The document summarizes various methods for oil recovery from reservoirs, including primary, secondary, and tertiary (enhanced) recovery. Primary recovery uses the natural reservoir pressure to extract about 20% of oil. Secondary methods like water flooding can recover 25-35% of oil by increasing reservoir pressure. Tertiary recovery methods apply additional techniques like steam injection or microbial injection to reduce viscosity and extract further oil, recovering up to 50-60% of the total. The document provides details on different secondary and tertiary techniques used to maximize oil recovery from reservoirs.
There are three primary techniques of EOR: gas injection, thermal injection, and chemical injection. Gas injection, which uses gases such as natural gas, nitrogen, or carbon dioxide (CO2), accounts for nearly 60 percent of EOR production in the United States. Thermal injection, which involves the introduction of heat, accounts for 40 percent of EOR production in the United States, with most of it occurring in California. Chemical injection, which can involve the use of long-chained molecules called polymers to increase the effectiveness of waterfloods, accounts for about one percent of EOR production in the United States. In 2013, a technique called Plasma-Pulse technology was introduced into the United States from Russia. This technique can result in another 50 percent of improvement in existing well production.
The efficiency of enhanced oil recovery method is a measure of the ability to provide greater hydrocarbon recovery than by natural depletion, at an economically attractive production rate.
Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/petroleumengineeringz
Blogspot: http://petroleumengineeringsociety.blogspot.com/
There are three primary techniques of EOR: gas injection, thermal injection, and chemical injection. Gas injection, which uses gases such as natural gas, nitrogen, or carbon dioxide (CO2), accounts for nearly 60 percent of EOR production in the United States. Thermal injection, which involves the introduction of heat, accounts for 40 percent of EOR production in the United States, with most of it occurring in California. Chemical injection, which can involve the use of long-chained molecules called polymers to increase the effectiveness of waterfloods, accounts for about one percent of EOR production in the United States. In 2013, a technique called Plasma-Pulse technology was introduced into the United States from Russia. This technique can result in another 50 percent of improvement in existing well production.
The efficiency of enhanced oil recovery method is a measure of the ability to provide greater hydrocarbon recovery than by natural depletion, at an economically attractive production rate.
Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/petroleumengineeringz
Blogspot: http://petroleumengineeringsociety.blogspot.com/
Enhanced Oil Recovery
It’s a process for recovering mostly every Barrels of Oil to get out all of remaining oil in it.
And this is done by EOR technologies
Enhanced Oil Recovery
Mainly the following process are done for Enhanced oil recovery
Water injection
Gas injection
Reducing residual oil saturation, SOR (alcohol, polymers, surfactants injection)
Thermal: steam injection (to heating of the reservoir to lower the viscosity)
Enhanced Oil Recovery
It’s a process for recovering mostly every Barrels of Oil to get out all of remaining oil in it.
And this is done by EOR technologies
Enhanced Oil Recovery
Mainly the following process are done for Enhanced oil recovery
Water injection
Gas injection
Reducing residual oil saturation, SOR (alcohol, polymers, surfactants injection)
Thermal: steam injection (to heating of the reservoir to lower the viscosity)
A brief view about the Extraction of Petroleum products from subsurface by using different methods.
Muhammad Wajid Manzoor
Institute of Geology
Punjab University Lahore, Pakistan
introduction to Nitrogen Flooding, Conditions of Nitrogen Flooding,
Source of Nitrogen, Objectives of Nitrogen Flooding, Procedure of Nitrogen Flooding, EOR Methods
all process involve in petroleum to get final products from crude oil like LPG, petrol, diesel, jet fuel, kerosene,neptha, heavy neptha, coke and petroleum products
"Impact of front-end architecture on development cost", Viktor TurskyiFwdays
I have heard many times that architecture is not important for the front-end. Also, many times I have seen how developers implement features on the front-end just following the standard rules for a framework and think that this is enough to successfully launch the project, and then the project fails. How to prevent this and what approach to choose? I have launched dozens of complex projects and during the talk we will analyze which approaches have worked for me and which have not.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
3. Primary Recovery
• Drilling- The oil well is created by
drilling a hole into the earth with an
oil rig. A steel pipe (casing) is placed
in the hole, to provide structural
integrity to the newly drilled
wellbore. Holes are then made in
the base of the well to enable oil to
pass into the bore. Finally a
collection of valves called a
"Christmas Tree" is fitted to the top,
the valves regulating pressures and
controlling flows.
4. Grounds for Primary Recovery
• If the underground pressure in the oil
reservoir is sufficient, then this pressure
will force the oil to the surface. Gaseous
fuels, natural gas or water are usually
present, which also supply needed
underground pressure. In this situation, it
is sufficient to place a complex
arrangement of valves (the Christmas tree)
on the well head to connect the well to a
pipeline network for storage and
processing.
• Usually, about 20% of the oil in a reservoir
can be extracted using primary recovery
methods.
5. Secondary Recovery
• Secondary or enhanced oil recovery
(EOR) methods are needed because
only a small fraction of the oil in a
reservoir can be produced by primary
means (the reservoir's natural drives).
• Initial recovery ranges from only
about 5 per cent (Lloydminster-area
heavy oils) up to about 20 per cent
(better quality oils like those
produced in the province's southwest
and southeast). These methods must,
naturally, also be both economic and
effective, or companies may not
bother trying to coax more oil from
the reservoir.
• Over the lifetime of the well the
pressure will fall, and at some point
there will be insufficient underground
pressure to force the oil to the
surface. If economical, as often is, the
remaining oil in the well is extracted
6. • using secondary oil recovery methods (see:
energy balance and net energy gain).
• Secondary oil recovery uses various
techniques to aid in recovering oil from
depleted or low-pressure reservoirs.
Sometimes pumps, such as beam pumps
and electrical submersible pumps (ESPs),
are used to bring the oil to the surface.
Other secondary recovery techniques
increase the reservoir's pressure by water
injection, natural gas reinjection and gas
lift, which injects air, carbon dioxide or
some other gas into the reservoir.
• Together, primary and secondary recovery
generally allow 25% to 35% of the
reservoir's oil to be recovered.
7. Examples of Secondary Recovery
• Water Flooding: Water flooding is
utilized primarily as a secondary
recovery technique, where the primary
drive mechanism used to produce the
oil (dissolved gas) is depleted. Water is
recovered from the water table and
injected into the reservoir, displacing
the oil towards the target production
wells. Because of the limited amount
of dissolved gas remaining in solution,
pumps are used to bring the oil to
surface.
8. • Sand Franc (beam pump, electrical
submersible pump): Sand Fracas are used
where porosity development or
permeability is low (the formation is tight).
This treatment is done under high
pressure, the formation is fractured, and a
sand/gel mixture is pumped into the
fractures. Once the fractures are allowed
to settle, trapping the sand, the well is
produced with a significant increase in
production, because the pathways towards
the well-bore have been opened up.
Almost like changing a single lane highway
into a six lane highway
9. Tertiary Recovery
• Tertiary oil recovery reduces the oil's viscosity to increase oil production.
• Thermally enhanced oil recovery methods (TEOR) are tertiary recovery
techniques that heat the oil and make it easier to extract. Steam injection is
the most common form of TEOR, and is often done with a:
1) cogeneration plant. In this type of cogeneration plant, a gas turbine is
used to generate electricity and the waste heat is used to produce steam,
which is then injected into the reservoir. This form of recovery is used
extensively to increase oil production in the San Joaquin Valley, which has
very heavy oil, yet accounts for 10% of the United States' oil production.[citation
needed]
.
10. 2) In-situ burning is another form of TEOR, but
instead of steam, some of the oil is burned to
heat the surrounding oil. Occasionally,
detergents are also used to decrease oil
viscosity as a tertiary oil recovery method.
• 3) carbon dioxide flooding.
• Tertiary recovery allows another 5% to 15%
of the reservoir's oil to be recovered.
• Tertiary recovery begins when secondary oil
recovery isn't enough to continue adequate
production, but only when the oil can still be
extracted profitably. This depends on the cost
of the extraction method and the current
price of crude oil. When prices are high,
previously unprofitable wells are brought
back into production and when they are low,
production is curtailed
11. Other Tertiary Recovery Methods
• Cyclic Steam Stimulation
• This method, also known as the Huff
and Puff method, consists of 3 stages:
• 1)injection,
• 2)soaking
• 3) production.
• Steam is first injected into a well for a
certain amount of time to heat the oil
in the surrounding reservoir to a
temperature at which it flows. After it
is decided enough steam has been
injected, the steam is usually left to
"soak" for some time after (typically
not more than a few days). Then oil is
produced out of the same well, at first
by natural flow (since the steam
injection will have increased the
reservoir pressure) and then by
artificial lift. Production will decrease
as the oil cools down, and once
production reaches an economically
determined level the steps are
repeated again.
12. • The process can be quite effective,
especially in the first few cycles. However,
it is typically only able to recover
approximately 20% of the Original Oil in
Place (OOIP), compared to steam flooding
which has been reported to recover over
50% of OOIP. It is quite common for wells
to be produced in the cyclic steam manner
for a few cycles before being put on a
steam flooding regime with other wells.
• The mechanism was accidentally
discovered by Shell while it was doing a
steam flood in Venezuela and one of its
steam injectors blew out and ended up
producing oil at much higher rates than a
conventional production well in a similar
environment.
13. Steam Flooding
• Steam Flooding
• In a steam flood, sometimes known as a
steam drive, some wells are used as steam
injection wells and other wells are used for
oil production. Two mechanisms are at
work to improve the amount of oil
recovered. The first is to heat the oil to
higher temperatures and to thereby
decrease its viscosity so that it more easily
flows through the formation toward the
producing wells. A second mechanism is
the physical displacement employing in a
manner similar to water flooding, in which
oil is meant to be pushed to the production
wells. While more steam is needed for this
method than for the cyclic method, it is
typically more effective at recovering a
larger portion of the oil.
14. • A form of steam flooding that has become
popular in the Alberta tar sands is steam
assisted gravity drainage (SAGD), in which
two horizontal wells are drilled, one a few
meters above the other, and steam is
injected into the upper one. The intent is
to reduce the viscosity of the bitumen to
the point where gravity will pull it down
into the producing well.
15. polymer flooding
Description
Polymer augmented water flooding consists of
adding water soluble polymers to the water
before it is injected into the reservoir.
Mechanisms That Improve Recovery Efficiency
Mobility control (improves volumetric sweep
efficiency).
Limitations
High oil viscosities require a higher polymer
concentration. Results are normally better if
the polymer flood is started before the water-
oil ratio
becomes excessively high.
Clays increase polymer adsorption.
Some heterogeneity is acceptable, but avoid
extensive fractures. If fractures are present,
the cross linked or gelled polymer techniques
may be applicable.
16. Challenges
Lower infectivity than with water can adversely
affect oil production rates in the early stages
of the polymer flood.
Acryl amide-type polymers loose viscosity due
to sheer degradation, or it increases in
salinity and divalent ions.
Xanthus gum polymers cost more, are subject
to microbial degradation, and have a
greater potential for wellbore plugging.
Screening Parameters
Gravity >18º API
Viscosity <200 cp
Composition not critical
Oil saturation >10% PV mobile oil
Formation type sandstone/carbonate
Net thickness not critical
Average permeability >20 mad
Transmissibility not critical
Depth <9,000 feet
Temperature <225ºF
17. Microbial injection
Introduction
• Currently global energy production from
fossil fuels is about 80-90% with oil and
gas representing about 60 %
• During oil production, primary oil
recovery can account for between 30-40
% oil productions
• While additional 15-25% can be
recovered by secondary methods such as
water injection leaving behind about 35-
55 % of oil as residual oil in the
reservoirs
• This residual oil is usually the target of
many enhanced oil recovery technologies
and it amounts to about 2-4 trillion
barrels (Hall et al., 2003)
18. What is microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR)?
Use of microbes to improve oil recovery, established by Beckman 1926
How much additional oil can be produced? Up to 60% oil in place after primary
recovery
19. MEOR Mechanisms
Bioproduct Effect
Acids
Biomass
Gases (CO2, CH4, H2)
Solvents
Surface-active agents
Polymers
Modification of reservoir rock
Improvement of porosity and permeability
Reaction with calcareous rocks and CO2 production
Selective or non selective plugging
Emulsification through adherence to hydrocarbons
Modification of solid surfaces
Degradation and alteration of oil
Reduction of viscosity and oil pour point
Desulfurization of oil
Reservoir repressurization
Oil swelling
Viscosity reduction
Increase permeability due to solubilization of carbonate rocks by
CO2
Dissolving of oil
Lowering of interfacial tension
Emulsification
Mobility control
Selective and non-selective plugging
20. Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery (MEOR)
Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery (MEOR) is a technology using micro-organisms to
facilitate, increase or extend oil production from reservoir.
Average size of microbe is one micron, 10,000th of cm. More
than 27,000 species of bacteria have been identified.
The bacteria, which can be mobile or non-mobile, have three
basic shapes: round (cocas), rod (bacillus) and spiral (spiralled).
Microbes are the most primitive earth's single celled
organisms.
Their basic role in life is to recycle the components of living
organisms, converting them to the nutrient chemicals used by
plants in photosynthesis & chemosynthesis.
21. Enhanced Oil Recovery Research
Saskatchewan’s Heavy Oil Production
20.4 billion barrels currently in place
24. • A suite of projects to gain knowledge of
enhanced oil
recovery in light and tight oil reservoirs, and heavy
oil
• Considering the certainty of decline, these will
hopefully
provide solutions before solutions are even
required
• Projects designed to help us with water, be it
from an
environmental standpoint, or usage in water flood
25. CONCLUSION
According to production rates from graph of oil recovery methods
we can say that thermal method is more efficient than other
methods and chemical method is less efficient
26. REFERENCES
• Petroleum Technology Research Centre
Saskatchewan articles
• Dr. Maria Antoinette Baronet- fall 2001, class
notes Pete module-1
• Oil and Gas recovery by Squab
• Microbial oil recovery by I.A Jimson, Rudy S.N and
Sugared E.G