This document discusses oil pollution from spills and its various effects. It begins by introducing the topic of oil spills and provides an example of the 2010 Deepwater Horizon spill in the Gulf of Mexico. It then discusses sources of oil spills like tankers, barges, and pipelines. The effects of oil spills are outlined, including harm to marine ecosystems, birds, humans, and land. Specific impacts like reduced sunlight penetration in water, hypothermia in oiled animals, and toxicity in fish and humans are described. The document concludes by covering treatment methods for oil spills including physical containment and cleaning, chemical dispersants, and using bacteria like Pseudomonas in bioremediation.

1. Oil pollution
BY
MANIMARAN.G
I ST MSC BIOTECHNOLOGY

2. INTRODUCTION
 An oil spill is the release of liquid petroleum hydrocarbons
into the environment, especially the marine ecosystem, due to
human activity, and is a form of pollution
 Louisiana On April 20, 2010, an explosion at the BP Deep
water Horizon oil rig released over 130 million gallons of
crude oil into the Gulf of Mexico. It was the biggest oil spill
ever in U.S. waters
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3. sources
 Accidents involving
 Tankers
 Barges
 Pipelines
 Refineries,
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4. Effects
 On marine ecosystem
 On birds
 On man
 On land
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5. Effects on marine ecosystem
 Oil on ocean surfaces is harmful to many forms of aquatic life
because it prevents sufficient amounts of sunlight from
penetrating the surface, and it also reduces the level of
dissolved oxygen.
 Crude oil ruins the insulating and waterproofing properties of
feathers and fur, and thus oil-coated birds and marine mammals
may die from hypothermia.
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6.  When exposed to oil, adult fish may experience reduced
growth, enlarged livers, changes in heart and respiration rates,
fin erosion and reproduction impairment. Fish eggs and larvae
can be especially sensitive to lethal and sub lethal impacts.
Even when lethal impacts are not observed, oil can make fish
and shellfish unsafe for humans to eat.
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7. Effects in man
 Humans exposed to oil and gas from spills. These effects can
be grouped into respiratory damage, liver damage,
decreased immunity, increased cancer risk, reproductive
damage and higher levels of some toxics (hydrocarbons and
heavy metals).
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8. Effects in bird
 Oil can sink their natural buoyancy and literally drag them
into a watery grave. And the birds that try to clean themselves
ingest a sticky poison that ravages their livers, lungs, and
intestines.
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9. Effects on land
 As spilled oil on land prevents water absorption by the soil,
spills on agricultural locations or grasslands have the effect of
choking off plant life.
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10. Treatment methods
 Physical
 Chemical
 Biological
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11. Physical methods
 Physical barriers for the mechanical prevention of oil
spreading.
 Booms - Fire resistant booms are used in order to restrict the
burning area, especially when controlled burning is applied.
 Skimmers - Skimmers are usually propylene mop-like pads
that are placed on the ocean surface to adsorb the spilled oil
film.
 Natural and synthetic absorbing materials - These have a
sponge-like behavior, used to control a large variety of spills by
removing some of the spilled oil and serving as a physical
barrier that limits oil migration.
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12. Booms
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13. skimmers
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14. Chemical method
 Spraying dispersants that make the oil more compact and
ease the cleanup process, even though they might affect
wildlife and coral reefs. Dispersants can be sprayed
 From airplanes into the slicks – a traditional method usually
consisting of a surfactants and solvents mixture which act like a
soap. The result is the fine dispersing of oil and its mixing with
water, followed by an increased efficiency of the natural
microbial degradation processes.
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15. Biological method
 Bacteria can be used to clean up oil spills in the ocean
through bioremediation. Specific bacteria can be used to
bioremediation specific contaminants, such as hydrocarbons,
which are present in oil and gasoline.
 Pseudomonas ability to readily degrade oil to recalcitrant
PAHs . Pseudomonas species high bioremediation potential.
Pseudomonas putida is capable of utilizing naphthalene as its
sole source of carbon and energy through metabolic pathway.
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16.  Pseudomonas strains are capable of degrading petroleum
hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene,
toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene.
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