Nucleic Acids
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DNA and RNA are nucleic acids that carry genetic information. DNA stores and transmits information through generations, while RNA assists in protein synthesis. Nucleic acids are made up of nucleotides, which consist of a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base. The bases on DNA and RNA pair up through hydrogen bonding to form the double helix structure of DNA or single strands of RNA. Polymerase enzymes are necessary to copy DNA through replication and transcribe DNA into RNA through transcription.
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Protein structure
Describes the structural organisation of proteins with example and its determination, interrelationship b/w structure and function of proteins, also biologically important peptides is covered.
by Dr. N. Sivaranjani, MD
Proteins
Proteins are made up of chains of amino acids that form various structures which determine the protein's function. The amino acid sequence forms the primary structure. Hydrogen bonding forms regular patterns of alpha helices and beta sheets as the secondary structure. Tertiary structure is the final 3D shape from hydrophobic interactions. Some proteins have quaternary structure as complexes of multiple polypeptide chains.
Protein structural organisation
Proteins play key roles in living systems through catalysis, transport, and information transfer. They have a hierarchical structure including primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary levels. The primary structure is the amino acid sequence, and higher levels of organization are determined by the primary structure. Protein folding and interactions between residues determine the final 3D tertiary and quaternary structures, which are critical for protein function. Misfolded proteins can cause diseases.
Protein structure & function
Proteins fold into their functional three-dimensional shapes due to interactions between the amino acid side chains. The primary structure of a protein is its amino acid sequence, while secondary structures like alpha helices and beta sheets form due to hydrogen bonds within the peptide backbone. Tertiary structure is determined by non-covalent interactions between the side chains that stabilize the overall three-dimensional structure of the protein. Quaternary structure refers to the interaction between multiple polypeptide subunits in a single protein.
Four levels of protein structure
A comprehensive presentation on Four levels of protein structure for MBBS, BDS, B Pharm & Biotechnology students to facilitate self- study.
Protein structure
- Proteins have four levels of structure: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. The primary structure is the linear sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain. Secondary structure involves hydrogen bonding that forms alpha helices and beta sheets. Tertiary structure is the 3D shape formed by interactions between different parts of the polypeptide. Quaternary structure refers to the assembly of multiple polypeptide subunits.
Structure of protein
This document summarizes the four levels of protein structure: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. It provides details on each level: primary structure refers to the linear sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain. Secondary structure involves hydrogen bonding between amino acids to form regular structures like alpha helices and beta pleated sheets. Tertiary structure describes the overall 3D shape of the protein arising from secondary structures. Quaternary structure involves interactions between two or more polypeptide chains, as seen in hemoglobin which is made of four polypeptide subunits.
Peptide+structure
The document discusses various aspects of peptide structure and function including:
1. The common secondary structural motifs of peptides including alpha helices, beta sheets, beta turns, and random coils.
2. Techniques used to study peptide conformation such as crystallography, NMR, and CD spectroscopy.
3. Factors that influence peptide structure including amino acid sequence, solvent environment, and intermolecular interactions.
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Protein structure
Describes the structural organisation of proteins with example and its determination, interrelationship b/w structure and function of proteins, also biologically important peptides is covered.
by Dr. N. Sivaranjani, MD
Proteins
Proteins are made up of chains of amino acids that form various structures which determine the protein's function. The amino acid sequence forms the primary structure. Hydrogen bonding forms regular patterns of alpha helices and beta sheets as the secondary structure. Tertiary structure is the final 3D shape from hydrophobic interactions. Some proteins have quaternary structure as complexes of multiple polypeptide chains.
Protein structural organisation
Proteins play key roles in living systems through catalysis, transport, and information transfer. They have a hierarchical structure including primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary levels. The primary structure is the amino acid sequence, and higher levels of organization are determined by the primary structure. Protein folding and interactions between residues determine the final 3D tertiary and quaternary structures, which are critical for protein function. Misfolded proteins can cause diseases.
Protein structure & function
Proteins fold into their functional three-dimensional shapes due to interactions between the amino acid side chains. The primary structure of a protein is its amino acid sequence, while secondary structures like alpha helices and beta sheets form due to hydrogen bonds within the peptide backbone. Tertiary structure is determined by non-covalent interactions between the side chains that stabilize the overall three-dimensional structure of the protein. Quaternary structure refers to the interaction between multiple polypeptide subunits in a single protein.
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A comprehensive presentation on Four levels of protein structure for MBBS, BDS, B Pharm & Biotechnology students to facilitate self- study.
Protein structure
- Proteins have four levels of structure: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. The primary structure is the linear sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain. Secondary structure involves hydrogen bonding that forms alpha helices and beta sheets. Tertiary structure is the 3D shape formed by interactions between different parts of the polypeptide. Quaternary structure refers to the assembly of multiple polypeptide subunits.
Structure of protein
This document summarizes the four levels of protein structure: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. It provides details on each level: primary structure refers to the linear sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain. Secondary structure involves hydrogen bonding between amino acids to form regular structures like alpha helices and beta pleated sheets. Tertiary structure describes the overall 3D shape of the protein arising from secondary structures. Quaternary structure involves interactions between two or more polypeptide chains, as seen in hemoglobin which is made of four polypeptide subunits.
Peptide+structure
The document discusses various aspects of peptide structure and function including:
1. The common secondary structural motifs of peptides including alpha helices, beta sheets, beta turns, and random coils.
2. Techniques used to study peptide conformation such as crystallography, NMR, and CD spectroscopy.
3. Factors that influence peptide structure including amino acid sequence, solvent environment, and intermolecular interactions.
Cell Chemistry
Cells are the basic units of living organisms and contain organic molecules enclosed in a membrane. Macromolecules like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids are made of smaller repeating units called monomers that polymerize. Proteins are polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds, while nucleic acids DNA and RNA are polymers of nucleotides consisting of a nitrogenous base, sugar and phosphate. They both play essential roles in storing and expressing genetic information.
Nucleic acid chemistry
Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA are composed of nucleotides, which contain a nitrogenous base (purine or pyrimidine), a 5-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and one or more phosphate groups. Friedrich Miescher first isolated nucleic acids in 1869. DNA exists as a double-stranded helical structure, with the bases on one strand bonding with complementary bases on the other strand. The sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA contains alternating sugar and phosphate groups and runs in the same direction on both strands.
Lesson 12 Nucleic Acids
This document defines nucleic acids and their components. Nucleic acids are made of nucleotides, which contain a nitrogenous base, a 5-carbon sugar called ribose, and a phosphate group. There are two types of nucleic acids: DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose and is found in cells, while RNA contains ribose and helps synthesize proteins. DNA and RNA are made of strands with complementary nucleotide bases that allow them to pair up in structures like the DNA double helix. The "central dogma" of biology describes how DNA is transcribed into RNA and then translated into proteins.
Chemistry of nucleic acids
Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides linked by phosphodiester bonds. There are two types: DNA and RNA. DNA contains the genetic information and directs protein synthesis. It exists as a double helix with nucleotides paired through hydrogen bonds between complementary bases (A-T and G-C). RNA is single-stranded and also involved in protein synthesis.
Primary and Secondary Structure of Protein
The document discusses the primary structure of proteins, which refers to the specific sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. Amino acids are linked together by peptide bonds to form the primary structure. The different arrangements of amino acids give rise to different protein structures and functions. The primary structure determines the overall shape and conformation of a protein.
Tertiary structure of proteins
Tertiary structure describes how protein chains fold upon themselves into complex 3D shapes. These shapes are stabilized by interactions between amino acid side chains like disulfide bonds, hydrogen bonds, and hydrophobic interactions. Long protein chains often contain multiple domains that fold independently. Quaternary structure refers to complexes of two or more protein subunits. Chaperone proteins assist other proteins in proper folding, while misfolded proteins can accumulate and cause diseases.
Informational macromolecules (2)
Nucleotides are the basic building blocks of nucleic acids DNA and RNA. They consist of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar and phosphate groups. Nucleotides combine to form nucleic acids and act as carriers of genetic information and cellular energy. Some synthetic nucleotide analogs are used as chemotherapy drugs by incorporating into DNA and disrupting nucleic acid synthesis. Nucleic acids DNA and RNA store and transmit genetic information through their linear polymers of nucleotides joined by phosphodiester bonds into strands with distinct primary, secondary and tertiary structures.
Protein structure
Protein structure can be described at several levels of organization. The primary structure is the amino acid sequence, while the secondary structure describes local patterns like alpha helices and beta sheets formed by hydrogen bonds. Tertiary structure refers to the overall 3D shape of a single polypeptide chain. Quaternary structure involves the arrangement of multiple protein subunits. Together these organizational levels allow proteins to carry out their diverse functions in the cell.
Proteins and nucleic acids
The document discusses proteins and nucleic acids. It defines that proteins are made up of amino acids connected by peptide bonds, and that nucleic acids are made up of nucleotides connected by phosphodiester bonds. The document outlines various functions of proteins including transport, enzymes, defense, gene expression, nutrients, and structural roles. It also discusses the structure of nucleotides including sugars, bases, and phosphate groups. Various nucleic acid functions are described such as storage and transfer of genetic information.
Protein structure
The document summarizes the structure of proteins at different levels:
- Primary structure is the specific sequence of amino acids in the protein backbone.
- Secondary structure describes segments of the backbone chain forming regular structures like alpha helices or beta pleated sheets.
- Tertiary structure is the overall 3D shape of the protein formed by interactions between amino acid side chains.
- Quaternary structure refers to proteins with multiple polypeptide chains interacting to form a complex.
Structural organisation of protiens
Proteins are polymers of amino acids joined by peptide bonds. They have four levels of structural organization: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. The primary structure is the linear sequence of amino acids. Secondary structures include alpha helices and beta sheets. Tertiary structure refers to the overall 3D shape of a protein formed by interactions between residues. Quaternary structure involves interactions between multiple polypeptide subunits. Examples like myoglobin, hemoglobin, and collagen illustrate these different structural levels.
BT631-4-peptide_bonds
The peptide bond forms spontaneously via a condensation reaction that releases a small molecule like water. It has partial double bond character that restricts rotation, resulting in planar geometry. The phi and psi angles of the peptide backbone determine its conformation within allowed regions of the Ramachandran plot, avoiding steric clashes. While most peptide bonds adopt the trans configuration, proline favors cis. Protein function arises from its precise three-dimensional structure.
PROTEIN STRUCTURE PRESENTATION
The document discusses the structure of proteins at various levels of organization:
- Proteins are composed of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds to form polypeptide chains. The sequence and interactions of these chains determine the protein's structure.
- There are four levels of protein structure - primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. Secondary structure includes alpha helices and beta sheets formed by hydrogen bonding between amino acids in the chain. Tertiary structure describes the overall 3D shape formed by interactions between amino acid side chains. Quaternary structure involves the interaction of multiple polypeptide chains.
- Protein structure enables proteins to perform their diverse functions through processes like enzyme catalysis, oxygen transport, and providing structure
Protein structure
Proteins are composed of amino acids bonded together in chains called polypeptides. There are four levels of protein structure: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. The primary structure is the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain. The secondary structure describes local folding patterns like alpha helices and beta sheets formed by hydrogen bonds. Tertiary structure refers to the overall 3D shape formed by interactions between amino acids distant in the chain. Quaternary structure involves the interaction of multiple polypeptide chains. Changes in protein structure can alter its function.
Nucleotides- 13
Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids and consist of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group. Nucleotides play key roles as the monomers of nucleic acids DNA and RNA, as well as functioning as energy carriers like ATP and cofactors like NAD. Nucleic acids such as DNA contain the genetic information through base pairing and various structures enable different functions like protein synthesis and catalysis.
Peptide bond structure
The peptide bond joins amino acids in polypeptides and proteins. It has partial double bond character which makes it nearly planar. This rigidity reduces flexibility during protein folding. The peptide bond is usually in the trans configuration to reduce steric hindrance, though proline can be cis or trans due to its cyclic side chain.
Proteins and nucleic acids notes
Proteins and nucleic acids are two important organic biomolecules. Proteins are composed of amino acids and perform functions like building body parts. Their building blocks are amino acids. Nucleic acids include DNA and RNA, store and pass on genetic information, and are composed of nucleotides consisting of a sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen base. DNA specifically contains adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine and forms the classic double helix structure through base pairing between strands.
Lec 2 level 3-nu(structure of protein)
Proteins have four levels of structural organization: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. The primary structure refers to the linear sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain. Secondary structure involves local folding patterns like alpha helices and beta sheets. Tertiary structure describes the overall 3D shape of a single polypeptide chain. Quaternary structure is the 3D structure formed by the assembly of multiple polypeptide subunits. The structures at each level are stabilized by interactions between the R groups of amino acids in the chain.
Nucleic Acids
The document discusses the chemical composition and structure of nucleic acids. There are two main types of nucleic acids - DNA and RNA. Both are composed of nucleotides, which contain a phosphate group, a sugar (ribose in RNA, deoxyribose in DNA), and a nitrogenous base. DNA forms a double helix structure in the nucleus and stores genetic information. RNA is single-stranded and found in the nucleus and cytoplasm, assisting with protein synthesis through messenger RNA, transfer RNA and ribosomal RNA.
Dna
Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins discovered the basic structure of DNA through X-ray diffraction images in 1950. In 1953, Watson and Crick used this evidence along with other research to determine that DNA has a double helix structure with nucleotides as monomers. DNA replicates through the unwinding of the double helix, exposing the nucleotides to pair with free floating nucleotides in the cell to form two identical DNA molecules.
Dna structure for learners to understand better
DNA molecules are made up of nucleotides, which each consist of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group. Nucleotides are linked together through covalent bonds between the sugar and phosphate groups to form polynucleotides. The sequence of bases along the DNA polymer is unique to each gene. DNA contains the genetic instructions to direct the development, functioning and reproduction of living organisms. While only about 1.5% of human DNA actually codes for proteins, recent evidence indicates non-coding DNA also plays important roles in the cell.
Dna structure
The complementary DNA strand for the given DNA sequence 5'-CGTATG-3' would be 3'-GCATAC-5'.
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Cells are the basic units of living organisms and contain organic molecules enclosed in a membrane. Macromolecules like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids are made of smaller repeating units called monomers that polymerize. Proteins are polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds, while nucleic acids DNA and RNA are polymers of nucleotides consisting of a nitrogenous base, sugar and phosphate. They both play essential roles in storing and expressing genetic information.
Nucleic acid chemistry
Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA are composed of nucleotides, which contain a nitrogenous base (purine or pyrimidine), a 5-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and one or more phosphate groups. Friedrich Miescher first isolated nucleic acids in 1869. DNA exists as a double-stranded helical structure, with the bases on one strand bonding with complementary bases on the other strand. The sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA contains alternating sugar and phosphate groups and runs in the same direction on both strands.
Lesson 12 Nucleic Acids
This document defines nucleic acids and their components. Nucleic acids are made of nucleotides, which contain a nitrogenous base, a 5-carbon sugar called ribose, and a phosphate group. There are two types of nucleic acids: DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose and is found in cells, while RNA contains ribose and helps synthesize proteins. DNA and RNA are made of strands with complementary nucleotide bases that allow them to pair up in structures like the DNA double helix. The "central dogma" of biology describes how DNA is transcribed into RNA and then translated into proteins.
Chemistry of nucleic acids
Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides linked by phosphodiester bonds. There are two types: DNA and RNA. DNA contains the genetic information and directs protein synthesis. It exists as a double helix with nucleotides paired through hydrogen bonds between complementary bases (A-T and G-C). RNA is single-stranded and also involved in protein synthesis.
Primary and Secondary Structure of Protein
The document discusses the primary structure of proteins, which refers to the specific sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. Amino acids are linked together by peptide bonds to form the primary structure. The different arrangements of amino acids give rise to different protein structures and functions. The primary structure determines the overall shape and conformation of a protein.
Tertiary structure of proteins
Tertiary structure describes how protein chains fold upon themselves into complex 3D shapes. These shapes are stabilized by interactions between amino acid side chains like disulfide bonds, hydrogen bonds, and hydrophobic interactions. Long protein chains often contain multiple domains that fold independently. Quaternary structure refers to complexes of two or more protein subunits. Chaperone proteins assist other proteins in proper folding, while misfolded proteins can accumulate and cause diseases.
Informational macromolecules (2)
Nucleotides are the basic building blocks of nucleic acids DNA and RNA. They consist of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar and phosphate groups. Nucleotides combine to form nucleic acids and act as carriers of genetic information and cellular energy. Some synthetic nucleotide analogs are used as chemotherapy drugs by incorporating into DNA and disrupting nucleic acid synthesis. Nucleic acids DNA and RNA store and transmit genetic information through their linear polymers of nucleotides joined by phosphodiester bonds into strands with distinct primary, secondary and tertiary structures.
Protein structure
Protein structure can be described at several levels of organization. The primary structure is the amino acid sequence, while the secondary structure describes local patterns like alpha helices and beta sheets formed by hydrogen bonds. Tertiary structure refers to the overall 3D shape of a single polypeptide chain. Quaternary structure involves the arrangement of multiple protein subunits. Together these organizational levels allow proteins to carry out their diverse functions in the cell.
Proteins and nucleic acids
The document discusses proteins and nucleic acids. It defines that proteins are made up of amino acids connected by peptide bonds, and that nucleic acids are made up of nucleotides connected by phosphodiester bonds. The document outlines various functions of proteins including transport, enzymes, defense, gene expression, nutrients, and structural roles. It also discusses the structure of nucleotides including sugars, bases, and phosphate groups. Various nucleic acid functions are described such as storage and transfer of genetic information.
Protein structure
The document summarizes the structure of proteins at different levels:
- Primary structure is the specific sequence of amino acids in the protein backbone.
- Secondary structure describes segments of the backbone chain forming regular structures like alpha helices or beta pleated sheets.
- Tertiary structure is the overall 3D shape of the protein formed by interactions between amino acid side chains.
- Quaternary structure refers to proteins with multiple polypeptide chains interacting to form a complex.
Structural organisation of protiens
Proteins are polymers of amino acids joined by peptide bonds. They have four levels of structural organization: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. The primary structure is the linear sequence of amino acids. Secondary structures include alpha helices and beta sheets. Tertiary structure refers to the overall 3D shape of a protein formed by interactions between residues. Quaternary structure involves interactions between multiple polypeptide subunits. Examples like myoglobin, hemoglobin, and collagen illustrate these different structural levels.
BT631-4-peptide_bonds
The peptide bond forms spontaneously via a condensation reaction that releases a small molecule like water. It has partial double bond character that restricts rotation, resulting in planar geometry. The phi and psi angles of the peptide backbone determine its conformation within allowed regions of the Ramachandran plot, avoiding steric clashes. While most peptide bonds adopt the trans configuration, proline favors cis. Protein function arises from its precise three-dimensional structure.
PROTEIN STRUCTURE PRESENTATION
The document discusses the structure of proteins at various levels of organization:
- Proteins are composed of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds to form polypeptide chains. The sequence and interactions of these chains determine the protein's structure.
- There are four levels of protein structure - primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. Secondary structure includes alpha helices and beta sheets formed by hydrogen bonding between amino acids in the chain. Tertiary structure describes the overall 3D shape formed by interactions between amino acid side chains. Quaternary structure involves the interaction of multiple polypeptide chains.
- Protein structure enables proteins to perform their diverse functions through processes like enzyme catalysis, oxygen transport, and providing structure
Protein structure
Proteins are composed of amino acids bonded together in chains called polypeptides. There are four levels of protein structure: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. The primary structure is the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain. The secondary structure describes local folding patterns like alpha helices and beta sheets formed by hydrogen bonds. Tertiary structure refers to the overall 3D shape formed by interactions between amino acids distant in the chain. Quaternary structure involves the interaction of multiple polypeptide chains. Changes in protein structure can alter its function.
Nucleotides- 13
Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids and consist of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group. Nucleotides play key roles as the monomers of nucleic acids DNA and RNA, as well as functioning as energy carriers like ATP and cofactors like NAD. Nucleic acids such as DNA contain the genetic information through base pairing and various structures enable different functions like protein synthesis and catalysis.
Peptide bond structure
The peptide bond joins amino acids in polypeptides and proteins. It has partial double bond character which makes it nearly planar. This rigidity reduces flexibility during protein folding. The peptide bond is usually in the trans configuration to reduce steric hindrance, though proline can be cis or trans due to its cyclic side chain.
Proteins and nucleic acids notes
Proteins and nucleic acids are two important organic biomolecules. Proteins are composed of amino acids and perform functions like building body parts. Their building blocks are amino acids. Nucleic acids include DNA and RNA, store and pass on genetic information, and are composed of nucleotides consisting of a sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen base. DNA specifically contains adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine and forms the classic double helix structure through base pairing between strands.
Lec 2 level 3-nu(structure of protein)
Proteins have four levels of structural organization: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. The primary structure refers to the linear sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain. Secondary structure involves local folding patterns like alpha helices and beta sheets. Tertiary structure describes the overall 3D shape of a single polypeptide chain. Quaternary structure is the 3D structure formed by the assembly of multiple polypeptide subunits. The structures at each level are stabilized by interactions between the R groups of amino acids in the chain.
Nucleic Acids
The document discusses the chemical composition and structure of nucleic acids. There are two main types of nucleic acids - DNA and RNA. Both are composed of nucleotides, which contain a phosphate group, a sugar (ribose in RNA, deoxyribose in DNA), and a nitrogenous base. DNA forms a double helix structure in the nucleus and stores genetic information. RNA is single-stranded and found in the nucleus and cytoplasm, assisting with protein synthesis through messenger RNA, transfer RNA and ribosomal RNA.
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Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins discovered the basic structure of DNA through X-ray diffraction images in 1950. In 1953, Watson and Crick used this evidence along with other research to determine that DNA has a double helix structure with nucleotides as monomers. DNA replicates through the unwinding of the double helix, exposing the nucleotides to pair with free floating nucleotides in the cell to form two identical DNA molecules.
Dna structure for learners to understand better
DNA molecules are made up of nucleotides, which each consist of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group. Nucleotides are linked together through covalent bonds between the sugar and phosphate groups to form polynucleotides. The sequence of bases along the DNA polymer is unique to each gene. DNA contains the genetic instructions to direct the development, functioning and reproduction of living organisms. While only about 1.5% of human DNA actually codes for proteins, recent evidence indicates non-coding DNA also plays important roles in the cell.
Dna structure
The complementary DNA strand for the given DNA sequence 5'-CGTATG-3' would be 3'-GCATAC-5'.
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Similar to Nucleic Acids
Nuclei acid
The document discusses nucleic acids, which are capable of yielding phosphoric acid, sugars, and organic bases upon breakdown. The two main classes are DNA and RNA. DNA is the genetic material found in all living organisms and some viruses. It is made of nucleotides containing the bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. RNA plays an important role in protein synthesis and is the genetic material of some viruses. It contains the same bases as DNA except thymine is replaced with uracil. The structures of DNA, RNA, and their components like nucleotides, purines, pyrimidines, and phosphodiester bonds are described in detail.
The genetic material
DNA is made up of nucleotides containing a phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar, and one of four nitrogenous bases. It takes the shape of a double helix with the bases on each strand complementary to each other. DNA replicates semi-conservatively prior to cell division. Transcription produces mRNA from a DNA template by copying one of the DNA strands. Translation then uses the mRNA to produce a polypeptide chain according to the genetic code, where three-nucleotide codons correspond to specific amino acids.
NUCLEIC ACIDS: THE RNA DOCUMENT
This is the whole document of the slide presentation NUCLEIC ACID: THE RNA. This full document contains all the information and explanation of the slide presentation.
Dna synthesis and protein synthesis
Nucleic acids are macromolecules that store genetic information and provide instructions for building proteins. There are two main types: DNA and RNA. DNA contains the genetic blueprint in the form of a double-stranded structure located in the cell's nucleus. RNA is single-stranded and involved in protein synthesis. The central dogma of molecular biology describes how DNA is transcribed into RNA then translated into proteins. DNA replication is the process where DNA makes a copy of itself during cell division which involves unwinding of the DNA double helix, addition of nucleotides to form new strands, and production of two identical DNA molecules.
GENETICS
RNA plays an essential role in protein synthesis. It has a ribose sugar backbone and nitrogenous bases linked to the sugar. The three main types of RNA are transfer RNA (tRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and messenger RNA (mRNA). tRNA transfers amino acids to growing protein chains. rRNA is the catalytic component of ribosomes and combines with proteins to form ribosomes. mRNA carries protein sequence information from DNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis.
Structure and function of DNA.ppt
The document summarizes key aspects of DNA structure and function. It describes the central dogma of molecular biology whereby DNA is transcribed into RNA and then translated into protein. It explains gene expression and the genetic code using codons. It discusses the structures of nucleic acids, nucleotides, and their polymerization to form DNA and RNA. It also summarizes DNA replication, the different forms of DNA/RNA, and their complementary base pairing.
Nucleic acids and protein synthesis
Nucleic acids DNA and RNA store genetic information as polymers of nucleotides. DNA contains the bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine, while RNA contains adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil. Genetic information flows from DNA to mRNA to proteins. During transcription, DNA is copied into mRNA, and during translation the mRNA genetic code is read by tRNA and ribosomes to produce proteins.
6_2017_04_24!10_17_51_PM (1).pptx
DNA and RNA are nucleic acids that dictate amino acid sequences in proteins and pass genetic information from parents to offspring. They are polymers made of nucleotides, which consist of a nitrogenous base, a 5-carbon sugar (either ribose or deoxyribose), and a phosphate group. DNA contains the genetic material in chromosomes and is located in the cell nucleus. It undergoes replication, transcription, and translation to direct protein synthesis.
DNA structure and protein synthesis .pdf
This document discusses nucleic acids and protein synthesis. It begins by describing the structures of DNA and RNA, which are made up of nucleotides containing phosphate, sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and nitrogenous bases. DNA contains the bases adenine, cytosine, thymine, and guanine, while RNA contains adenine, cytosine, uracil, and guanine. The document then explains DNA replication, which involves unwinding the DNA double helix and using each strand as a template to synthesize a new complementary strand. It also describes transcription of DNA into mRNA and translation of mRNA into proteins, which occurs on ribosomes and involves transfer RNA bringing amino acids to be joined into polypeptide chains according to
DNA Rep and RNA structure well explained
DNA is a molecule that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all living organisms.It consists of two long strands that coil around each other to form a double helix structure.The four nucleotides that make up DNA are adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C).Adenine pairs with thymine, and guanine pairs with cytosine in DNA.RNA (Ribonucleic Acid):
Presentation1.pptx
This document defines nucleic acids and their types. It discusses that nucleic acids are composed of nucleotides that contain nitrogenous bases and sugars. The two main types are DNA and RNA. DNA contains the bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine and is a double-stranded helix. RNA is single-stranded and contains uracil instead of thymine. The document also describes the three types of RNA - mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA - and their functions in protein synthesis. It provides details on the structure and role of these biomolecules.
Nucleic acids
The document discusses the structure and composition of nucleic acids DNA and RNA. It describes how DNA and RNA are made up of nucleotides containing nitrogenous bases, a 5-carbon sugar, and phosphate groups. The four nucleotides that make up DNA are dAMP, dCMP, dGMP, and dTMP, while RNA contains UMP instead of TMP. DNA exists as a double helix with complementary base pairing between adenine and thymine or cytosine and guanine. RNA can exist in various structures and is involved in protein synthesis. Nucleic acids play important roles in areas like medicine, molecular biology, and DNA sequencing.
1.Chemical composition of DNA is -It is long chain polymer composed .pdf
1.Chemical composition of DNA is -It is long chain polymer composed of monomers called
nucleotides.Each nucleotide is composed of three subunits.These are a)Nitrogen
base,b)Sugar,c)Phosphate.
a)Nitrogen bases:Pyrimidines and Purines
b)Sugar:Ribose sugar
c)Phosphate:one central phoshporous with 4 oxygen atoms
2.Replication and its importance:
DNA replication is the biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one
original DNA molecule.
The importance of this process is that it occurs in all living organisms and it is the basis for
biological inheritance.If DNA never replicated,meiosis and mitosis would slowly halves the size
of the genome until each cell would die,which probably would not take long.
3.Function of Protein synthesis:
Protein synthesis is important because proteins control the activities of cells.Without these many
of the processes in the body would fail or not work properly.
4.Comparison of Transcription and Translation:
Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template where the code is converted into a
complementry RNA code whereas Translation is the synthesis of a protein from an mRNA
template where the code in the mRNA is converted into an aminoacid sequence in a protein.
5.List and functions of three types of RNA:
a)mRNA or Messanger RNA --Its function is that it transcribes the genetic code from DNA into
a form that can be read and used to make proteins.mRNA carries genetic information from the
nucleus to the cytoplasm of a cell.
b)rRNA or Ribosomal RNA --Its function is that it directs the translation of mRNA into Proteins.
c)tRNA or Transfer RNA--It brings or transfers aminoacids to the ribosomethat corrosponds to
each three nucleotidecondon of rRNA.The aminoacids then can be joined together and processed
to make polypeptides and proteins.
6)Compare and contrast DNA and RNA:
DNA is a long polymer with deoxyriboses and phosphate backbone,having four different
nitrogeneous bases:adenine,guanine,cytosine and thymine.Whereas RNA is a polymer with a
ribose and phosphate backbone,having foue nitrogeneous bases:adenine,guanine,cytosine and
uracil.
7)Semiconservative nature of DNA:In this replication would produce two copies that contained
one of the original strands and one new strand.
Solution
1.Chemical composition of DNA is -It is long chain polymer composed of monomers called
nucleotides.Each nucleotide is composed of three subunits.These are a)Nitrogen
base,b)Sugar,c)Phosphate.
a)Nitrogen bases:Pyrimidines and Purines
b)Sugar:Ribose sugar
c)Phosphate:one central phoshporous with 4 oxygen atoms
2.Replication and its importance:
DNA replication is the biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one
original DNA molecule.
The importance of this process is that it occurs in all living organisms and it is the basis for
biological inheritance.If DNA never replicated,meiosis and mitosis would slowly halves the size
of the genome until each cell would die,which probably would no.
RNA: Nature, type and Structure
The document discusses nucleic acids and RNA. It defines nucleic acids as macromolecules composed of nucleotide chains, with each nucleotide containing a nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, and phosphate group. RNA is described as a type of nucleic acid that contains ribose rather than deoxyribose and uracil instead of thymine. The document outlines the three main types of RNA - messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) - and their roles in protein synthesis.
Dna
DNA contains genetic codes that determine an organism's traits. It is transcribed into mRNA which carries codes to the ribosomes for translation into proteins. During replication, DNA unwinds and each strand serves as a template to produce a complementary strand, duplicating the genetic material in daughter cells. RNA assists in protein synthesis by carrying codes from DNA and attaching to the ribosome along with tRNA which binds amino acids to form polypeptide chains according to the mRNA codes.
Central dogma
DNA is transcribed into mRNA which is then translated into proteins. Transcription involves RNA polymerase making an RNA complement of a DNA sequence, replacing thymine with uracil. Translation involves tRNAs bringing amino acids to ribosomes where they are linked together into polypeptides based on the mRNA code. The ribosome facilitates decoding the mRNA into a protein product.
NUCLEIC ACIDS.pptx
This document discusses nucleic acids DNA and RNA. It describes the basic structure of nucleotides which are the building blocks of nucleic acids, consisting of a phosphate, pentose sugar, and nitrogenous base. DNA is made of deoxyribose and exists as a double helix with base pairing between adenine and thymine, and guanine and cytosine. RNA is single-stranded and comes in three main types - mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA that have different cellular functions like protein synthesis. The document provides detailed information on the structure and roles of DNA and the different RNA molecules in the cell.
Nucleic Acids ppt
This is the power point presentation by Emma271 a Biotechnology student in JSS University 2014 in his second year.
Similar to Nucleic Acids (20)
1.Chemical composition of DNA is -It is long chain polymer composed .pdf
1.Chemical composition of DNA is -It is long chain polymer composed .pdf
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Changes To Ecosystems
The document summarizes different types of ecological succession that occur in ecosystems. It describes how succession leads to increases in ecosystem complexity over time through changes in species composition and interactions. Succession can be driven by external environmental changes (allogenic) or internal biological processes (autogenic). Primary succession occurs on new, undeveloped habitats while secondary succession follows disturbances to existing habitats. Intensive human activities like agriculture, pollution, and development can reduce ecosystem complexity by simplifying species interactions and food webs.
Costs Benefits Consequences
The document discusses the costs, benefits, and consequences of interactions between species and with the environment. It explains that most symbiotic relationships exist in a stable balance, but that this balance can be impacted by the health of the host organism or environmental conditions. It provides examples of how factors like overcrowding or humidity can negatively impact hosts like seedlings or raspberries. The document also discusses how humans manage these relationships through improving environments, using drugs, pesticides, and herbicides.
Interactions In Ecosystems
This document outlines the main types of interactions that can occur between organisms in an ecosystem. It discusses biotic interactions like predation, grazing and competition. It also discusses symbiotic relationships between species including parasitism, commensalism and mutualism. Finally, it notes that interactions between species and with the environment can have various costs, benefits and consequences.
Human Impact
Human activities have significantly impacted ecosystems through simplifying their complexity, intensive food production methods, increased energy production, and pollution. Large-scale monocropping and factory farming have effects on biodiversity while fossil fuel usage and other industrial activities release pollutants into the air, water, and land. These human-driven changes to natural environments threaten their stability and health.
Symbiotic Relationships
Symbiotic relationships refer to intimate associations between organisms of different species that provide a nutritional advantage. There are three main types: parasitism benefits the parasite at the host's expense, commensalism benefits one species without affecting the other, and mutualism benefits both species. Examples of each type are given.
Biotic Interactions
- Biotic interactions include predator-prey relationships, plant-herbivore relationships, competition, and symbiosis. Abiotic interactions involve interactions between organisms and environmental factors like temperature, light, and nutrients.
- Density-dependent factors like predation and competition cause populations to decrease when densities are high and increase when densities are low. Density-independent factors like fires and floods impact populations independently of their densities.
- Predator-prey relationships can follow stable, cyclical, erratic, or extinction patterns depending on factors like carrying capacity and reproduction rates of both species. Predators benefit from food while prey benefit from reduced competition.
Energy
Photosynthesis converts sunlight into chemical energy through autotrophs. This process of energy fixation through photosynthesis provides energy for all organisms. Autotrophs include photoautotrophs that use light energy and chemoautotrophs that use inorganic molecules. Heterotrophs obtain energy by consuming other organisms, including herbivores that eat plants, carnivores that eat animals, and omnivores that eat both. Saprotrophs obtain nutrients by decomposing dead and decaying matter. Primary productivity is a measure of the energy converted by autotrophs, while net primary productivity accounts for energy lost to respiration and is available to primary consumers. Energy flows from producers to consumers to decomposers and is
Circulation Of Nutrients
Circulation of nutrients is essential for the continuation of life as elements are cycled between living organisms and the environment through the absorption of nutrients and release of wastes. Soil consists of inorganic and organic components and contains microorganisms, oxygen, and moisture that decompose dead and decaying materials, recycling their nutrients. Decomposers like fungi and bacteria break down organic matter chemically while detritivores like earthworms fragment materials physically, increasing the surface area for decomposers and improving soil structure and fertility.
Nucleic Acid Hybridisation & Gene Mapping
Nucleic acid hybridization can be used to identify particular DNA sequences using a nucleic acid probe. The technique takes advantage of DNA's property of complementary base pairing - if DNA is separated into single strands, the complementary strands will reform into double helices when conditions are right. A nucleic acid probe is a short, radioactively labelled single-stranded DNA or RNA molecule that binds to complementary nucleic acid sequences, allowing them to be identified. Genetic mapping uses genetic markers and recombination frequency during meiosis to locate genes on chromosomes and establish the relative distances between genes.
Structure Cell Components
The document discusses the structure and function of cell components. It notes that living systems are composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur. The carbon atom forms complex biologically important molecules through covalent bonds. Many polymers in cells are composed of monomers linked by dehydration reactions, which can be reversed by hydrolysis reactions. These polymerization and depolymerization reactions are important in cell metabolism and require energy to synthesize complex structures in anabolic or biosynthetic reactions.
Cell Culture
The document discusses mammalian cell culture and its applications. It provides details on the conditions needed for cell culture, including aseptic conditions, growth medium, temperature, pH, and gas exchange. It also discusses primary and continuous mammalian cell cultures. Primary cultures have a limited lifespan while continuous cell lines can divide indefinitely and are used for research and biotechnology applications.
Cytoskeleton
The cytoskeleton is made up of 3 main components that provide structure and allow movement in eukaryotic cells. Microfilaments are the thinnest and composed of actin, intermediate filaments provide mechanical strength, and microtubules are hollow tubes important for cell division and intracellular transport. Together these components maintain cell shape and allow organelles and the cell itself to move.
Plant Culture
This document discusses plant tissue culture and protoplast fusion. Protoplast fusion allows for crossing plants that would otherwise be unable to cross by mixing and fusing the protoplasts, or plant cells without cell walls, from different plant species. This forms a binucleate cell containing nuclei from both parental plants, introducing new genes. The process involves removing the cell wall from plant cells using enzymes, incubating them in a salt solution, and culturing the protoplasts in a suitable medium to encourage cell wall regeneration and growth.
Cell Differentiation
Multicellular organisms are composed of many different types of cells that cooperate and communicate to form organized systems. In humans there are over 10 trillion cells comprising 200 types of tissues. Each cell originates from a single fertilized egg cell and differentiates through activation of certain genes while others remain inactive, allowing cells to perform specialized functions. Bacteria also regulate genes in response to environmental signals, turning groups on and off. The lac operon in E. coli is a well-studied example of genetic control, where a repressor protein either allows or prevents transcription of genes involved in lactose metabolism depending on the presence of lactose.
Proteins
Proteins are made up of chains of amino acids that form various structures which determine the protein's function. The amino acid sequence forms the primary structure. Hydrogen bonding forms regular patterns of alpha helices and beta sheets as the secondary structure. Tertiary structure is the final 3D shape from hydrophobic interactions. Some proteins have quaternary structure as complexes of multiple polypeptide chains.
Prokaryotes _Eukaryotes
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells differ structurally. Prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound organelles and have no nucleus, while eukaryotic cells have organelles like mitochondria and a nucleus enclosed in membranes. Both cell types share chemical and metabolic similarities like genetic material, cell membranes, and similar metabolic reactions, but prokaryotes are typically smaller without internal compartments.
Membranes
The document summarizes key aspects of cell membranes. It describes that cell membranes form a selectively permeable barrier and compartmentalize the cell. The basic structure is a phospholipid bilayer with embedded or attached proteins that transport molecules, act as receptors, and provide other functions. Cell membranes allow for communication within and between cells through transport proteins and junctions.
Proteins
Proteins are made up of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. The specific sequence and 3D structure of a protein determines its function. There are four levels of protein structure: primary structure is the amino acid sequence; secondary structure includes alpha helices and beta sheets from hydrogen bonding; tertiary structure is the overall folded shape from various weak interactions; and quaternary structure involves multiple protein subunits interacting.
Forensics
DNA fingerprinting is a technique used by forensic scientists to identify individuals by analyzing DNA samples left at a crime scene. DNA is unique between individuals except for identical twins. DNA fingerprinting involves isolating DNA from samples, cutting the DNA at specific locations, sorting the fragments by size, and comparing them to reference samples to determine if they match. While DNA evidence can help identify criminal suspects, samples must be properly analyzed and compared to get conclusive results for a court case.
Cell Signalling
Cell signaling involves the transmission and reception of information between cells through signal molecules. Signal molecules can act through direct cell contact, over long distances via neurons, locally through paracrine signaling, or systemically through endocrine signaling. Signal molecules bind to membrane receptors on target cells and initiate intracellular responses through ion channels, enzymes, or G-proteins. This allows for complex and specific cell communication critical to multicellular organism function.
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