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Proteins and nucleic acids
The document discusses proteins and nucleic acids. It defines that proteins are made up of amino acids connected by peptide bonds, and that nucleic acids are made up of nucleotides connected by phosphodiester bonds. The document outlines various functions of proteins including transport, enzymes, defense, gene expression, nutrients, and structural roles. It also discusses the structure of nucleotides including sugars, bases, and phosphate groups. Various nucleic acid functions are described such as storage and transfer of genetic information.
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Proteins and nucleic acids
- 1. Proteins Wilhelmina Annie Mensah Dept.Of Med. Bchem. UGMS , Ghana 109/11/15
- 2. Amino acidsare the basic unit of proteins Amino acids consist of C, H, O and N (S & P) Proteins have a 3 dimensional globular shape Proteins
- 3. • Peptide bonds connectamino acids to form polypeptide chains • One or more polypeptide chains make up a protein Proteins Structure 309/11/15
- 4. levels of ProteinsStructure 409/11/15
- 5. Functions of Proteins 1.Transport of substances in the body . E.g. Haemoglobin transports oxygen. 509/11/15
- 6. Functions of Proteins 2.Enzymeswhich catalyze chemical reactions in the body are proteins Substrate (lactose) Glucose Galactose 609/11/15
- 7. Functions of Proteins 3.Defencefunction .e.g Immunoglobulins(antibodies) 709/11/15
- 8. Functions of Proteins 4.Ingene expression: Histones are the proteins which the DNA double helix is wrapped around 809/11/15
- 9. 6. Nutrient andstorage .E.g albumen of egg, Ferritin that stores iron. Functions of Proteins 7.Proteins are infective agents.e.g Prions which cause mad cow disease are proteins 909/11/15
- 10. 8.Some toxins areproteins E.g Enterotoxin of cholera microorganism. 9.Some proteins provide structural strength and elasticity to the organs and vascular system. E.g Collagen and elastin of bone matrix and ligaments. 10. Some proteins are components of structures of tissues. E.g α-keratin is present in hair and epidermis Functions of Proteins 1009/11/15
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- 12. • They aremade up of C, H, N, O, P • The basic unit is a nucleotide (nucleoside) Nucleic Acids 1209/11/15
- 13. Sugar Base = Sugar +Base= Sugar + Base 1309/11/15
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- 15. Glycosidic Bond isa bond between a sugar and another group Ester Bond Glycosidic Bond Ester Bond is C-O-R and the oxygen is bounded to something else 1509/11/15 Composition of Nucleotides
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- 17. • Pentoses (5-Csugars or carbohydrate) • Numbering of sugars is “primed” 1709/11/15 Sugars
- 18. Ribose : formingRibonucelotides Deoxyribose: forming Deoxynucelotides (d-Nucleotides) Oxygen missing 1809/11/15 Sugar (types)
- 19. fused five- andsix-membered rings Pyrimidines – N 1 forms glycosidic bond with sugar Purines -N 9 forms glycosidic bond with the sugar six membered rings 1909/11/15 Bases
- 20. Adenine A Guanine G ThymineT Uracil U Cytosine C 2009/11/15 Bases
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- 23. Bases OccurrenceBases Occurrence Ribonucleotidesonly Ribonucleotides & D-nucleotides D-nucloetides only 2309/11/15
- 24. • Phosphates canbe bonded to either C5 or C3 Phosphate GroupsPhosphate Groups Ester Bond •They are linked by an Ester bond 2409/11/15
- 25. Mono, Di, Triphosphate GroupsMono, Di, Tri phosphate Groups Nucleoside 5’-Monophosphate Nucleoside 5’- Diphosphate Nucleoside 5’- Triphosphate 2509/11/15
- 26. • Purine nucleosidesend in “-sine”“-sine” – Ribonucleoside Deoxynucleoside • Adenosine Deoxyadenosine • Guanosine Deoxyguanosine Naming Conventions of NucleosidesNaming Conventions of Nucleosides Pyrimidine nucleosides end in “-dine”“-dine” – Ribonucleoside Deoxynucleoside • Deoxythymidine • Cytidine Deoxycytidine • Uridine 2609/11/15
- 27. Start with thenucleoside name from above and add “mono-”, “di-”, or “triphosphate” Naming Conventions of NucleotidesNaming Conventions of Nucleotides RibonucleotidesRibonucleotides PurinesPurines Adenosine monophosphate(AMP), ADP, ATP Guanosine monophosphate(GMP), GDP, GTP RibonucleotidesRibonucleotides PurinesPurines Adenosine monophosphate(AMP), ADP, ATP Guanosine monophosphate(GMP), GDP, GTP PyrimindinesPyrimindines Cytidine Monophosphate, CDP, CTP Uridine Monophosphate, UDP, UTP PyrimindinesPyrimindines Cytidine Monophosphate, CDP, CTP Uridine Monophosphate, UDP, UTP 2709/11/15
- 28. Naming Conventions ofNucleotidesNaming Conventions of Nucleotides DeoxynucleotidesDeoxynucleotides PurinesPurines Deoxyadenosine monophosphate (d-AMP), d-ADP, d-ATP d- Guanosine Monophosphate, d-GDP, d-GTP DeoxynucleotidesDeoxynucleotides PurinesPurines Deoxyadenosine monophosphate (d-AMP), d-ADP, d-ATP d- Guanosine Monophosphate, d-GDP, d-GTP PyrimindinesPyrimindines d- Cytidine Monophosphate, d-CDP, d-CTP d- thymidine Monophosphate, d-TDP, d-TPP PyrimindinesPyrimindines d- Cytidine Monophosphate, d-CDP, d-CTP d- thymidine Monophosphate, d-TDP, d-TPP 2809/11/15
- 29. Nucleotides are joinedtogether by Phosphodiester bondsNucleotides are joined together by Phosphodiester bonds ester bondester bond ester bondester bond Phosphodiester bondPhosphodiester bond 2909/11/15 Phosphodiester Bond (linkages)
- 30. Voet, Voet &Pratt 2013 Fig 3.3a,b Nucleic Acids : Polymers of nucleotidesNucleic Acids : Polymers of nucleotides Nucleic acid with deoxy ribose sugars---Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Nucleic acid with Contains ribose sugar---Ribonucleic acid(RNA) 3009/11/15
- 31. Bases in NucleicAcids 3109/11/15
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- 33. Double helix( 2 polynucleotide chains wound into the double helix) Base pairing between chains with H bonds In base pairing A – T (double bond) C – G (triple bond) Nucleic Acids : DNANucleic Acids : DNA 3309/11/15
- 34. Single stranded Itis made from the DNA template molecule Uracil replaces the base thymine During base pairing U----A Nucleic Acids : RNANucleic Acids : RNA 3409/11/15
- 35. 1. They areinvolved in the storage of genetic information. Functions of nucleic acid in the cell 3509/11/15
- 36. 1. They areinvolved in the expression of genetic information. Functions of nucleic acid in the cell 3609/11/15
- 37. Functions of nucleicacid in the cell 1. They are involved in the transfer of genetic information. 3709/11/15
- 38. Some nucleic acidsacts as enzymes and coenzymes. E.g. RNA (ribozyme) is coenzyme for telomerase which seals ends of chromosomes. Functions of nucleic acid in the cell 3809/11/15
- 39. Nucleoside Derivatives andtheir functions Adenosine derivatives Guanosine derivative Cytidine derivatives Uridine derivatives 3909/11/15
- 40. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) 3'-5'-CyclicAdenosine Monophosphate, “(cAMP or cyclic AMP) Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD & FMN) Nicotinaminde Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+ & NADP) S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) Common Adenosine Derivatives 4009/11/15
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- 42. Adenosine Derivatives 1. Energystorage and transfer 4209/11/15
- 43. Cyclic AMP StructureCyclicAMP Structure 4309/11/15
- 44. Adenosine Derivatives 1. Secondmessenger in signal transduction 2.Regulate metabolism e.g. glycogen breakdown, lipids breakdown etc 4409/11/15
- 45. Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide(FAD(HFlavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD(H22)) & FMN(H& FMN(H22) Structure) Structure Flavin Mononucloetide (FMN) Flavin Coenzyme functioning as carrier of hydrogen and electrons in some redox reactions sugar + H2 Riboflavin (Vit B 2) FAD FMN(HFMN(H22) or FAD(H) or FAD(H22)) phosphate 4509/11/15
- 46. Nicotinamide Adenine DinucleotideNicotinamideAdenine Dinucleotide NAD (H)NAD (H)++ and NADP(H)and NADP(H)++ StructuresStructures + H Coenzyme functioning as carrier of hydrogen and electrons some redox reactions NADP NADPH NAD 4609/11/15
- 47. Coenzyme A StructureCoenzymeA Structure Coenzyme serving as acyl group – R(CO) carrier in certain enzymatic reactions 4709/11/15
- 48. S- adenosylmethionine StructureS-adenosylmethionine Structure Methyl (CH3) donor in methylation reactions4809/11/15
- 49. S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) Common AdenosineDerivatives 4909/11/15
- 50. Guanosine Derivative 1. Energystore 2.Energy source for Protein synthesis and Gluconeogenesis 5009/11/15
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- 52. Cytidine Derivatives CMP-N acetylneuraminicacid (CMP- NANA) required for the biosynthesis of glycoproteins CDP-choline- required for the biosynthesis of sphingolipids (component of cell membrane of brain and nervious tissues). CTP- required for the biosynthesis of phosphoglycerides (component of cell membrane) sphingosine 5209/11/15
- 53. Synthetic Analogues ofNucleotides 5309/11/15
- 54. Synthetic Analogues ofNucleotides: Anti-tumour agents used in chemotherapy Interfere with the synthesis of DNA and thereby preferentially kill rapidly dividing cells such as tumor cells. 5409/11/15
- 55. Synthetic Analogues ofNucleotides: Anti-tumour agents used in chemotherapy 5509/11/15
- 56. Synthetic Analogues ofNucleotides: Anti-Viral agents Used to interfere with the replication of viruses by terminating DNA synthesis 5609/11/15
- 57. Synthetic Analogues ofNucleotides: Treatment of Gout Caused by accumulation of uric acid 5709/11/15
- 58. Precursors of nucleicacids, DNA & RNA Components of important co-enzymes ( like NAD+ and FAD, Co-enzyme A) Storage and transfer of energy (ATP and GTP ) Storage and transfer of genetic information (DNA & RNA) 5809/11/15 Biomedical importance of nucleotides
- 59. 5909/11/15 Biomedical importance ofnucleotides
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- 61. Memory CheckMemory Check Ribonucleotidesonly Ribonucleotides & D-nucleotides D-nucloetides only 6109/11/15
- 62. S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) Memory CheckMemoryCheck 6209/11/15
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- 75. Nucleotide ChemistryNucleotide Chemistry BAHS233BAHS 233 Thank you 7509/11/15
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