Oil is a necessity in the industrial society and a major element of our lifestyle. In fact, production and consumption of oil and petroleum products are increasing, and the risk of oil pollution is increasing accordingly.
Oil spill (Causes, Control and Prevention)Nitish Prasad
Presentation on Oil Spill presented during my 8th Semester at Department of Petroleum Engineering, Dibrugarh University Institute of Engineering and Technology.
This document discusses oil pollution from spills and its various effects. It begins by introducing the topic of oil spills and provides an example of the 2010 Deepwater Horizon spill in the Gulf of Mexico. It then discusses sources of oil spills like tankers, barges, and pipelines. The effects of oil spills are outlined, including harm to marine ecosystems, birds, humans, and land. Specific impacts like reduced sunlight penetration in water, hypothermia in oiled animals, and toxicity in fish and humans are described. The document concludes by covering treatment methods for oil spills including physical containment and cleaning, chemical dispersants, and using bacteria like Pseudomonas in bioremediation.
The document discusses oil spills, their causes and effects. It notes that oil spills pollute water and land, harming plants, animals and the environment. Major causes include human activities like oil transportation and extraction. Effects include damage to human health, marine life, industries like fishing and tourism. The document outlines methods to monitor and control oil spills, including booms, skimmers and sorbents to contain spilled oil, as well as preventing spills through practices like double hulling of vessels.
Sources and effects of oil pollution in marine environmentPramoda Raj
This document discusses sources and effects of oil pollution in the marine environment. It describes several major oil spills that have occurred, including the 1967 Torrey Canyon disaster where 95,000 tons of oil were spilled. It also discusses the 1990 Gulf oil spill and the 1993 Bombay High oil spill. The physical and chemical effects of oil on water and wildlife are explained, such as reduced oxygen levels and light penetration in water and hypothermia and starvation in birds. Sources of oil pollution include cargo tank washing, oil transportation accidents, offshore drilling activities, and oil pipelines near waterways.
An oil spill is the release of liquid petroleum into the environment, especially marine areas, due to human activity. It pollutes the environment and is difficult to clean up, sometimes taking weeks, months or years. Oil spills negatively impact local industries, human health, marine ecosystems, vegetation, beaches, and fragile marine environments. They affect tourism and fishing industries and can cause respiratory issues and health problems for humans. The impacts depend on factors like the area affected, weather and proximity to breeding areas. Oil can smother and poison animals and plants, damaging habitats and food chains. Cleanup methods include booming, burning, spreading chemicals, skimming, using sorbents, and manual labor. Some major oil spills were the
The document provides information about oil spills, including what they are, their causes, effects, and cleanup methods. It defines an oil spill as the release of liquid petroleum into the environment, usually from human activity. Major oil spills discussed include the M/T Haven which spilled 42 million gallons in Italy in 1991, and the Nowruz Oil Field spill of 80 million gallons in the Persian Gulf in 1983 during the Iran-Iraq War. The effects of oil spills are described for local industries, human health, and marine ecosystems. Methods of cleaning up oil spills discussed include booms, burning, dispersants, and skimmers.
The document discusses sources and consequences of oil pollution. It describes various sources of oil pollution including natural seeps, sea-based sources like oil spills from tankers and pipelines, and land-based sources such as urban and industrial runoff. Sea-based sources are divided into accidental discharges from incidents and operational discharges from regular shipping activities. Land-based sources also include oil in untreated sewage and stormwater. The consequences of oil spills are extensive damage to wildlife from ingestion and coating of feathers/fur, as well as long-term pollution of sediments that can impact burrowing animals for decades. Cleanup and recovery of oil spills is challenging and dependent on various environmental factors.
Oil spill (Causes, Control and Prevention)Nitish Prasad
Presentation on Oil Spill presented during my 8th Semester at Department of Petroleum Engineering, Dibrugarh University Institute of Engineering and Technology.
This document discusses oil pollution from spills and its various effects. It begins by introducing the topic of oil spills and provides an example of the 2010 Deepwater Horizon spill in the Gulf of Mexico. It then discusses sources of oil spills like tankers, barges, and pipelines. The effects of oil spills are outlined, including harm to marine ecosystems, birds, humans, and land. Specific impacts like reduced sunlight penetration in water, hypothermia in oiled animals, and toxicity in fish and humans are described. The document concludes by covering treatment methods for oil spills including physical containment and cleaning, chemical dispersants, and using bacteria like Pseudomonas in bioremediation.
The document discusses oil spills, their causes and effects. It notes that oil spills pollute water and land, harming plants, animals and the environment. Major causes include human activities like oil transportation and extraction. Effects include damage to human health, marine life, industries like fishing and tourism. The document outlines methods to monitor and control oil spills, including booms, skimmers and sorbents to contain spilled oil, as well as preventing spills through practices like double hulling of vessels.
Sources and effects of oil pollution in marine environmentPramoda Raj
This document discusses sources and effects of oil pollution in the marine environment. It describes several major oil spills that have occurred, including the 1967 Torrey Canyon disaster where 95,000 tons of oil were spilled. It also discusses the 1990 Gulf oil spill and the 1993 Bombay High oil spill. The physical and chemical effects of oil on water and wildlife are explained, such as reduced oxygen levels and light penetration in water and hypothermia and starvation in birds. Sources of oil pollution include cargo tank washing, oil transportation accidents, offshore drilling activities, and oil pipelines near waterways.
An oil spill is the release of liquid petroleum into the environment, especially marine areas, due to human activity. It pollutes the environment and is difficult to clean up, sometimes taking weeks, months or years. Oil spills negatively impact local industries, human health, marine ecosystems, vegetation, beaches, and fragile marine environments. They affect tourism and fishing industries and can cause respiratory issues and health problems for humans. The impacts depend on factors like the area affected, weather and proximity to breeding areas. Oil can smother and poison animals and plants, damaging habitats and food chains. Cleanup methods include booming, burning, spreading chemicals, skimming, using sorbents, and manual labor. Some major oil spills were the
The document provides information about oil spills, including what they are, their causes, effects, and cleanup methods. It defines an oil spill as the release of liquid petroleum into the environment, usually from human activity. Major oil spills discussed include the M/T Haven which spilled 42 million gallons in Italy in 1991, and the Nowruz Oil Field spill of 80 million gallons in the Persian Gulf in 1983 during the Iran-Iraq War. The effects of oil spills are described for local industries, human health, and marine ecosystems. Methods of cleaning up oil spills discussed include booms, burning, dispersants, and skimmers.
The document discusses sources and consequences of oil pollution. It describes various sources of oil pollution including natural seeps, sea-based sources like oil spills from tankers and pipelines, and land-based sources such as urban and industrial runoff. Sea-based sources are divided into accidental discharges from incidents and operational discharges from regular shipping activities. Land-based sources also include oil in untreated sewage and stormwater. The consequences of oil spills are extensive damage to wildlife from ingestion and coating of feathers/fur, as well as long-term pollution of sediments that can impact burrowing animals for decades. Cleanup and recovery of oil spills is challenging and dependent on various environmental factors.
Petroleum has many negative environmental impacts. It is toxic to most forms of life and contributes to global warming by releasing greenhouse gases when burned. Extracting and transporting oil also damages marine environments through offshore drilling and the risk of oil spills from tanker accidents. Oil spills are especially damaging to sea life and coastal ecosystems when they spread into thin slicks that can cover large areas, killing birds, fish, and other organisms. While crude oil spills can be more contained on land, offshore oil spills are much harder to clean up and their impacts may spread for hundreds of miles.
This document discusses oil spills and their effects on the environment. It provides background on major oil spills such as the Exxon Valdez and Deepwater Horizon incidents. Oil spills can have devastating short and long-term impacts on ecosystems by killing wildlife, damaging habitats, and disrupting the food chain. They also harm the economy through lost industries like fishing and tourism. The document outlines different cleanup methods and their drawbacks. While response efforts have improved, more needs to be done to prevent spills and minimize environmental damage through better regulations and preparedness.
This document discusses the environmental impacts of the oil industry and proposes control measures. It notes that while oil provides economic benefits, the extraction, refining, and combustion processes release various effluents that harm the environment. Effluents from drilling mud, gaseous emissions, and oil spills are toxic and increase pollution. This leads to issues like global warming, ocean acidification, and acid rain. The document proposes ways to reduce effluents, such as using biodegradable drilling fluids, emissions controls, carbon sequestration, and oil spill cleanup methods. Overall it argues that industries must follow regulations while greater research into mitigation is also needed to protect the environment.
Introduction, hydrocarbon, source of oil pollution,fate of oil on the surface water of the ocean, impact of oil on marine ecosystem, removal technique of oil from the surface water of the ocean, conclusion.
OIL SPILLS AFFECT ON MARINE ENVIRONMENT(A.C.E.T.NAGPUR)FAZILAHEMADSHEIKH
The document summarizes a seminar presented by Fazil Ahemad Sheikh on the effects of oil spills in the marine environment. It discusses how oil spills occur from tankers, rigs, and other human activity. It then explains the effects on wildlife like poisoning up the food chain, lung and digestive damage, and loss of body weight. Effects on humans include various health issues and disturbances to economic and recreational activities. Finally, it outlines several cleanup procedures for oil spills like using booms, sorbents, in-situ burning, skimming, and applying hot water pressure to facilitate skimming and cleanup.
This document discusses the causes and effects of oil spills on the environment. It begins by defining an oil spill as the release of liquid petroleum into the environment, particularly marine ecosystems, due to human activity. Common causes of oil spills include equipment failures, natural disasters, deliberate acts, and illegal dumping. The effects of oil spills include damage to local industries like tourism and fishing, negative human health impacts, and harm to marine life and ecosystems. Cleanup methods discussed include bioremediation, mechanical removal, burning, skimming, and using sorbents to contain spills. The document concludes by emphasizing the role of human error in many oil spills and highlighting prevention and containment techniques.
The document discusses oil pollution from spills and strategies for cleanup. It describes how oil spills occur from tankers and drilling rigs, lists some major spill incidents, and explains the effects of spills on marine plants and animals. The strategies section covers natural recovery as well as mechanical, chemical and biological cleanup methods like booms, dispersants, and bioremediation. Land spills are also discussed, along with their effects and methods for recovery including bioremediation and phytoremediation using plants.
This document discusses oil pollution from spills. It begins with an introduction that describes how oil spills harm the environment and are difficult to clean up. It then covers topics like the composition of crude oil, sources of oil pollution such as tanker accidents and pipeline leaks, methods for treating oil spills, the toxicity of petroleum, and the ecological impacts of oil in the environment. Specific case studies of major oil spills are also mentioned such as the Exxon Valdez and some spills that occurred in India.
This presentation is created and presented in order to term presentation of ENV719 Water Quality Management Class of Hacettepe University, Dept. of Environmental Engineering.
Presenter - Berk Duruturk
This document discusses different types of pollution, including marine pollution. It defines marine pollution as the introduction of substances or energy into the marine environment by human activities that can harm the environment. The document outlines various types of marine pollutants like sediment, chemicals, oil, and sewage. It notes that 80% of non-biological marine pollution comes from land-based activities like industries discharging waste into oceans. Marine pollution impacts ocean ecosystems and public health while also reducing economic activities like fisheries and tourism. The best approach to address marine pollution is prevention through changes in human behavior rather than more costly after-the-fact remediation efforts.
Marine pollution comes from various land-based and sea-based sources and can take many forms. The main types of pollution discussed are oil, eutrophication, metals, halogenated hydrocarbons, thermal, radioactive, and litter/plastics. Oil pollution primarily comes from tanker accidents and operations while eutrophication results from nutrient runoff from agriculture and sewage. Metals and chemicals can accumulate in organisms and biomagnify up the food chain. Thermal and radioactive pollution impact ecosystems through temperature changes and radioactivity. Litter, especially plastics, injures and kills marine life and enters the food web. Reducing inputs and treating wastes are important to solving marine pollution.
This document defines marine pollution and discusses its causes and impacts. It states that marine pollution is the introduction of contaminants into aquatic environments that harms ecosystems or organisms. The main causes of marine pollution discussed are direct discharge of waste, runoff, ship pollution, atmospheric deposition, and deep sea mining. Major impacts include eutrophication, toxicity, and effects on sea creatures like death from ingestion of plastics. Prevention techniques mentioned include following anti-pollution acts and not littering to prevent trash from entering waterways.
1. The document discusses marine pollution, including its sources, impacts, and methods of control and prevention. It defines marine pollution and examines its various sources from land-based industries and activities, as well as from shipping. The impacts on marine life and ecosystems are also outlined.
2. International and local regulatory bodies that monitor and control marine pollution are identified, including the IMO and Malaysia Marine Department. Methods of prevention under conventions like MARPOL and mitigation efforts like beach cleanups are described.
3. In conclusion, the document stresses the importance of protecting the marine environment for sustainable development and recommends introducing new technologies and educational campaigns targeted at youth.
This document presents a case study on oil spillage. It discusses what oil spills are, provides some history on major oil spills like the 2010 Deepwater Horizon spill in the Gulf of Mexico. It then covers the common causes of oil spills like transportation accidents, drilling operations, and drainage systems. The consequences of oil spills are outlined as being detrimental to land, water bodies, sea plants and animals, food chains, human health, and tourism. Methods for cleaning up and recovering from oil spills are described, like using oil booms, skimmers, dispersants, and controlled burning. The document concludes by emphasizing the importance of prevention to reduce oil spill risks and the need for emergency response training and safety improvements
This document discusses sources and effects of oil pollution in the marine environment. It describes several major oil spills that have occurred, including the 1967 Torrey Canyon disaster where 95,000 tons of oil were spilled. It also discusses the 1990 Gulf oil spill and the 1993 Bombay High oil spill. The physical and chemical effects of oil on water and wildlife are explained, such as reduced oxygen levels and light penetration in water and hypothermia and starvation in birds. Sources of oil pollution include cargo tank washing, oil transportation accidents, offshore drilling activities, and oil pipelines.
This document discusses oil pollution, including its sources, effects, and control measures. It notes that oil pollution endangers aquatic life and coastal environments. Major sources include cargo tanker washing, oil spills during transport, bilge dumping, and accidents. Effects range from reduced oxygen in water, harm to marine ecosystems and wildlife, and human health impacts. Control methods encompass physical removal techniques like skimming, as well as chemical dispersion and biological degradation using microorganisms. The overall document aims to raise awareness about oil pollution and the need to protect ocean environments.
This document discusses oil pollution and oil spills, including their impacts and management. It provides details on the types and transportation of petroleum oil, how oil spills occur, and the fate of spilled oil. It also examines several case studies of major oil spills throughout history, including impacts to marine life and ecosystems. Finally, it covers options for preventing and recovering from oil spills, such as designing safer tankers, training crews, responding to spills, and using booms, skimmers, and dispersants.
Marine pollution occurs when harmful substances are discharged into water bodies. Chemicals can accumulate up food chains and cause mutations and disease in marine life and humans. Major sources include point sources like factories and non-point sources like rainfall. Specific types of marine pollution include oil pollution, plastic debris, eutrophication, acidification, and toxins. Several international organizations and laws aim to reduce marine pollution and protect oceans.
The document summarizes a lecture about oil spill awareness given by Rajeeva Ranjan from Viraj Clean Sea Enterprises. It discusses the causes and data about oil spills, different types of oils, the fate of oil spills in the marine environment, effects on marine resources, and techniques for oil spill cleanup. Cleanup techniques discussed include use of chemicals, containment and recovery, shoreline cleanup, and alternative techniques like in-situ burning and bioremediation.
The document discusses the effects of oil spills on coral reef ecosystems. It begins by defining an oil spill and explaining how they occur from accidents involving oil extractors or tankers. When oil spills occur, the oil sinks and impacts coral reefs by killing many species. This disrupts food chains and can cause population declines of 30% for some species. Oil spills also negatively impact water, carbon, and other biogeochemical cycles by contaminating fresh water sources, reducing carbon dioxide levels through species death, and interrupting nutrient exchange between organisms. In summary, the document outlines how oil spills seriously damage coral reef ecosystems by killing many species, disrupting food webs and population sizes, and interfering with natural
Petroleum has many negative environmental impacts. It is toxic to most forms of life and contributes to global warming by releasing greenhouse gases when burned. Extracting and transporting oil also damages marine environments through offshore drilling and the risk of oil spills from tanker accidents. Oil spills are especially damaging to sea life and coastal ecosystems when they spread into thin slicks that can cover large areas, killing birds, fish, and other organisms. While crude oil spills can be more contained on land, offshore oil spills are much harder to clean up and their impacts may spread for hundreds of miles.
This document discusses oil spills and their effects on the environment. It provides background on major oil spills such as the Exxon Valdez and Deepwater Horizon incidents. Oil spills can have devastating short and long-term impacts on ecosystems by killing wildlife, damaging habitats, and disrupting the food chain. They also harm the economy through lost industries like fishing and tourism. The document outlines different cleanup methods and their drawbacks. While response efforts have improved, more needs to be done to prevent spills and minimize environmental damage through better regulations and preparedness.
This document discusses the environmental impacts of the oil industry and proposes control measures. It notes that while oil provides economic benefits, the extraction, refining, and combustion processes release various effluents that harm the environment. Effluents from drilling mud, gaseous emissions, and oil spills are toxic and increase pollution. This leads to issues like global warming, ocean acidification, and acid rain. The document proposes ways to reduce effluents, such as using biodegradable drilling fluids, emissions controls, carbon sequestration, and oil spill cleanup methods. Overall it argues that industries must follow regulations while greater research into mitigation is also needed to protect the environment.
Introduction, hydrocarbon, source of oil pollution,fate of oil on the surface water of the ocean, impact of oil on marine ecosystem, removal technique of oil from the surface water of the ocean, conclusion.
OIL SPILLS AFFECT ON MARINE ENVIRONMENT(A.C.E.T.NAGPUR)FAZILAHEMADSHEIKH
The document summarizes a seminar presented by Fazil Ahemad Sheikh on the effects of oil spills in the marine environment. It discusses how oil spills occur from tankers, rigs, and other human activity. It then explains the effects on wildlife like poisoning up the food chain, lung and digestive damage, and loss of body weight. Effects on humans include various health issues and disturbances to economic and recreational activities. Finally, it outlines several cleanup procedures for oil spills like using booms, sorbents, in-situ burning, skimming, and applying hot water pressure to facilitate skimming and cleanup.
This document discusses the causes and effects of oil spills on the environment. It begins by defining an oil spill as the release of liquid petroleum into the environment, particularly marine ecosystems, due to human activity. Common causes of oil spills include equipment failures, natural disasters, deliberate acts, and illegal dumping. The effects of oil spills include damage to local industries like tourism and fishing, negative human health impacts, and harm to marine life and ecosystems. Cleanup methods discussed include bioremediation, mechanical removal, burning, skimming, and using sorbents to contain spills. The document concludes by emphasizing the role of human error in many oil spills and highlighting prevention and containment techniques.
The document discusses oil pollution from spills and strategies for cleanup. It describes how oil spills occur from tankers and drilling rigs, lists some major spill incidents, and explains the effects of spills on marine plants and animals. The strategies section covers natural recovery as well as mechanical, chemical and biological cleanup methods like booms, dispersants, and bioremediation. Land spills are also discussed, along with their effects and methods for recovery including bioremediation and phytoremediation using plants.
This document discusses oil pollution from spills. It begins with an introduction that describes how oil spills harm the environment and are difficult to clean up. It then covers topics like the composition of crude oil, sources of oil pollution such as tanker accidents and pipeline leaks, methods for treating oil spills, the toxicity of petroleum, and the ecological impacts of oil in the environment. Specific case studies of major oil spills are also mentioned such as the Exxon Valdez and some spills that occurred in India.
This presentation is created and presented in order to term presentation of ENV719 Water Quality Management Class of Hacettepe University, Dept. of Environmental Engineering.
Presenter - Berk Duruturk
This document discusses different types of pollution, including marine pollution. It defines marine pollution as the introduction of substances or energy into the marine environment by human activities that can harm the environment. The document outlines various types of marine pollutants like sediment, chemicals, oil, and sewage. It notes that 80% of non-biological marine pollution comes from land-based activities like industries discharging waste into oceans. Marine pollution impacts ocean ecosystems and public health while also reducing economic activities like fisheries and tourism. The best approach to address marine pollution is prevention through changes in human behavior rather than more costly after-the-fact remediation efforts.
Marine pollution comes from various land-based and sea-based sources and can take many forms. The main types of pollution discussed are oil, eutrophication, metals, halogenated hydrocarbons, thermal, radioactive, and litter/plastics. Oil pollution primarily comes from tanker accidents and operations while eutrophication results from nutrient runoff from agriculture and sewage. Metals and chemicals can accumulate in organisms and biomagnify up the food chain. Thermal and radioactive pollution impact ecosystems through temperature changes and radioactivity. Litter, especially plastics, injures and kills marine life and enters the food web. Reducing inputs and treating wastes are important to solving marine pollution.
This document defines marine pollution and discusses its causes and impacts. It states that marine pollution is the introduction of contaminants into aquatic environments that harms ecosystems or organisms. The main causes of marine pollution discussed are direct discharge of waste, runoff, ship pollution, atmospheric deposition, and deep sea mining. Major impacts include eutrophication, toxicity, and effects on sea creatures like death from ingestion of plastics. Prevention techniques mentioned include following anti-pollution acts and not littering to prevent trash from entering waterways.
1. The document discusses marine pollution, including its sources, impacts, and methods of control and prevention. It defines marine pollution and examines its various sources from land-based industries and activities, as well as from shipping. The impacts on marine life and ecosystems are also outlined.
2. International and local regulatory bodies that monitor and control marine pollution are identified, including the IMO and Malaysia Marine Department. Methods of prevention under conventions like MARPOL and mitigation efforts like beach cleanups are described.
3. In conclusion, the document stresses the importance of protecting the marine environment for sustainable development and recommends introducing new technologies and educational campaigns targeted at youth.
This document presents a case study on oil spillage. It discusses what oil spills are, provides some history on major oil spills like the 2010 Deepwater Horizon spill in the Gulf of Mexico. It then covers the common causes of oil spills like transportation accidents, drilling operations, and drainage systems. The consequences of oil spills are outlined as being detrimental to land, water bodies, sea plants and animals, food chains, human health, and tourism. Methods for cleaning up and recovering from oil spills are described, like using oil booms, skimmers, dispersants, and controlled burning. The document concludes by emphasizing the importance of prevention to reduce oil spill risks and the need for emergency response training and safety improvements
This document discusses sources and effects of oil pollution in the marine environment. It describes several major oil spills that have occurred, including the 1967 Torrey Canyon disaster where 95,000 tons of oil were spilled. It also discusses the 1990 Gulf oil spill and the 1993 Bombay High oil spill. The physical and chemical effects of oil on water and wildlife are explained, such as reduced oxygen levels and light penetration in water and hypothermia and starvation in birds. Sources of oil pollution include cargo tank washing, oil transportation accidents, offshore drilling activities, and oil pipelines.
This document discusses oil pollution, including its sources, effects, and control measures. It notes that oil pollution endangers aquatic life and coastal environments. Major sources include cargo tanker washing, oil spills during transport, bilge dumping, and accidents. Effects range from reduced oxygen in water, harm to marine ecosystems and wildlife, and human health impacts. Control methods encompass physical removal techniques like skimming, as well as chemical dispersion and biological degradation using microorganisms. The overall document aims to raise awareness about oil pollution and the need to protect ocean environments.
This document discusses oil pollution and oil spills, including their impacts and management. It provides details on the types and transportation of petroleum oil, how oil spills occur, and the fate of spilled oil. It also examines several case studies of major oil spills throughout history, including impacts to marine life and ecosystems. Finally, it covers options for preventing and recovering from oil spills, such as designing safer tankers, training crews, responding to spills, and using booms, skimmers, and dispersants.
Marine pollution occurs when harmful substances are discharged into water bodies. Chemicals can accumulate up food chains and cause mutations and disease in marine life and humans. Major sources include point sources like factories and non-point sources like rainfall. Specific types of marine pollution include oil pollution, plastic debris, eutrophication, acidification, and toxins. Several international organizations and laws aim to reduce marine pollution and protect oceans.
The document summarizes a lecture about oil spill awareness given by Rajeeva Ranjan from Viraj Clean Sea Enterprises. It discusses the causes and data about oil spills, different types of oils, the fate of oil spills in the marine environment, effects on marine resources, and techniques for oil spill cleanup. Cleanup techniques discussed include use of chemicals, containment and recovery, shoreline cleanup, and alternative techniques like in-situ burning and bioremediation.
The document discusses the effects of oil spills on coral reef ecosystems. It begins by defining an oil spill and explaining how they occur from accidents involving oil extractors or tankers. When oil spills occur, the oil sinks and impacts coral reefs by killing many species. This disrupts food chains and can cause population declines of 30% for some species. Oil spills also negatively impact water, carbon, and other biogeochemical cycles by contaminating fresh water sources, reducing carbon dioxide levels through species death, and interrupting nutrient exchange between organisms. In summary, the document outlines how oil spills seriously damage coral reef ecosystems by killing many species, disrupting food webs and population sizes, and interfering with natural
Help Navigating the Sea of Bar-Code Medication Preparation Technologies (BCMP) Jerry Fahrni
Webinar presented on March 26, 2014 for unSUMMIT U
While a strong majority of hospitals are riding the current of bar-code medication administration (BCMA), only a few hundred have incorporated BCMP into their medication-use processes. This is about to change. The BCMP technology current is swelling, which we expect will sweep most hospitals into safer drug compounding practices within the next five years.
Based on six months of research and site visits, we will share our observations and thoughts on the two main types of BCMP workflow technologies on the market—highly automated robotic to semiautomated-manual systems. We will give attention to workflow applications, product functions and features, similarities and differences, strengths and weaknesses. We will explain various approaches to scanner-assisted ingredient verification, scales-assisted volume verification, and image-assisted order verification and archiving.
Marine pollution occurs when man introduces substances or energy into the marine environment, causing deleterious effects such as threats to human health and marine life. The main sources of marine pollution are land-based activities like agricultural and industrial runoff, sewage, and river flows carrying pollutants from catchment areas. Pollutants include nutrients, sediments, chemicals, heavy metals, oil, and plastics. These pollutants can accumulate in marine organisms and magnify in concentration up the food chain. Effects of marine pollution include damage to marine life, coral reefs, and human health through consumption of contaminated seafood. Control measures aim to contain oil spills and remove pollutants from marine environments and organisms.
Oil prices are falling due to increased global supply outpacing demand, as well as increased production from countries like the US, Libya, and OPEC members refusing to cut production. Lower oil prices benefit economies that are net oil importers, like the US, India, and parts of Europe, but hurt exporters like Russia, Iran, and Venezuela. In India, falling prices reduce subsidy costs for the government, but also lower inflation and transportation costs, benefitting consumers.
The document provides information about the seven Arab Gulf states: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Sultanate of Oman, Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait, and Iraq. It details each country's area, population, currency, government structure, capital city, major cities and ports, and brief history. The Gulf states have historically benefited from oil wealth and are focusing on developing other industries like tourism. They continue working to diversify their economies and improve standards of living.
declining crude oil pricing:causes and global impactSatyam Mishra
The document discusses the recent decline in global crude oil prices, providing an overview of key causes and impacts. It notes that falling oil prices benefit oil importing countries but hurt exporters. Technological advances in extraction led to increased supply while demand weakened, contributing to the price drop. While lower prices aid consumers, they reduce revenues for exporters like Russia, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela and Iran.
The document discusses various methods for cleaning up oil spills. It notes that over 3 million metric tons of oil pollute the oceans each year, primarily from land runoff and shipping accidents. Oil spills pose hazards such as fire, contaminated drinking water, and harm to tourism. They can kill plants and animals and harm humans. Cleanup methods discussed include dispersants, burning, bioremediation, booms, and skimmers. Dispersants break up oil but can harm marine life. Burning can remove 98% of oil if thick enough but produces air pollution. Bioremediation uses bacteria and nutrients to break down oil more quickly. Booms contain oil using floating barriers, while skimmers vacuum, blot, or
Marine Pollution Control. - Dr. J.S. Pandey Ecotist
Elaborating about the control of marine pollution. Various types of wastes such as sewage, agricultural run-off, industrial wastes including radioactive waste, and oil spills being sent into the sea. Chemical pesticides find entry into the food chain. Harmful impact of oil spill. Discussing some of the positive features of CRZ Notification 2011, which included the inclusion of seawater as CRZ IV and the concept of hazard line. Ports and associated ship movement for business purposes cause marine pollution.
The document summarizes the findings of a policy study on the impacts of rising oil prices on developing countries and implications for achieving the Millennium Development Goals. Key findings include: 1) oil price increases have had relatively moderate macroeconomic impacts so far but future impacts are uncertain and risks are tilted upward; 2) impacts vary significantly across regions and countries depending on their energy and economic profiles; 3) at the national level in India, impacts have been modest on GDP but inflation has increased moderately and trade deficits have risen; 4) however, sectoral and household impacts have been more significant through higher transportation, fertilizer and energy costs negatively impacting poor communities. The study calls for further research and consultation to improve assessments.
Environmental biotechnology uses biological processes to protect and restore the environment. Bioremediation uses microorganisms to degrade pollutants in air, water, and soil into less harmful substances. It can be used to treat wastewater, industrial effluents, drinking water, land, soil, air, and solid waste. Genetic engineering creates environmentally friendly alternatives by modifying microorganisms using recombinant DNA technology. Biotechnology shows potential to contribute to environmental remediation and protection.
This document discusses various types of marine pollution including land-based sources of pollution, oil spills, untreated sewage, heavy metals, marine debris, and more. It notes that over 70% of tropical and temperate coasts were heavily impacted by human development by 2002, and this may rise to 90% by 2032. Pollution affects marine life through poisoning, damage to organs and immune systems, and noise pollution disrupts wildlife communication. Specific examples of pollution are provided from rivers and mining. Ways pollution enters oceans include direct discharge, surface runoff, ship pollution, atmospheric deposition, and deep sea mining. The health impacts on marine life and ways to mitigate pollution through reduced human impacts and protecting marine life from oil
Oil or Crude oil is the remains of antiquated plants and animals, compressed profound within the soil into fluid strings of hydrogen and carbon.
Ancient Greeks gave it the title petroleum, from the Greek "petra" meaning rock, and "oleum" meaning oil. crude oil and petroleum fossil fuels because they are mixtures of hydrocarbons that formed from the remains of animals and plants (diatoms) that lived millions of years ago in a marine environment before the existence of dinosaurs
Over millions of years, the remains of these animals and plants were covered by layers of sand, silt, and rock. Heat and pressure from these layers turned the remains into.
Oil is an ancient fossil fuel that we use to heat our homes, generate electricity, and power large sectors of our economy. But
when oil accidentally spills into the ocean, it can cause big problems. Oil spills can harm sea creatures, ruin a day at the beach, and make seafood unsafe to eat. It takes sound science to clean up the oil, measure the impacts of pollution, and help the ocean recover.
Inhalation of vapor, touching oil slicks and consuming contaminated sea food
Exposure may cause neurological, acute toxic effects, ocular (eye) and also problems of respiratory system.
People living in effected areas showed nausea, throat infections, nose and eye irritations etc along with migraines and headaches.
Ingestion of oil produces in sea food is
dangerous as oil products having
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
(PAH). These are human carcinogens.
Oil spills are becoming common. The major brunt falls on nature. The power point presentation is made to highlight the effects the spill has on shoreline, ocean and living beings. The www help has been taken to make the impact felt and the knowledge of everybody.
The document discusses the sources and impacts of oil spills in oceans. It states that over half of the approximately 706 million gallons of waste oil that enters oceans each year comes from land-based sources like cities and farms, while offshore drilling and transportation accidents each account for less than 10%. When oil spills occur, the oil can damage shorelines, fisheries and wildlife by poisoning and smothering organisms and interrupting food chains. Cleanup is difficult and environmental recovery depends on the type of oil and affected habitat.
Oil spills occur when oil is accidentally released into the marine environment from tankers, pipelines, platforms, and drilling rigs. They pollute oceans and harm wildlife like birds and marine animals. The largest oil spills include the BP Deepwater Horizon spill in 2010 that released over 200 million gallons of oil into the Gulf of Mexico, and the Persian Gulf spill in 1991 when Iraqi forces spilled 380-520 million gallons of oil into the Persian Gulf. Oil spills have significant environmental impacts such as destroying habitats, contaminating food sources, and killing many sea birds and marine animals through poisoning and hypothermia. Controlling spills involves containment booms, burning, dispersants, and bioremediation to break down the
An oil spill occurs when liquid petroleum hydrocarbon is released into the environment through human activity, particularly in marine areas. Oil spills can harm and kill both marine animals and birds in several ways: the chemicals in oil are toxic and can poison animals internally or externally; oil can smother small fish or invertebrates and coat feathers and fur, reducing animals' ability to maintain body temperature; and ingested oil can poison many birds and animals. Fish and shellfish may also be impacted by oil mixed in the water, which can cause reduced growth, organ damage, and reproductive issues. Oil spills have disastrous economic, environmental, and social consequences.
An oil spill is the release of liquid petroleum into the environment through human activity, especially in marine areas, which pollutes the water and can destroy the insulating abilities of fur and feathers of mammals and birds. Without this protection, animals can die of hypothermia, and many also ingest the oil while trying to clean themselves, causing poisoning. Fish and shellfish may not be immediately exposed but can come into contact through the water, and experience problems like reduced growth, organ damage, and reproduction issues if exposed to oil in the water.
Oil spills occur when oil is accidentally released into the environment through human activity like transportation. Transporting large amounts of oil increases the risk of spills every day. Oil spills can take a long time to clean up and cause environmental damage. Studies show oil spills negatively impact marine life at low concentrations. Cleanup methods include booms, skimmers, sorbents, and controlled burning to reduce the amount of spilled oil. Preventing spills through methods like double hulling ships helps reduce the risk and severity of potential accidents.
Major threats to marine habitats include overexploitation of resources through unsustainable fishing practices, pollution from oil spills, sewage, plastics and other contaminants, climate change effects such as rising temperatures and acidification, and diseases affecting coral reefs. These threats are stressing marine ecosystems and reducing biodiversity through habitat destruction, introduction of pollutants, changes in predator-prey relationships from overfishing, bleaching and death of corals from warming oceans, and spread of diseases. Conservation efforts are needed to protect marine life and restore balance to oceans that cover most of the Earth's surface.
The Concerned Civilian Miami, Florida Dec.docxmehek4
This document discusses oil spills, including how much oil is used in the United States and worldwide, what causes oil spills, their effects on marine life, and methods for cleaning them up. It also summarizes the three largest oil spills in history and regulations put in place after the Exxon Valdez spill. The author expresses concern about humanity's impact on the environment from oil spills and dependency on oil.
A slideshow presentation about oil spills and how they impact the environment. For a school project done by:
Paul Miranda
Melissa Quiterio
Manuel Herrera
Bioremediation of Aquifers and Marine Oil SpillsAsma Hossain
This document discusses bioremediation techniques for cleaning up aquifers and marine oil spills. It defines bioremediation and oil spills, describes causes and impacts of spills. Techniques discussed include using nutrient enrichment or microorganisms like Alcanivorax borkumensis bacteria to break down oil, and developing "superbugs" with multiple degradation gene plasmids. While bioremediation is more natural and cost effective than physical/chemical methods, it works slowly and requires site-specific approaches.
Water pollution occurs when pollutants are discharged directly or indirectly into water bodies from various sources such as factories, sewage treatment plants, agricultural and livestock farms, and urban settlements. Major causes of water pollution include improper disposal of sewage and industrial waste, oil spills, seepage from landfills, excess fertilizers and pesticides, and littering. Water pollution has wide-ranging negative impacts like endangering plant and animal species, causing eutrophication, contaminating food sources, and affecting human health. It also leads to significant economic losses for industries like fishing and tourism.
Oil spillage,current scenario,cause and human impact.pptxPrashantRaj100
The document discusses oil spillage, including causes such as accidents involving tankers and drilling rigs. It outlines various human and environmental impacts of oil spills, such as threats to wildlife and air and water pollution. Methods for controlling and cleaning up oil spills are described, like using oil booms, skimmers, and dispersants. Regulations around oil spills and the agencies that oversee prevention and response efforts are also summarized.
Oil spills pollute oceans and cause irreparable harm to biodiversity. They occur when oil is released into the environment, especially oceans, through activities like petroleum production, transportation by tankers, and well discharges. Major spills kill thousands of birds, sea turtles, and marine mammals by coating their bodies, contaminating habitats, and releasing toxic fumes. The largest spill was the 2010 Deepwater Horizon spill, which released 134 million gallons of oil into the Gulf of Mexico over 87 days with severe environmental and economic impacts.
Offshore oil drilling poses risks to the marine environment at every stage. Seismic testing used to locate reserves disorients and harms marine mammals. Drilling and transportation of oil risks catastrophic spills that have long-lasting impacts, as seen with the Deepwater Horizon spill which killed wildlife and disrupted food webs for years. Chronic low-level pollution from drilling and transportation also harms organisms and ecosystems through toxicity, habitat damage, and food web disruption.
The document summarizes the effects of an oil spill in the Delaware River estuary on the local ecosystem. It affected a wide range of species through direct contact with the oil, ingestion of contaminated prey, and disruption of habitats. Many birds, fish, shellfish and other aquatic life were harmed. Cleanup efforts recovered over 200,000 gallons of oily liquids but long term impacts on the environment are still unknown.
An oil spill is the release of liquid petroleum into the environment, usually marine areas, due to human activity. Oil spills occur from tanker accidents, offshore platforms, and pipeline leaks, releasing crude oil or refined fuels. Oil spills have negative human impacts like increased health issues and economic impacts on tourism. They also harm the environment by coating and poisoning wildlife, reducing birds' and mammals' insulation and buoyancy. Prevention methods include double hull tankers and safety equipment, while cleanup utilizes booms, skimmers, dispersants, and vacuums to remove oil from water and beaches.
Tsunamis, tidal waves, storm surges, oil spills, and dynamite fishing can all cause destruction in bodies of water. Tsunamis are large waves caused by undersea earthquakes or volcanic eruptions. Tidal waves are regular ocean waves caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and sun. Storm surges are domes of water pushed ashore by hurricanes that cause coastal flooding. Oil spills pollute water and coastlines when crude oil or refined fuels are accidentally released from tankers, rigs, or terminals. Dynamite fishing destroys coral reefs and fish populations when explosives are used to stun or kill fish.
The document discusses the global impacts of toxic oil spills on marine life and habitats. It notes that oil spills release hydrocarbons and other pollutants that block sunlight and lower oxygen levels in water, creating barriers for marine life. Researchers are studying long-term impacts like mutations or adaptations in marine creatures exposed to polluted environments from past oil disasters. The frequency of oil spills is increasing with rising global energy consumption, putting more marine ecosystems at risk of damage that can last for decades.
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Oil spills and its environemental impact
1. Oil is a necessity in the industrial society and a major element of
our lifestyle. In fact, production and consumption of oil and
petroleum products are increasing, and the risk of oil pollution is
increasing accordingly.
OIL SPILLS
2. 1
OIL SPILLS
INDEX
1. Causes.
2. Environmental impacts.
2.1. Effect on humans.
2.2. Effect on birds.
2.3. Effect on mammals.
2.4. Effect on fish.
2.5. Effect on plants.
2.6. Effect on Wildlife Habitat and Breeding Grounds.
3. Solutions.
3.1. Booms and skimmers.
3.2. Dispersants.
3.3. Bioremediation.
3.4. Mushrooms and hair.
3.5. Tractor beam.
4. Prevention.
5. References.
DONE BY:
Andrew Achraf William
Toka Mohamed Rashad
Ahmed Hatem el Sharkawy
Anas Jalal Sulaiman
Abdelrahman Amr el Adawy
Mariam Emad
3. 2
1. CAUSES
An oil spill is the release of a liquid petroleum hydrocarbon into
the environment, especially marine areas, due to human activity, and is
a form of pollution. The term is usually applied to marine oil spills,
where oil is released into the ocean or coastal waters, but spills may
also occur on land.
The movement of petroleum from the oil fields to the consumer
involves as many as 10 to 15 transfers between many different modes
of transportation, including
tankers, pipelines, railcars,
offshore platforms, drilling
rigs, wells and tank trucks.
Oil is stored at transfer
points and at terminals and
refineries along the route.
Accidents can occur during
any of these transportation
steps or storage times.
In conclusion, it is important to study spill incidents from the past
to learn how the oil has affected the environment, what cleanup
techniques work, and what improvements can be made.
4. 3
2. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
Oil spills can affect animals and plants in two ways: from the oil itself and
from the response or cleanup operations. Understanding both types of impacts
can help spill responders minimize overall impacts to ecological communities
and help them to recover much more quickly. Ultimately, the severity of
environmental damages caused by a particular oil spill depends on many
factors, including the amount of the oil spilled, the type and weight of the oil,
the location of the spill, the species of wildlife in the area, the timing or
breeding cycles and seasonal migrations, and even the weather at sea during
and immediately after the oil spill. But one thing never varies: oil spills are
always bad news for the environment.
5. 4
2.1. Effect on humans:
An oil spill represents an immediate fire hazard, for example
the Kuwaiti oil fires1
produced air pollution that caused respiratory
distress for many Kuwaitis and
those in neighboring countries,
and the fire resulting from the
Lac-Mégantic derailment2
that
killed 47 and destroyed half of
the town's center. Spilled oil
can also contaminate drinking
water supplies. Contamination
can have an economic impact on tourism and marine resource
extraction industries. For example, the Deepwater Horizon oil spill
impacted beach tourism and fishing along the coast.
1
The fires were started in January 1991 during the gulf war.
2
It occurred in the town of Lac-Mégantic, in Quebec-Canada on July 6, 2013. It happened due to the
explosion of tank trucks.
6. 5
2.2. Effect on birds:
Any oil spill in the ocean is a death sentence for sea birds. Some
species of shore birds may escape by relocating if they sense the
danger in time, but birds such
are likely to be exposed to oil as
they float on the water’s surface.
Oiled birds can lose the ability to
fly, dive for food or float on the
water which could lead to
drowning. Oil interferes with the
water repellency of feathers
leaving them vulnerable to
hypothermia3
or overheating.
Some studies have suggested
that less than one percent of oil-
soaked birds survive, even after cleaning.
As birds groom themselves, they can ingest and inhale the oil on
their bodies. While ingestion can kill animals immediately, more often it
results in lung, liver, and kidney damage which can lead to death. Bird
eggs may be damaged if an oiled adult sits on the nest. Oil spills also
damage nesting grounds, which can have serious long-term effects on
entire species. For example, The 2010 BP Deepwater Horizon offshore
oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, occurred during prime mating and nesting
season for many bird and marine species, and the long-term
environmental consequences of that spill won't be known for many
years. Oil spills can even disrupt migratory patterns by contaminating
areas where migrating birds normally stop. For example, the Exxon
Valdez4
oil spill killed somewhere between 250,000 and 500,000
seabirds, plus a number of shore birds and bald eagles.
3 Hypothermia is defined as a body core temperature below 35.0 °C.
4 It’s an oil tanker that spilt 38 million gallon of oil near Alaska in 1989.
7. 6
2.3. Effect on mammals:
Oil spills frequently kill
marine mammals such as
whales, dolphins, seals and
sea otters. The deadly damage
can take several forms. The oil
sometimes clogs the blow
holes of whales and dolphins,
making it impossible for the
animals to breathe properly and disrupting their ability to communicate.
Oil coats the fur of sea otters and seals, reducing its insulating effect,
and leading to fluctuations in body temperature and hypothermia.
Animals who rely on scent to find their babies or mothers cannot
due to the strong scent of the oil. This causes a baby to be rejected
and abandoned, leaving the babies to starve and eventually die. The
ingestion of oil causes dehydration and impairs the digestive process.
Animals can be poisoned, and may die from oil entering the lungs or
liver. Oil can also blind an animal, leaving it defenseless.
Even when marine mammals escape the immediate effects, an oil
spill can cause damage by contaminating their food supply. Marine
mammals that eat fish or other food that has been exposed to an oil
spill may be poisoned by the oil and die or can experience other
problems.
The Exxon Valdez oil spill killed thousands of sea otters,
hundreds of harbor seals, roughly two dozen killer whales and a dozen
or more river otters. Even more troubling in some ways, in the years
after the Exxon Valdez oil spill scientists noted higher death rates
among sea otters and some other species affected by the oil spill, and
stunted growth or other damage among other species.
8. 7
2.4. Effect on fish:
Fish can be impacted
directly through uptake by
the gills, ingestion of oil or
oiled prey, effects on eggs
survival. Adult fish may
experience reduced growth,
enlarged livers, changes in
heart and respiration rates,
fin erosion, and
reproductive impairment when exposed to oil. Oil has the potential to
impact spawning success as eggs of many fish species are highly
sensitive to oil toxins.
The shrimp and oyster fisheries along the Louisiana coast were
among the first casualties of the 2010 BP Deepwater Horizon
offshore oil spill. Similarly, the Exxon Valdez oil spill destroyed
billions of salmon and herring eggs. Those fisheries still have not
recovered.
9. 8
2.5. Effect on plants:
Marine algae and seaweed responds variably to oil, and oil spills
may result in die-offs for some species. Algae may die or become
more abundant in response to oil spills. Although oil can prevent the
growth of marine plants, most vegetation appears to recover after
cleanup.
2.6. Effect on Wildlife Habitat and Breeding Grounds:
The long-term damage to various
species, and to the habitat and nesting
or breeding grounds those species
depend upon for their survival, is one
of the most far-reaching environmental
effects caused by oil spills. Even many
species that spend most of their lives
at sea -such as various species of sea
turtles- must come ashore to nest. Sea
turtles can be harmed by oil they encounter in the water or on the
beach where they lay their eggs, the eggs can be damaged by the oil
and fail to develop properly, and newly hatched young turtles may be
oiled as they scurry toward the ocean across an oily beach.
10. 9
3. SOLUTIONS
No two oil spills are the same because of the variation in oil types,
locations, and weather conditions involved. For example, Light oils are
very volatile, so they usually don't remain for long in the aquatic or
marine environment, typically no longer than a few days. If they spread
out on the water, as they do when they are accidentally spilled, they
will evaporate relatively quickly. In contrast, very heavy oils like bunker
oils, which are used to fuel ships look black and may be sticky for a
time until they weather sufficiently, but even then they can persist in
the environment for months or even years if not removed. The timing of
an oil spill and the weather conditions have a great impact upon the
severity of the effects of a spill. Winter weather may hamper cleanup
and recovery efforts.
In open-water marine spills, the primary response objectives are:
To prevent the spill from reaching shore.
To reduce the impact on marine life.
To speed the degradation of any unrecovered oil.
There are several ways to clean up oil spills, we will talk about
some of them in details.
11. 10
3.1. Booms and skimmers:
Contain the spill with booms and collect it from the water
surface using skimmer equipment. There are various types of
booms that can be used either to surround and isolate a slick, or
to block the passage of a slick to vulnerable areas such as the
fish-farm pens or other sensitive locations.
Boom types vary from inflatable neoprene tubes to solid, but
buoyant material. Most rise up about a meter above the water
line. Some are designed to
sit flush on tidal flats while
others are applicable to
deeper water and have
skirts which hang down
about a meter below the
waterline. Skimmers float
across the top of the slick
contained within the boom
and suck the oil into storage
tanks on nearby vessels or
on the shore. However, booms and skimmers are less effective
when deployed in high winds and high seas.
12. 11
3.2. Dispersants:
Dispersants are chemical
agents similar to soaps and
detergents that help break
up an oil slick into very
small droplets, which dilute
throughout the water. While
this does not remove the
spilled material, smaller oil
particles are more easily
biodegraded and it provides
a measure of protection for sensitive habitats threatened by a
surface slick. Dispersants are sprayed onto spills by specially
equipped boats or planes.
Dispersants act by reducing the surface tension that stops oil and
water from mixing. Small droplets of oil are then formed, which helps
promote rapid dilution of the oil by water movements. The formation
of droplets also increases the oil surface area, thus increasing the
exposure to natural evaporation and bacterial action. Dispersants
are most effective when used within an hour or two of the initial spill.
However, they are not appropriate for all oils and all locations.
Successful dispersion of oil through the water column can affect
marine organisms like deep-water corals and sea grass.
13. 12
3.3. Bioremediation:
Using naturally present
microorganisms to clean up oil
spills makes use of bacteria
living in the ocean who actually
“eat” the oil when it enters their
natural habitat. Most of the
components of oil washed up
along a shoreline can be
broken down by bacteria and other microorganisms into harmless
substances such as fatty acids and carbon dioxide. Adding sulfate or
nitrate fertilizers to the microorganism population causes them to
multiply beyond their natural state and eat up the toxic metals at up
to five times the rate that they would without assistance.
However the effectiveness of this technique depends on factors
such as whether the ground treated has sand or pebbles and
whether the fertilizer is water soluble or applied in pellet or liquid
form.
14. 13
3.4. Mushrooms and hair:
By using mats made from
mushrooms and hair offer a totally
organic and effective way to sop up oil
on water. The technique isn’t just
speculation either, it was actually
utilized in the Cosco Busan oil spill5
.
3.5. Tractor beam:
The tractor beam is the
most advanced solution to oil
spills, yet it wasn’t put to
practical use. In 2014
physicists at The Australian
National University (ANU)
have created a tractor beam
on water, providing a radical new technique that could confine oil
spills. The team, led by Dr. Horst Punzmann, discovered they can
control water flow patterns with simple wave generators, enabling
them to move floating objects at will.
5 The Cosco Busan oil spill occurred on 7 November 2007 between San Francisco and Oakland, California.
15. 14
6. PREVENTION
Technical solutions are helping us to reduce the risk of oil leaking
from pipelines into the ocean and
lessen the impact if this occurs. We
have buried underwater pipelines
several meters under the seabed so
that floating ice does not damage
them. Systems are designed to detect
any drop in pressure in the pipes and
activate multiple valve systems to stop the oil flow.
In order to reduce the chances of an oil spill from tankers,
engineers have developed new ship designs with double and even
triple hulls. The oil is stored in the most interior hull, so that if there was
a leak, it would be captured in the next outer hull.
Prevention requires continuous assessment and improvement in
every phase of operation in which oil is produced, transported, stored,
and marketed. Significant resources are invested in order to develop
equipment specially designed to prevent oil spills during each phase.
Exploration and production facilities use advanced technologies
and materials that incorporate multiple back-up safety systems, such
as blowout preventers. Pipelines employ computers, electromagnetic
instruments, and ultrasonic devices that detect and report
vulnerabilities in order to proactively maintain and repair equipment.
Throughout training, employees are educated with prevention
measures aimed at minimizing the risk of spills and ensuring safe
operations. Employee training is a vital part of preventing spills; it
reinforces process safety and promotes the safe use of equipment.
16. 15
After all the effort tin trying to prevent oil spills, spill incidents have
declined from 246 in the 1970s to 33 in the 2000s. However, as long
as there is the potential for a spill, industry will not be satisfied, and will
continue to invest in innovative and more effective prevention
equipment.