Circulation Of Nutrients
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Circulation of nutrients is essential for the continuation of life as elements are cycled between living organisms and the environment through the absorption of nutrients and release of wastes. Soil consists of inorganic and organic components and contains microorganisms, oxygen, and moisture that decompose dead and decaying materials, recycling their nutrients. Decomposers like fungi and bacteria break down organic matter chemically while detritivores like earthworms fragment materials physically, increasing the surface area for decomposers and improving soil structure and fertility.
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Present only in trace amounts or not at all, but quickly increases in concentration when its substrate is present. (Amidase).
Both enzymes are present in the soil.
Oxidoreductases – Oxidation reduction reaction (Dehydrogenase, Catalase, Peroxidase)
Transferases – The transfer of group of atoms from donor to an acceptor molecule. (Aminotransferases, Rhodonase)
Hydrolases – Hydrolytic cleavage of bonds. (Phosphatase, Cellulase, Urease)
Lysates – Cleavage of bonds other than hydrolysis or oxidation.
Isomerases – Isomerisation reaction.
Ligases – Formation of bonds by the cleavage of ATP. (Acetyl-CoA carboxylase)
Biotic factors in soil formation,soil aggregation
Biological weathering,Biosphere-soil forming factor,Biological mediated soil forming process,Biotic factors influencing genesis of soil aggregation and soil structure
Introduction
Plants require certain chemical elements called essential elements for growth and metabolism. These elements are absorbed from the soil by plant roots in mineral form. There are two types of essential elements - macro nutrients which are needed in large amounts, and micro nutrients which are needed in small amounts. Each element has a specific function in the plant and deficiency symptoms appear if the element is lacking. Nutrient elements cycle through ecosystems, getting recycled between living organisms and the environment. The nitrogen cycle is an example of this, with nitrogen being transformed between its gaseous, inorganic, and organic forms by various organisms and environmental processes.
Importance of bacteria in Agriculture
This ppt includes all the various important aspects of bacteria in Agricultural purposes.
Bacteria are found everywhere.The soil provides a favourable environment for various microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa. Therefore, these microbes are abundantly and sometimes densely found in the soil. It is estimated that there are almost one to ten million microorganisms per gram of soil. Among all these microorganisms, bacterias and fungi are the most common. All these microorganisms in the soil interact with each other to create constantly altering conditions. The interactions between these multiple factors are responsible for various types of soil in a particular place and constitute a distinct branch of agriculture microbiology called soil microbiology.
The agricultural industry consists of anything grown or raised for human use, such as livestock, lumber, flowers, and harvesting plants to feed or sell, etc. It is one of the oldest industries in the world, almost thousands of years old. The agricultural industry has changed a lot in the last 100 years. Now, agriculturalists can grow more crops in small spaces. The cost of farming is reduced. Advance study in soil microbiology and biotechnology has brought many changes in agriculture like better quality and quantity crops, improvement in soil fertilisation, etc.
Ecology - Chapter 5 Section 2
The document discusses the carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles, explaining how each element cycles through the environment and is used by organisms. It also describes how human activities like burning fossil fuels, agriculture, and deforestation are disrupting these natural cycles and releasing excess carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus into the environment, leading to issues like global warming, acid rain, and pollution of waterways.
Soil microbiology
The document discusses the microbial flora found in soil. It describes the five major groups of microorganisms present: bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa, and viruses. Bacteria are the most abundant and diverse, with billions in each gram of soil, while fungi and algae also play important roles in decomposition and nutrient cycling. Protozoa help regulate bacterial populations by ingesting them. Overall, the complex microbial communities in soil are crucial for soil health and plant growth.
Role of macronutrients in plants
This document discusses macronutrients, which are nutrients required by plants in large amounts. It defines macronutrients as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, calcium and potassium. It describes the sources and functions of each macronutrient, as well as deficiency problems that can occur when plants do not receive enough of certain macronutrients. In conclusion, it states that macronutrients play an important role in plant growth and development, and that excess or deficits can negatively impact plant life.
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Changes To Ecosystems
The document summarizes different types of ecological succession that occur in ecosystems. It describes how succession leads to increases in ecosystem complexity over time through changes in species composition and interactions. Succession can be driven by external environmental changes (allogenic) or internal biological processes (autogenic). Primary succession occurs on new, undeveloped habitats while secondary succession follows disturbances to existing habitats. Intensive human activities like agriculture, pollution, and development can reduce ecosystem complexity by simplifying species interactions and food webs.
Costs Benefits Consequences
The document discusses the costs, benefits, and consequences of interactions between species and with the environment. It explains that most symbiotic relationships exist in a stable balance, but that this balance can be impacted by the health of the host organism or environmental conditions. It provides examples of how factors like overcrowding or humidity can negatively impact hosts like seedlings or raspberries. The document also discusses how humans manage these relationships through improving environments, using drugs, pesticides, and herbicides.
Interactions In Ecosystems
This document outlines the main types of interactions that can occur between organisms in an ecosystem. It discusses biotic interactions like predation, grazing and competition. It also discusses symbiotic relationships between species including parasitism, commensalism and mutualism. Finally, it notes that interactions between species and with the environment can have various costs, benefits and consequences.
Human Impact
Human activities have significantly impacted ecosystems through simplifying their complexity, intensive food production methods, increased energy production, and pollution. Large-scale monocropping and factory farming have effects on biodiversity while fossil fuel usage and other industrial activities release pollutants into the air, water, and land. These human-driven changes to natural environments threaten their stability and health.
Symbiotic Relationships
Symbiotic relationships refer to intimate associations between organisms of different species that provide a nutritional advantage. There are three main types: parasitism benefits the parasite at the host's expense, commensalism benefits one species without affecting the other, and mutualism benefits both species. Examples of each type are given.
Biotic Interactions
- Biotic interactions include predator-prey relationships, plant-herbivore relationships, competition, and symbiosis. Abiotic interactions involve interactions between organisms and environmental factors like temperature, light, and nutrients.
- Density-dependent factors like predation and competition cause populations to decrease when densities are high and increase when densities are low. Density-independent factors like fires and floods impact populations independently of their densities.
- Predator-prey relationships can follow stable, cyclical, erratic, or extinction patterns depending on factors like carrying capacity and reproduction rates of both species. Predators benefit from food while prey benefit from reduced competition.
Energy
Photosynthesis converts sunlight into chemical energy through autotrophs. This process of energy fixation through photosynthesis provides energy for all organisms. Autotrophs include photoautotrophs that use light energy and chemoautotrophs that use inorganic molecules. Heterotrophs obtain energy by consuming other organisms, including herbivores that eat plants, carnivores that eat animals, and omnivores that eat both. Saprotrophs obtain nutrients by decomposing dead and decaying matter. Primary productivity is a measure of the energy converted by autotrophs, while net primary productivity accounts for energy lost to respiration and is available to primary consumers. Energy flows from producers to consumers to decomposers and is
Nucleic Acid Hybridisation & Gene Mapping
Nucleic acid hybridization can be used to identify particular DNA sequences using a nucleic acid probe. The technique takes advantage of DNA's property of complementary base pairing - if DNA is separated into single strands, the complementary strands will reform into double helices when conditions are right. A nucleic acid probe is a short, radioactively labelled single-stranded DNA or RNA molecule that binds to complementary nucleic acid sequences, allowing them to be identified. Genetic mapping uses genetic markers and recombination frequency during meiosis to locate genes on chromosomes and establish the relative distances between genes.
Structure Cell Components
The document discusses the structure and function of cell components. It notes that living systems are composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur. The carbon atom forms complex biologically important molecules through covalent bonds. Many polymers in cells are composed of monomers linked by dehydration reactions, which can be reversed by hydrolysis reactions. These polymerization and depolymerization reactions are important in cell metabolism and require energy to synthesize complex structures in anabolic or biosynthetic reactions.
Proteins
Proteins are made up of chains of amino acids that form various structures which determine the protein's function. The amino acid sequence forms the primary structure. Hydrogen bonding forms regular patterns of alpha helices and beta sheets as the secondary structure. Tertiary structure is the final 3D shape from hydrophobic interactions. Some proteins have quaternary structure as complexes of multiple polypeptide chains.
Cell Culture
The document discusses mammalian cell culture and its applications. It provides details on the conditions needed for cell culture, including aseptic conditions, growth medium, temperature, pH, and gas exchange. It also discusses primary and continuous mammalian cell cultures. Primary cultures have a limited lifespan while continuous cell lines can divide indefinitely and are used for research and biotechnology applications.
Cytoskeleton
The cytoskeleton is made up of 3 main components that provide structure and allow movement in eukaryotic cells. Microfilaments are the thinnest and composed of actin, intermediate filaments provide mechanical strength, and microtubules are hollow tubes important for cell division and intracellular transport. Together these components maintain cell shape and allow organelles and the cell itself to move.
Plant Culture
This document discusses plant tissue culture and protoplast fusion. Protoplast fusion allows for crossing plants that would otherwise be unable to cross by mixing and fusing the protoplasts, or plant cells without cell walls, from different plant species. This forms a binucleate cell containing nuclei from both parental plants, introducing new genes. The process involves removing the cell wall from plant cells using enzymes, incubating them in a salt solution, and culturing the protoplasts in a suitable medium to encourage cell wall regeneration and growth.
Cell Differentiation
Multicellular organisms are composed of many different types of cells that cooperate and communicate to form organized systems. In humans there are over 10 trillion cells comprising 200 types of tissues. Each cell originates from a single fertilized egg cell and differentiates through activation of certain genes while others remain inactive, allowing cells to perform specialized functions. Bacteria also regulate genes in response to environmental signals, turning groups on and off. The lac operon in E. coli is a well-studied example of genetic control, where a repressor protein either allows or prevents transcription of genes involved in lactose metabolism depending on the presence of lactose.
Nucleic Acids
DNA and RNA are nucleic acids that carry genetic information. DNA stores and transmits information through generations, while RNA assists in protein synthesis. Nucleic acids are made up of nucleotides, which consist of a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base. The bases on DNA and RNA pair up through hydrogen bonding to form the double helix structure of DNA or single strands of RNA. Polymerase enzymes are necessary to copy DNA through replication and transcribe DNA into RNA through transcription.
Proteins
Proteins are made up of chains of amino acids that form various structures which determine the protein's function. The amino acid sequence forms the primary structure. Hydrogen bonding forms regular patterns of alpha helices and beta sheets as the secondary structure. Tertiary structure is the final 3D shape from hydrophobic interactions. Some proteins have quaternary structure as complexes of multiple polypeptide chains.
Prokaryotes _Eukaryotes
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells differ structurally. Prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound organelles and have no nucleus, while eukaryotic cells have organelles like mitochondria and a nucleus enclosed in membranes. Both cell types share chemical and metabolic similarities like genetic material, cell membranes, and similar metabolic reactions, but prokaryotes are typically smaller without internal compartments.
Membranes
The document summarizes key aspects of cell membranes. It describes that cell membranes form a selectively permeable barrier and compartmentalize the cell. The basic structure is a phospholipid bilayer with embedded or attached proteins that transport molecules, act as receptors, and provide other functions. Cell membranes allow for communication within and between cells through transport proteins and junctions.
Proteins
Proteins are made up of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. The specific sequence and 3D structure of a protein determines its function. There are four levels of protein structure: primary structure is the amino acid sequence; secondary structure includes alpha helices and beta sheets from hydrogen bonding; tertiary structure is the overall folded shape from various weak interactions; and quaternary structure involves multiple protein subunits interacting.
Forensics
DNA fingerprinting is a technique used by forensic scientists to identify individuals by analyzing DNA samples left at a crime scene. DNA is unique between individuals except for identical twins. DNA fingerprinting involves isolating DNA from samples, cutting the DNA at specific locations, sorting the fragments by size, and comparing them to reference samples to determine if they match. While DNA evidence can help identify criminal suspects, samples must be properly analyzed and compared to get conclusive results for a court case.
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Must Know Postgres Extension for DBA and Developer during Migration
Mydbops Opensource Database Meetup 16
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Speaker: Deepak Mahto, Founder of DataCloudGaze Consulting
Date & Time: 8th June | 10 AM - 1 PM IST
Venue: Bangalore International Centre, Bangalore
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Visit: https://www.mydbops.com/
Follow us on LinkedIn: https://in.linkedin.com/company/mydbops
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Paper Link: https://eprint.iacr.org/2024/257
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Circulation Of Nutrients
- 12. The Carbon Cycle Carbon is removed from the atmosphere by fixation during photosynthesis and returned by respiration, decomposition & burning fossil fuels