Human Impact
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Human activities have significantly impacted ecosystems through simplifying their complexity, intensive food production methods, increased energy production, and pollution. Large-scale monocropping and factory farming have effects on biodiversity while fossil fuel usage and other industrial activities release pollutants into the air, water, and land. These human-driven changes to natural environments threaten their stability and health.
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Circulation Of Nutrients
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Nucleic Acid Hybridisation & Gene Mapping
Nucleic acid hybridization can be used to identify particular DNA sequences using a nucleic acid probe. The technique takes advantage of DNA's property of complementary base pairing - if DNA is separated into single strands, the complementary strands will reform into double helices when conditions are right. A nucleic acid probe is a short, radioactively labelled single-stranded DNA or RNA molecule that binds to complementary nucleic acid sequences, allowing them to be identified. Genetic mapping uses genetic markers and recombination frequency during meiosis to locate genes on chromosomes and establish the relative distances between genes.
Structure Cell Components
The document discusses the structure and function of cell components. It notes that living systems are composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur. The carbon atom forms complex biologically important molecules through covalent bonds. Many polymers in cells are composed of monomers linked by dehydration reactions, which can be reversed by hydrolysis reactions. These polymerization and depolymerization reactions are important in cell metabolism and require energy to synthesize complex structures in anabolic or biosynthetic reactions.
Proteins
Proteins are made up of chains of amino acids that form various structures which determine the protein's function. The amino acid sequence forms the primary structure. Hydrogen bonding forms regular patterns of alpha helices and beta sheets as the secondary structure. Tertiary structure is the final 3D shape from hydrophobic interactions. Some proteins have quaternary structure as complexes of multiple polypeptide chains.
Cell Culture
The document discusses mammalian cell culture and its applications. It provides details on the conditions needed for cell culture, including aseptic conditions, growth medium, temperature, pH, and gas exchange. It also discusses primary and continuous mammalian cell cultures. Primary cultures have a limited lifespan while continuous cell lines can divide indefinitely and are used for research and biotechnology applications.
Cytoskeleton
The cytoskeleton is made up of 3 main components that provide structure and allow movement in eukaryotic cells. Microfilaments are the thinnest and composed of actin, intermediate filaments provide mechanical strength, and microtubules are hollow tubes important for cell division and intracellular transport. Together these components maintain cell shape and allow organelles and the cell itself to move.
Plant Culture
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Cell Differentiation
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Nucleic Acids
DNA and RNA are nucleic acids that carry genetic information. DNA stores and transmits information through generations, while RNA assists in protein synthesis. Nucleic acids are made up of nucleotides, which consist of a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base. The bases on DNA and RNA pair up through hydrogen bonding to form the double helix structure of DNA or single strands of RNA. Polymerase enzymes are necessary to copy DNA through replication and transcribe DNA into RNA through transcription.
Proteins
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Prokaryotes _Eukaryotes
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells differ structurally. Prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound organelles and have no nucleus, while eukaryotic cells have organelles like mitochondria and a nucleus enclosed in membranes. Both cell types share chemical and metabolic similarities like genetic material, cell membranes, and similar metabolic reactions, but prokaryotes are typically smaller without internal compartments.
Membranes
The document summarizes key aspects of cell membranes. It describes that cell membranes form a selectively permeable barrier and compartmentalize the cell. The basic structure is a phospholipid bilayer with embedded or attached proteins that transport molecules, act as receptors, and provide other functions. Cell membranes allow for communication within and between cells through transport proteins and junctions.
Proteins
Proteins are made up of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. The specific sequence and 3D structure of a protein determines its function. There are four levels of protein structure: primary structure is the amino acid sequence; secondary structure includes alpha helices and beta sheets from hydrogen bonding; tertiary structure is the overall folded shape from various weak interactions; and quaternary structure involves multiple protein subunits interacting.
Forensics
DNA fingerprinting is a technique used by forensic scientists to identify individuals by analyzing DNA samples left at a crime scene. DNA is unique between individuals except for identical twins. DNA fingerprinting involves isolating DNA from samples, cutting the DNA at specific locations, sorting the fragments by size, and comparing them to reference samples to determine if they match. While DNA evidence can help identify criminal suspects, samples must be properly analyzed and compared to get conclusive results for a court case.
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みなさんこんにちはこれ何文字まで入るの？40文字以下不可とか本当に意味わからないけどこれ限界文字数書いてないからマジでやばい文字数いけるんじゃないの？えこ...
ここ3000字までしか入らないけどタイトルの方がたくさん文字入ると思います。
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みなさんこんにちはこれ何文字まで入るの？40文字以下不可とか本当に意味わからないけどこれ限界文字数書いてないからマジでやばい文字数いけるんじゃないの？えこ...
みなさんこんにちはこれ何文字まで入るの？40文字以下不可とか本当に意味わからないけどこれ限界文字数書いてないからマジでやばい文字数いけるんじゃないの？えこ...
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Human Impact
- 1. (c) HUMAN IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT Changes to Ecosystems (Changes in complexity, Effects of Intensive Food Production, Effects of Increased Energy Production, Pollution)