DNA contains genetic codes that determine an organism's traits. It is transcribed into mRNA which carries codes to the ribosomes for translation into proteins. During replication, DNA unwinds and each strand serves as a template to produce a complementary strand, duplicating the genetic material in daughter cells. RNA assists in protein synthesis by carrying codes from DNA and attaching to the ribosome along with tRNA which binds amino acids to form polypeptide chains according to the mRNA codes.

2. The DNA, abbreviation of deoxyribonucleic acid, is described as
the “blueprint of the cell”, because it commands what protein
should be used to build a cell. The codes that are in your DNA dictate
the shape of your face, the color of your eyes, and even the
complexion of your skin.
The DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid is an essential macromolecule
that is made up of nucleotides. These nucleotides, are made up of a
deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
The nitrogenous bases are grouped into purines and pyrimidine.
Purine bases, such as adenine, and guanine, have two ring structures
while pyrimidine bases, such as cytosine and thymine, have a single
ring structure.

3. The RNA or ribonucleic acid acts as an interpreter to the DNA in
order to make the protein that is to be synthesized. The RNA will be
part of the ribosomes that make the amino acid which is the building
block of proteins.
This process in which the DNA is translated by the RNA to make
proteins is what we call as protein synthesis. The importance of
protein synthesis is that it provides the components of a cell and
makes the enzymes needed to create the other molecules.
The whole process in which the coded genetic information from
DNA is transcribed by RNA is called the central dogma in biology

4. DNA Structure

5. RNA Structure

6. Differences and Similarities of DNA and RNA

7. Structure of DNA
The DNA is a double helix stranded helix that runs in opposite
directions. The strands are made up of deoxyribose sugar linked together
by phosphate groups.
The 3’ end carbon of a sugar molecule is connected by a phosphate
group to the 5’ end carbon of another deoxyribose. This kind of linkage is
called as 3’-5’ phosphodiester linkage.
The A-T base pair have two hydrogen bonds and G-C base pair have
three hydrogen bonds which make it stronger than the A-T base pair.

8. DNA Replication
DNA is important in the growth and development of an
organism. The DNA has a segment called gene that gives the codes
for the proteins that make up almost any part of your body. Since
the DNA is very long, it contains thousands of genes.
Before the codes of the DNA becomes useful, the segment of
the long DNA must be unzipped to be copied because the codes
dictate the sequence of the amino acids in order to form protein.
The protein that is made by the codes of the DNA will then be used
by the body.

9. All cells in the body carry the same genetic information that is caused by the process
of the copying of the DNA during mitosis in order for the daughter cells to have the same
DNA. This process is what we call as replication.
The single strand of the DNA, when it is unzipped, will be automatically served as the
template to produce complimentary strand. The template and the complimentary
strand will then make up the new double-stranded DNA.
The start of the replication is that the DNA must be unwind and separated with the
use and breaking the hydrogen bond between the paired nitrogen bases. The nitrogen
bases will the find their complimentary base pairs and the enzymes will then bind the
nucleotides and produce a complimentary strand.

10. The RNA
The RNA or ribonucleic acid is one of the three essential
macromolecules that is needed by living things. It is made up of five carbon
sugar called ribose with a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base that are
attached to it to make up the nucleotide just like the DNA.
However, the RNA has only one strand and instead of a thymine base,
it has a uracil base to pair with adenine. RNA can be also found in the
nucleus and the cytoplasm of the cell.

11. Three Types of RNA
1. Messenger RNA or mRNA – It is formed in the nucleoplasm with the
use of a DNA template and has a group of three bases called codons. Its
function is to bring the codons from the DNA in the nucleus to the RNA
that is found in the cytoplasm for it to be synthesized into proteins.
2. Transfer RNA of tRNA – Is a cover-shaped with three exposed bases
called anticodons on one end and an amino acid on the other end. Its
function is to get amino acids in the cytoplasm and add it to the growing
chain of peptide in the ribosome.
3. Ribosomal RNA or rRNA – Main component of ribosome, structures
upon which polypeptide chains are built.

13. Building up a Protein (Protein Synthesis)
Making proteins starts at the nucleus of the cell where the “blueprint”
DNA is stored. But because the nucleus is enclosed by the nuclear membrane,
the DNA can’t go to he cytoplasm. There are many chemicals that can damage
it; that is why it must be copied.
The transfer of the codes from DNA to become a protein is called gene
expression. It has two steps: transcription and translation.
Transcription is the process in which the codes of the DNA are converted
into the codes in the mRNA. The function of the mRNA is to carry the code from
DNA to the ribosomes where translation into protein occurs.

14. Translating Codes to Proteins
After the mRNA strand goes to the cytoplasm, it will now go to
the ribosomes for the second step of gene expression which is
translation. It is where the codons or the three consecutive
nitrogenous bases are translated to determine what amino acid
they represent.
Then, an amino acid carrying tRNA and the anticodon for the
next codon goes in the ribosome. The two amino acids that were
first translated will be bonded together in a chain by a peptic
bond.

15. • A ribosome is a complex molecular machine found inside the living cells
that produce proteins from amino acids during the process called
protein synthesis or translation.
• Cytoplasm is a thick solution that fills each cell and is enclosed by the
cell membrane. It is mainly composed of water, salts, and proteins. In
eukaryotic cells, the cytoplasm includes all of the material inside the
cell and outside of the nucleus.
The cytoplasm is responsible for holding the components of
the cell and protects them from damage. It stores the molecules required
for cellular processes and is also responsible for giving the cell its shape.