorine, bromine or
iodine
 Differs from petroleum hydrocarbons – not degraded by
chemical oxidation or by bacteria
 Low molecular weight compounds
– eg., Dichloroethane, Freons etc.
 High molecular weight compounds
– eg., DDT, Drins, PCBs
Conservative pollutants –
Halogenated hydrocarbons
Aerial transport
 Aerial spraying of pesticides as aerosols – travel great
distances
Freshwater inputs
 Rain washing of pesticides carried into sea by rivers
 Silt from flood
Direct inputs
 By industrial outfalls – especially by Pesticide manufacturing
companies.
Sources
Contd..
Conservative pollutants –
Halogenated hydrocarbons
 Low solubility in water persist for long durations
 Fat-soluble , so incorporated into the tissue of marine
organisms and sediments
 Lethal to the animal
 Possibility of transmission through food webs – established in
a number of animals
Impacts
Contd..
Conservative pollutants –
Halogenated hydrocarbons
Thermal pollution
 Thermal pollution is the degradation of water quality by any
process that changes ambient water temperature.
Outfall from Qurrayah power plant, Saudi Arabia
Thermal pollution
Sources
 Industrial wastewater
 Power plant discharges
 Desalination plant discharges
 Urban runoff
Contd..
 Thermal shock
 Decrease in dissolved oxygen
 Increase in photosynthesis
 Increase in metabolic rate of fish
 Increase in oxygen consumption
Thermal pollution
Impacts
Contd..
Radioactive pollution
 Radioactive wastes are usually by-products of nuclear
power generation and other applications of research and
medicine.
 Radioactive waste is hazardous to human health
 Pollution due to radioactive wastes – Radioactive
pollution
 Weapons testing – Testing of
nuclear weapons – when
exploded underwater release
fission products and isotopes
 Liquid wastes – Discharge from
the cooling water of nuclear
reactors
 Solid wastes – Dumping of
radioactive wastes in Sea (now
no longer practiced).
Radioactive pollution
Sources
Contd..
 Highly lethal - Even low doses causes fatal damage
 Possibility of bioaccumulation – especially in algae and
bivalves
eg. Porphyra near a nuclear power plant location
had 10 times more caesium-137 than in the
surrounding waters
Radioactive pollution
Impacts
Contd..
Litter and Plastics pollution
 Marine litter, is human created
waste that has deliberately or
accidentally become afloat in a
the sea or ocean.
 It tends to accumulate at the
centre of gyres and on
coastlines, frequently washing
aground, when it is known as
beach litter or tidewrack.
Litter and Plastics pollution
Sources
 Up to 80% of the pollution is land-based.
 A wide variety of anthropogenic artifacts can
become marine debris
 Plastic Bags, Balloons, Buoys etc.
Contd..
Litter and Plastics pollution
Impacts
 Many animals that live on or in the sea consume flotsam by
mistake, as it often looks similar to their natural prey
 Blocks the passage of food and causing death through
starvation or infection.
 Tiny floating particles also resemble zooplankton, which
can lead filter feeders to consume them and cause them to
enter the ocean food chain.
 In samples taken from the North Pacific Gyre in 1999 by
the Algalita Marine Research Foundation, the mass of
plastic exceeded that of zooplankton by a factor of six.
Contd..
Litter and Plastics pollution
Plastics
• Nurdles – small pre-
production plastic
pellets
• Found in ocean and
all beaches due to
spillage
– Orange County, CA –
98% of beach debris
are nurdles
Quick Facts about the Ocean
 Our Planet is made up of
70% water.
 There Is
326,000,000,000,000,000,
000 gallons (326 million
trillion gallons of water
on the earth
 96% of water on the earth
is ocean water
 Fourteen billion pounds
of garbage, mostly plastic,
is dumped into the ocean
every year
Biological Pollution: Non-Native
Species
• Originate elsewhere, introduced by humans
intentionally or accidentally
• Outcompete and dominate native populations
• Invasive species cause extensive damage annually
Biological Pollution – Non-Native Species
• Caulerpa taxifolia –
tropical sea weed
– Cold-tolerant clone
introduced to
Mediterranean,
overwhelmed ecosystem
– Also in Southern
California, Australia
Biological Pollution – Non-Native Species
• Zebra mussel
– Invaded Great Lakes of North America
– Drove out local mussels
– Altered ecology of freshwater lakes, streams
– Blocked water pipes of industrial facilities
Solution to pollution
 Reduce input of toxic pollutants
 Treat sewage primary, secondary and tertiary treatment
 Ban dumping of wastes and raw sewage in the sea
 Ban ocean dumping of sludge and hazardous dredged material
 Protect sensitive areas from development, oil drilling, and oil
shipping
 Regulate coastal development
• Be Responsible for Your Environment………

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Marine pollution

  • 1. Dr. P. SURESHKUMAR, M. Sc., M. Phil., Ph.D., M.B.A., Assistant Professor in Environmental Sciences Faculty of Marine Sciences Annamalai University Parangipettai-608 502 Mob. 8903041579 sure2004@gmail.com By MARINE POLLUTION
  • 2. Marine pollution "Introduction of man, directly or indirectly, of substances or energy into the marine environment (including estuaries) resulting in such deleterious effects as harm to living resources, hazard to human health, hindrance to marine activities including fishing, impairment of quality for use of sea-water, and reduction of amenities.” – GESAMP Definition
  • 3.  Impacts on living resources  Hazards to human health  Hindrance to marine activities  Impairment of quality of seawater  Reduction of amenities  Loss of aesthetic beauty  Impacts on the sensitive habitats General impacts Marine pollution Contd..
  • 4. Sources of pollution Land-based sources  Agricultural run-off  Municipal and industrial wastes Sea-based sources  Oceanic dumping  Offshore oil spills
  • 5. Point and Non-Point Sources Point source – refers to a single identifiable source of pollutants eg. effluent outfall Non-point source – refers to diffuse source of pollutants eg. Acid rain, dust storms NONPOINT SOURCES POINT SOURCES Urban streets Suburban development Wastewater treatment plant Rural homes Cropland Factory Animal feedlot Contd..
  • 6. Discrete vs. Chronic Pollution  Discrete (short term) – eg. an oil spill, the effects of which diminish with time  Chronic (long term) – eg. nutrient input, effluent discharge Types of pollution
  • 8. Oil pollution Oil pollution is mostly used to describe marine oil spills, where oil is released into the ocean or coastal waters. Oil spills are due to the following:  crude oil from tankers  offshore platforms  drilling rigs and wells  spills of refined petroleum products (such as gasoline, diesel)  spill of any oily refuse or waste oil
  • 10. Exxon Valdez Oil Spill – March 29, 1989 • Almost 44 million liters (11.6 million gallons) of oil spilled into Prince William Sound, AK
  • 12.  When oil is spilled on sea it spreads over the surface to form a thin film – called oil slick  Light oil spreads faster than heavy wax oil  Low molecular weight fractions evaporate  Water soluble components dissolve  Non-water soluble components emulsify and forms a viscous mass – “chocolate mousse”  Heavy residues form tar balls Oil pollution Fate Contd..
  • 13. Chocolate mousse Tar balls Oil pollution Fate Contd..
  • 14.  Effects – Impairment of marine life  Plankton, esp. neuston at highest risk – exposed to water soluble components leaching from oil  Fixed vegetation –Sea grass beds– killed or flowering inhibited  In Mangroves – lenticels clogged with oil oxygen level in sediments drops – death  Sea birds –buoyancy and thermal insulation lost Oil pollution Impacts Contd..
  • 15. Oil Spills  1. Oil spills have huge and immediate economic, social, and environmental impacts. 2. Local people lose their livelihoods as fisheries and tourism areas are temporarily closed; the clean up costs are enormous; and tens of thousands of marine animals and plants are killed or harmed. 3. And the damage goes on. The chemicals used to break up the oil can be toxic, and it's impossible to remove all the spilled oil. Even after an area has been cleaned up, it can take a decade or more to fully recover. 4. There's also the problem of the oil that goes down with the ship, which can contaminate the seabed and marine organisms. 5. This oil can also resurface. In 2001, a cyclone off the island of Yap in Micronesia disturbed the oil tanker USS Mississinewa, which was sunk during World War II. For two months, thousands of liters of oil and gasoline leaked out of the rusted ship wreck onto the beaches of the atoll, stopping the 700 islanders from fishing. There are hundreds of other shipwrecked tankers around the world. Back to Polluted by toxins
  • 17. Eutrophication “The enrichment of water by nutrients, especially nitrogen and/or phosphorus, causing an accelerated growth of algae and higher forms of plant life to produce an undesirable disturbance to the balance of organisms present in the water and to the quality of water concerned” - OSPAR (Oslo/Paris convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic)
  • 18. Eutrophication  Wastewater effluent (municipal and industrial)  Runoff and leachate from waste disposal systems  Runoff from agriculture/irrigation Runoff from pasture and range  Runoff from mines, oil fields, unsewered industrial sites  Overflows of combined storm and sanitary sewers  Untreated sewage Sources Contd..
  • 19.  Over-productivity  Reduction in phytoplankton species diversity  Growth of harmful algal blooms  Reduction in dissolved oxygen content  Anoxia and mass mortalities of marine organisms Contd.. Impacts Eutrophication
  • 20. Conservative pollutants - Metals  A heavy metal is a member of a loosely-defined subset of elements that exhibit metallic properties.  It mainly includes the transition metals, some metalloids, lanthanides, and actinides.  There is an alternative term for heavy metal and is called as toxic metal  The major sources of metals are:  Natural sources  Manmade sources
  • 21.  Erosion of ore-bearing rocks  Atmospheric inputs - wind blown dust  Volcanic activity  Forest fires  Riverine inputs into oceans Conservative pollutants - Metals Contd.. Natural Sources
  • 22.  Industrial discharge  Sewage  Re-suspension of sediments by dredging and trenching Conservative pollutants - Metals Contd.. Manmade Sources
  • 23. Metal Natural sources (in thousand tonnes/year) Anthropogenic sources (in thousand tonnes/year) Arsenic 12 18 Cadmium 1.3 7.6 Copper 28 35 Lead 12 332 Nickel 30 56 Zinc 45 132 World-wide emissions (Clark, 2001) Conservative pollutants - Metals Contd..
  • 24. Arsenic (As)  Phytoplankton most sensitive & accumulate from water column  Higher trophic levels accumulate via food. Cadmium (Cd)  Divalent cadmium is more toxic  Tends to bioaccumulate Lead (Pb)  Forms strong complex with clay and suspended material  Bioaccumulates in most marine organisms – no significant problems. Conservative pollutants - Metals Contd.. Impacts
  • 25. An example of Mercury pollution in Minamata Bay, Japan (1953-1960) Source Pollution from plastic plant- dumped mercuric chloride into the bay Impact  Shellfishes contaminated with mercury  People who consumed shellfish severely affected  43 dead and 700 permanently disabled  Bay is still unusable for fishing and shell fishing Conservative pollutants - Metals Contd..
  • 26. Bioaccumulation  Increase in concentration of a substance(s) in an organism or a part of that organism  The affected organism has a higher concentration of the substance than the concentration in the organism’s surrounding environment  Not excreted or metabolised and failure of the target organ
  • 27. An example of bioaccumulation in Arabic Gulf Bioaccumulation
  • 28.  Also called bioamplification  Increase in concentration of a substance in a food chain, not an organism Biomagnification
  • 29.  Hydrocarbons containing chlorine, fluorine, bromine or iodine  Differs from petroleum hydrocarbons – not degraded by chemical oxidation or by bacteria  Low molecular weight compounds – eg., Dichloroethane, Freons etc.  High molecular weight compounds – eg., DDT, Drins, PCBs Conservative pollutants – Halogenated hydrocarbons
  • 30. Aerial transport  Aerial spraying of pesticides as aerosols – travel great distances Freshwater inputs  Rain washing of pesticides carried into sea by rivers  Silt from flood Direct inputs  By industrial outfalls – especially by Pesticide manufacturing companies. Sources Contd.. Conservative pollutants – Halogenated hydrocarbons
  • 31.  Low solubility in water persist for long durations  Fat-soluble , so incorporated into the tissue of marine organisms and sediments  Lethal to the animal  Possibility of transmission through food webs – established in a number of animals Impacts Contd.. Conservative pollutants – Halogenated hydrocarbons
  • 32. Thermal pollution  Thermal pollution is the degradation of water quality by any process that changes ambient water temperature. Outfall from Qurrayah power plant, Saudi Arabia
  • 33. Thermal pollution Sources  Industrial wastewater  Power plant discharges  Desalination plant discharges  Urban runoff Contd..
  • 34.  Thermal shock  Decrease in dissolved oxygen  Increase in photosynthesis  Increase in metabolic rate of fish  Increase in oxygen consumption Thermal pollution Impacts Contd..
  • 35. Radioactive pollution  Radioactive wastes are usually by-products of nuclear power generation and other applications of research and medicine.  Radioactive waste is hazardous to human health  Pollution due to radioactive wastes – Radioactive pollution
  • 36.  Weapons testing – Testing of nuclear weapons – when exploded underwater release fission products and isotopes  Liquid wastes – Discharge from the cooling water of nuclear reactors  Solid wastes – Dumping of radioactive wastes in Sea (now no longer practiced). Radioactive pollution Sources Contd..
  • 37.  Highly lethal - Even low doses causes fatal damage  Possibility of bioaccumulation – especially in algae and bivalves eg. Porphyra near a nuclear power plant location had 10 times more caesium-137 than in the surrounding waters Radioactive pollution Impacts Contd..
  • 38. Litter and Plastics pollution  Marine litter, is human created waste that has deliberately or accidentally become afloat in a the sea or ocean.  It tends to accumulate at the centre of gyres and on coastlines, frequently washing aground, when it is known as beach litter or tidewrack.
  • 39. Litter and Plastics pollution Sources  Up to 80% of the pollution is land-based.  A wide variety of anthropogenic artifacts can become marine debris  Plastic Bags, Balloons, Buoys etc. Contd..
  • 40. Litter and Plastics pollution Impacts  Many animals that live on or in the sea consume flotsam by mistake, as it often looks similar to their natural prey  Blocks the passage of food and causing death through starvation or infection.  Tiny floating particles also resemble zooplankton, which can lead filter feeders to consume them and cause them to enter the ocean food chain.  In samples taken from the North Pacific Gyre in 1999 by the Algalita Marine Research Foundation, the mass of plastic exceeded that of zooplankton by a factor of six. Contd..
  • 41. Litter and Plastics pollution
  • 42. Plastics • Nurdles – small pre- production plastic pellets • Found in ocean and all beaches due to spillage – Orange County, CA – 98% of beach debris are nurdles
  • 43. Quick Facts about the Ocean  Our Planet is made up of 70% water.  There Is 326,000,000,000,000,000, 000 gallons (326 million trillion gallons of water on the earth  96% of water on the earth is ocean water  Fourteen billion pounds of garbage, mostly plastic, is dumped into the ocean every year
  • 44. Biological Pollution: Non-Native Species • Originate elsewhere, introduced by humans intentionally or accidentally • Outcompete and dominate native populations • Invasive species cause extensive damage annually
  • 45. Biological Pollution – Non-Native Species • Caulerpa taxifolia – tropical sea weed – Cold-tolerant clone introduced to Mediterranean, overwhelmed ecosystem – Also in Southern California, Australia
  • 46. Biological Pollution – Non-Native Species • Zebra mussel – Invaded Great Lakes of North America – Drove out local mussels – Altered ecology of freshwater lakes, streams – Blocked water pipes of industrial facilities
  • 47. Solution to pollution  Reduce input of toxic pollutants  Treat sewage primary, secondary and tertiary treatment  Ban dumping of wastes and raw sewage in the sea  Ban ocean dumping of sludge and hazardous dredged material  Protect sensitive areas from development, oil drilling, and oil shipping  Regulate coastal development
  • 48. • Be Responsible for Your Environment………

Editor's Notes

  1. A common cause of thermal pollution is the use of water as a coolant by power plants and industrial manufacturers. When water used as a coolant is returned to the natural environment at a higher temperature, the change in temperature decreases oxygen supply, and affects ecosystem composition.