This document provides an overview of non-aqueous titration as a technique used in pharmaceutical analysis. It discusses the need for non-aqueous titrations when analytes are not soluble or reactive in water. The principles and techniques of non-aqueous acid-base titration are explained, including the use of aprotic, protogenic, amphiprotic and protophilic solvents. Common titrants, indicators, and examples of pharmaceutical compounds analyzed by non-aqueous titration like sodium benzoate and ephedrine hydrochloride are outlined. The document also provides procedures for standardizing titrants and estimating drugs using this analytical method.
The document provides information about diazotization titrations. It discusses the principle, theory, procedure, end point detection, factors affecting, applications, and advantages/disadvantages of diazotization titrations. The key points are:
- Diazotization titrations involve the reaction of a primary aromatic amine with sodium nitrite in acidic medium to form a diazonium salt, which is then titrated.
- The end point is detected using an external indicator like starch iodide paper or electrochemically.
- Factors like acid concentration, temperature, and reaction time must be controlled.
- It can be used to determine drugs and compounds containing
Redox titration involves a redox reaction between an analyte and titrant to determine the analyte concentration. It requires a redox indicator or potentiometer and monitors the reaction potential. An example is titrating iodine solution with a reducing agent, using starch indicator to detect when iodine is fully reduced to iodide ions. Redox reactions involve both oxidation, such as gain of oxygen or loss of electrons, and reduction, such as gain of hydrogen or electrons. Redox titration indicators change color when their oxidation state and the solution potential changes at the endpoint of the titration.
Non-aqueous titration has several advantages over aqueous titration including enabling the titration of organic acids and bases that are insoluble in water. Key types of non-aqueous solvents used in titration include aprotic, protogenic, protophillic, and amphiprotic solvents. Common indicators used in non-aqueous titration include crystal violet and oracet blue B. Example applications of non-aqueous titration include determination of active ingredients in pharmaceutical preparations like ephedrine and codeine. Proper preparation and standardization of titrants such as perchloric acid in acetic acid or potassium methoxide in toluene-methanol is important for accurate non-aqueous tit
This document discusses non-aqueous titrations, which are used to analyze organic acids and bases that are insoluble or weakly reactive in water. It describes the principles, reasons for using non-aqueous titrations, common solvents like acetic acid, and provides examples of procedures to titrate drugs like ephedrine hydrochloride and sodium benzoate. The key steps involve dissolving the analyte in a non-aqueous solvent, titrating with an acid or base, and determining the endpoint using an indicator reaction.
The document describes the limit test for lead, which determines the allowable limit of heavy metal lead in a sample. The test involves reacting the sample with dithizone, which forms a violet-colored lead dithizonate complex in the presence of lead. The intensity of color in the sample is compared to that of a standard lead solution treated the same way. If the sample solution is less colored than the standard, the sample passes the lead limit test. The test is useful for detecting trace amounts of lead impurity from sources like equipment, storage containers, or packaging materials used during manufacturing or storage of medical compounds.
This document discusses conductometric titration, which is an electrochemical analytical method that measures the electrical conductance of an electrolyte solution. It describes the principles and instrumentation of conductometry, including how conductivity is measured using a conductivity meter or by performing a titration. Some key applications of conductometric titration are determining the end point of acid-base and precipitation titrations, and it has various uses in fields like environmental analysis, food testing, and quality control.
This document provides an overview of non-aqueous titration as a technique used in pharmaceutical analysis. It discusses the need for non-aqueous titrations when analytes are not soluble or reactive in water. The principles and techniques of non-aqueous acid-base titration are explained, including the use of aprotic, protogenic, amphiprotic and protophilic solvents. Common titrants, indicators, and examples of pharmaceutical compounds analyzed by non-aqueous titration like sodium benzoate and ephedrine hydrochloride are outlined. The document also provides procedures for standardizing titrants and estimating drugs using this analytical method.
The document provides information about diazotization titrations. It discusses the principle, theory, procedure, end point detection, factors affecting, applications, and advantages/disadvantages of diazotization titrations. The key points are:
- Diazotization titrations involve the reaction of a primary aromatic amine with sodium nitrite in acidic medium to form a diazonium salt, which is then titrated.
- The end point is detected using an external indicator like starch iodide paper or electrochemically.
- Factors like acid concentration, temperature, and reaction time must be controlled.
- It can be used to determine drugs and compounds containing
Redox titration involves a redox reaction between an analyte and titrant to determine the analyte concentration. It requires a redox indicator or potentiometer and monitors the reaction potential. An example is titrating iodine solution with a reducing agent, using starch indicator to detect when iodine is fully reduced to iodide ions. Redox reactions involve both oxidation, such as gain of oxygen or loss of electrons, and reduction, such as gain of hydrogen or electrons. Redox titration indicators change color when their oxidation state and the solution potential changes at the endpoint of the titration.
Non-aqueous titration has several advantages over aqueous titration including enabling the titration of organic acids and bases that are insoluble in water. Key types of non-aqueous solvents used in titration include aprotic, protogenic, protophillic, and amphiprotic solvents. Common indicators used in non-aqueous titration include crystal violet and oracet blue B. Example applications of non-aqueous titration include determination of active ingredients in pharmaceutical preparations like ephedrine and codeine. Proper preparation and standardization of titrants such as perchloric acid in acetic acid or potassium methoxide in toluene-methanol is important for accurate non-aqueous tit
This document discusses non-aqueous titrations, which are used to analyze organic acids and bases that are insoluble or weakly reactive in water. It describes the principles, reasons for using non-aqueous titrations, common solvents like acetic acid, and provides examples of procedures to titrate drugs like ephedrine hydrochloride and sodium benzoate. The key steps involve dissolving the analyte in a non-aqueous solvent, titrating with an acid or base, and determining the endpoint using an indicator reaction.
The document describes the limit test for lead, which determines the allowable limit of heavy metal lead in a sample. The test involves reacting the sample with dithizone, which forms a violet-colored lead dithizonate complex in the presence of lead. The intensity of color in the sample is compared to that of a standard lead solution treated the same way. If the sample solution is less colored than the standard, the sample passes the lead limit test. The test is useful for detecting trace amounts of lead impurity from sources like equipment, storage containers, or packaging materials used during manufacturing or storage of medical compounds.
This document discusses conductometric titration, which is an electrochemical analytical method that measures the electrical conductance of an electrolyte solution. It describes the principles and instrumentation of conductometry, including how conductivity is measured using a conductivity meter or by performing a titration. Some key applications of conductometric titration are determining the end point of acid-base and precipitation titrations, and it has various uses in fields like environmental analysis, food testing, and quality control.
This document discusses several inorganic acids and bases. It provides details on the preparation, properties, uses and titration methods for hydrochloric acid, sodium phosphate, calcium phosphate, ammonium chloride and other compounds. Key points include that inorganic acids produce or become acid in water, are used as systemic acidifiers, and their concentrations can be determined through acid-base titration using various pH indicators.
This document discusses non-aqueous titration including reasons for using non-aqueous solvents, common solvent types, and examples of acidimetry and alkalimetry titrations. Protogenic, protophilic, and aprotic solvents are described. Acidimetry involves titrating weak bases like ephedrine HCl with perchloric acid in glacial acetic acid. Alkalimetry involves titrating weak acids like sodium benzoate with sodium methoxide in DMF. The document provides procedures for standardizing a perchloric acid solution and estimating the percentage of ephedrine HCl and sodium benzoate in samples.
This document discusses non-aqueous titrations, including the types of solvents used, endpoint detection methods, and applications. It covers protogenic solvents like acetic acid that can act as both acids and bases, protophilic solvents with high proton affinity, and aprotic solvents like benzene that are inert. Common indicators and titrants used include crystal violet, perchloric acid, and sodium acetate. The document provides examples of using non-aqueous titrations to assay substances like sodium acetate and norfloxacin tablets that are insoluble or reactive in water.
This document describes procedures for estimating the purity of magnesium sulfate and calcium gluconate. It first details the preparation of a 0.05 M disodium edetate solution and its standardization. For magnesium sulfate estimation, 0.3 g of the compound is dissolved and titrated against the disodium edetate solution. The volume used is used to calculate purity percentage. For calcium gluconate estimation, an accurately measured volume equivalent to 0.5 g of the compound is titrated against disodium edetate after the addition of magnesium sulfate and ammonia solutions. The volume used is then used to calculate the amount of calcium gluconate present.
This document describes the limit test for lead using diphenylthiocarbazone (dithizone) which forms a violet colored lead-dithizonate complex in an alkaline medium. The method separates any lead impurity in a substance by extracting an alkaline solution with dithizone chloroform solution. The intensity of the violet color complex is then compared to a standard lead solution to determine the amount of lead present.
Neutralization curves in acid base analytical titrations, indicators.nehla313
Neutralization curves in acid base analytical titrations, indicators,
strong acid strong base
weak acid strong bse
strong acid weak base
weak acid and weak base
Non-aqueous titration is used when reactants are insoluble or reactive with water, or are very weak acids or bases that do not fully dissociate. Water is replaced by other solvents like perchloric acid. Non-aqueous titration can estimate weak acids and bases that cannot be easily titrated in water due to its amphoteric nature. Common types of non-aqueous titration include acidimetry, using acidic solvents and perchloric acid as the titrant to estimate weak bases, and alkalimetry, using basic solvents and sodium methoxide as the titrant to estimate weak acids.
This document describes the procedure for performing a limit test for sulphate according to the Indian Pharmacopoeia. A barium sulphate reagent is prepared containing barium chloride, potassium sulphate, alcohol and water. Standard sulphate solutions are also prepared. The test involves adding nitric acid and the reagent to samples and standards, observing any turbidity formed, and comparing the sample to the standard. If the sample turbidity is less than the standard, it passes the limit test, and if greater, it fails the test.
This document discusses electrolyte therapy, including normal electrolyte requirements, solutions for initial and subsequent electrolyte replacement, and the ingredients and amounts in oral rehydration salts. It lists the normal requirements in meq/L or meq/liter for electrolytes like sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, magnesium, calcium, and phosphorous. It also provides the formulation for oral rehydration salts, including the active ingredients dextrose monohydrate, potassium chloride, sodium citrate, and the amounts needed to make up 1000ml of solution.
This document discusses various redox titration methods including permanganometry, dichrometry, cerimetry, iodimetry, and bromatometry. It defines oxidation, reduction, and redox reactions. It explains how to calculate equivalent weights of oxidizing and reducing agents and different methods to detect the endpoint of a redox titration including using internal indicators, self indicators, external indicators, and instrumental methods. It provides examples of applications for each type of redox titration.
This document discusses electrolyte replacement therapy and lists three common electrolyte compounds used: sodium chloride, potassium chloride, and calcium gluconate. Sodium chloride and potassium chloride are described in detail, including their molecular formulas, properties, preparation methods, assays, and uses. Calcium gluconate is also described briefly, noting its use as an electrolyte replenisher and to treat conditions caused by low calcium levels such as osteoporosis and rickets. The main purpose of electrolyte replacement therapy is to restore electrolyte and fluid balance in the body.
This document discusses various precipitation titration methods involving silver ions (Ag+). It describes three main methods:
1) Mohr's method uses silver ions as the titrant and chromate ions as the indicator for titrating halide ions like chloride. Silver halide precipitates first, followed by silver chromate at the endpoint.
2) Volhard's method titrates silver ions with thiocyanate ions in acidic medium using ferric ions as the reddish-brown thiocyanate complex indicator.
3) Fajan's method, or indicator adsorption method, involves adsorption of anionic dye indicators onto the precipitated silver halide particles. The intense color change at the
This document discusses acidifying reagents, including dilute hydrochloric acid and ammonium chloride. It provides details on their preparation, properties, tests for identification and purity, assays, storage, and uses. Dilute hydrochloric acid is a clear, colorless liquid prepared by diluting concentrated hydrochloric acid with water. Ammonium chloride is a white, crystalline powder prepared by neutralizing ammonia with hydrochloric acid. Both are used as acidifiers in pharmaceutical preparations and to treat conditions like metabolic alkalosis.
The document discusses different types of complexometric titration methods including direct titration, backtitration, replacement/substitution titration, and indirect titration. Direct titration involves directly titrating a metal ion solution with EDTA. Backtitration involves adding excess EDTA and back-titrating the excess with a second metal ion. Replacement/substitution titration involves quantitatively displacing one metal ion with the metal ion being determined. Indirect titration is used for anions by first precipitating them with a metal cation before titrating the metal with EDTA. The document also discusses titration curves in complexometric titration and EDTA as the most commonly used titrant.
Modified limit tests for chlorides and sulphates.EXCELRA
This document describes a modified limit test for chlorides and sulphates. For chlorides, the test is based on the reaction between silver nitrate and chloride ions to form a silver chloride precipitate in dilute nitric acid. The turbidity produced is compared to a standard solution. For sulphates, barium chloride reacts with sulphate ions in the presence of acetic acid to form a barium sulphate precipitate. The opalescence produced is compared to a standard solution containing a known amount of sulphate. Detailed procedures are provided for preparing reagents and performing the tests on samples and standards.
Non-aqueous titrations involve using a non-aqueous solvent instead of water. They are used when the reactant is insoluble in water, reactive with water, or too weak an acid or base. The document discusses different types of non-aqueous solvents and their properties, as well as considerations for non-aqueous titration procedures and methods. Common solvents, titrants, and indicators used are outlined. Examples of titrating weak bases with perchloric acid in acetic acid and weak acids with sodium methoxide are provided.
This document discusses pharmaceutical impurities. It defines impurity as unwanted foreign particles other than the active drug. Impurities can come from raw materials, reagents, manufacturing processes, storage conditions, or deliberate adulteration. The types and amounts of impurities depend on factors like purity of starting materials and purification methods. Limit tests are used to detect and limit specific impurities like chlorides, sulphates, and iron according to pharmacopeia limits. The tests use reactions like precipitation or color changes to compare a sample to a standard of a known impurity level. Maintaining low impurity levels is important for safety, efficacy, and stability of pharmaceutical products.
Non-aqueous titration allows for the titration of weak acids and bases that cannot be accurately measured in aqueous solution. It involves titrating the substance using a non-aqueous solvent and titrant. Various organic solvents like acetic acid, alcohols, and amines can be used that compete less than water for proton donation or acceptance. This allows for sharper endpoints compared to titration in water for very weak acids and bases. Selection of the appropriate non-aqueous solvent depends on factors like solubility of the sample and ability to produce a clear endpoint.
Non-aqueous titration involves titrating substances that are not soluble or do not have a sharp endpoint in water using a non-aqueous solvent. The choice of solvent can affect whether a substance acts as a strong acid or base. Various types of non-aqueous solvents exist including aprotic, protogenic, protophilic, and amphiprotic solvents. Visual indicators are typically used to detect the endpoint in non-aqueous titrations. Some common indicators include crystal violet, oracet blue B, and quinaldine red. Non-aqueous titrations allow for the analysis of organic acids and bases that cannot be easily analyzed using aqueous titration.
The document discusses non-aqueous titration, including what it is, the role of solvents, types of non-aqueous solvents, detection of endpoints, indicators used, and references. Non-aqueous titration involves titrating substances that are not soluble in water using non-aqueous solvents. It outlines the main types of non-aqueous solvents and visual indicators commonly used to detect the endpoints in non-aqueous titrations.
This document discusses several inorganic acids and bases. It provides details on the preparation, properties, uses and titration methods for hydrochloric acid, sodium phosphate, calcium phosphate, ammonium chloride and other compounds. Key points include that inorganic acids produce or become acid in water, are used as systemic acidifiers, and their concentrations can be determined through acid-base titration using various pH indicators.
This document discusses non-aqueous titration including reasons for using non-aqueous solvents, common solvent types, and examples of acidimetry and alkalimetry titrations. Protogenic, protophilic, and aprotic solvents are described. Acidimetry involves titrating weak bases like ephedrine HCl with perchloric acid in glacial acetic acid. Alkalimetry involves titrating weak acids like sodium benzoate with sodium methoxide in DMF. The document provides procedures for standardizing a perchloric acid solution and estimating the percentage of ephedrine HCl and sodium benzoate in samples.
This document discusses non-aqueous titrations, including the types of solvents used, endpoint detection methods, and applications. It covers protogenic solvents like acetic acid that can act as both acids and bases, protophilic solvents with high proton affinity, and aprotic solvents like benzene that are inert. Common indicators and titrants used include crystal violet, perchloric acid, and sodium acetate. The document provides examples of using non-aqueous titrations to assay substances like sodium acetate and norfloxacin tablets that are insoluble or reactive in water.
This document describes procedures for estimating the purity of magnesium sulfate and calcium gluconate. It first details the preparation of a 0.05 M disodium edetate solution and its standardization. For magnesium sulfate estimation, 0.3 g of the compound is dissolved and titrated against the disodium edetate solution. The volume used is used to calculate purity percentage. For calcium gluconate estimation, an accurately measured volume equivalent to 0.5 g of the compound is titrated against disodium edetate after the addition of magnesium sulfate and ammonia solutions. The volume used is then used to calculate the amount of calcium gluconate present.
This document describes the limit test for lead using diphenylthiocarbazone (dithizone) which forms a violet colored lead-dithizonate complex in an alkaline medium. The method separates any lead impurity in a substance by extracting an alkaline solution with dithizone chloroform solution. The intensity of the violet color complex is then compared to a standard lead solution to determine the amount of lead present.
Neutralization curves in acid base analytical titrations, indicators.nehla313
Neutralization curves in acid base analytical titrations, indicators,
strong acid strong base
weak acid strong bse
strong acid weak base
weak acid and weak base
Non-aqueous titration is used when reactants are insoluble or reactive with water, or are very weak acids or bases that do not fully dissociate. Water is replaced by other solvents like perchloric acid. Non-aqueous titration can estimate weak acids and bases that cannot be easily titrated in water due to its amphoteric nature. Common types of non-aqueous titration include acidimetry, using acidic solvents and perchloric acid as the titrant to estimate weak bases, and alkalimetry, using basic solvents and sodium methoxide as the titrant to estimate weak acids.
This document describes the procedure for performing a limit test for sulphate according to the Indian Pharmacopoeia. A barium sulphate reagent is prepared containing barium chloride, potassium sulphate, alcohol and water. Standard sulphate solutions are also prepared. The test involves adding nitric acid and the reagent to samples and standards, observing any turbidity formed, and comparing the sample to the standard. If the sample turbidity is less than the standard, it passes the limit test, and if greater, it fails the test.
This document discusses electrolyte therapy, including normal electrolyte requirements, solutions for initial and subsequent electrolyte replacement, and the ingredients and amounts in oral rehydration salts. It lists the normal requirements in meq/L or meq/liter for electrolytes like sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, magnesium, calcium, and phosphorous. It also provides the formulation for oral rehydration salts, including the active ingredients dextrose monohydrate, potassium chloride, sodium citrate, and the amounts needed to make up 1000ml of solution.
This document discusses various redox titration methods including permanganometry, dichrometry, cerimetry, iodimetry, and bromatometry. It defines oxidation, reduction, and redox reactions. It explains how to calculate equivalent weights of oxidizing and reducing agents and different methods to detect the endpoint of a redox titration including using internal indicators, self indicators, external indicators, and instrumental methods. It provides examples of applications for each type of redox titration.
This document discusses electrolyte replacement therapy and lists three common electrolyte compounds used: sodium chloride, potassium chloride, and calcium gluconate. Sodium chloride and potassium chloride are described in detail, including their molecular formulas, properties, preparation methods, assays, and uses. Calcium gluconate is also described briefly, noting its use as an electrolyte replenisher and to treat conditions caused by low calcium levels such as osteoporosis and rickets. The main purpose of electrolyte replacement therapy is to restore electrolyte and fluid balance in the body.
This document discusses various precipitation titration methods involving silver ions (Ag+). It describes three main methods:
1) Mohr's method uses silver ions as the titrant and chromate ions as the indicator for titrating halide ions like chloride. Silver halide precipitates first, followed by silver chromate at the endpoint.
2) Volhard's method titrates silver ions with thiocyanate ions in acidic medium using ferric ions as the reddish-brown thiocyanate complex indicator.
3) Fajan's method, or indicator adsorption method, involves adsorption of anionic dye indicators onto the precipitated silver halide particles. The intense color change at the
This document discusses acidifying reagents, including dilute hydrochloric acid and ammonium chloride. It provides details on their preparation, properties, tests for identification and purity, assays, storage, and uses. Dilute hydrochloric acid is a clear, colorless liquid prepared by diluting concentrated hydrochloric acid with water. Ammonium chloride is a white, crystalline powder prepared by neutralizing ammonia with hydrochloric acid. Both are used as acidifiers in pharmaceutical preparations and to treat conditions like metabolic alkalosis.
The document discusses different types of complexometric titration methods including direct titration, backtitration, replacement/substitution titration, and indirect titration. Direct titration involves directly titrating a metal ion solution with EDTA. Backtitration involves adding excess EDTA and back-titrating the excess with a second metal ion. Replacement/substitution titration involves quantitatively displacing one metal ion with the metal ion being determined. Indirect titration is used for anions by first precipitating them with a metal cation before titrating the metal with EDTA. The document also discusses titration curves in complexometric titration and EDTA as the most commonly used titrant.
Modified limit tests for chlorides and sulphates.EXCELRA
This document describes a modified limit test for chlorides and sulphates. For chlorides, the test is based on the reaction between silver nitrate and chloride ions to form a silver chloride precipitate in dilute nitric acid. The turbidity produced is compared to a standard solution. For sulphates, barium chloride reacts with sulphate ions in the presence of acetic acid to form a barium sulphate precipitate. The opalescence produced is compared to a standard solution containing a known amount of sulphate. Detailed procedures are provided for preparing reagents and performing the tests on samples and standards.
Non-aqueous titrations involve using a non-aqueous solvent instead of water. They are used when the reactant is insoluble in water, reactive with water, or too weak an acid or base. The document discusses different types of non-aqueous solvents and their properties, as well as considerations for non-aqueous titration procedures and methods. Common solvents, titrants, and indicators used are outlined. Examples of titrating weak bases with perchloric acid in acetic acid and weak acids with sodium methoxide are provided.
This document discusses pharmaceutical impurities. It defines impurity as unwanted foreign particles other than the active drug. Impurities can come from raw materials, reagents, manufacturing processes, storage conditions, or deliberate adulteration. The types and amounts of impurities depend on factors like purity of starting materials and purification methods. Limit tests are used to detect and limit specific impurities like chlorides, sulphates, and iron according to pharmacopeia limits. The tests use reactions like precipitation or color changes to compare a sample to a standard of a known impurity level. Maintaining low impurity levels is important for safety, efficacy, and stability of pharmaceutical products.
Non-aqueous titration allows for the titration of weak acids and bases that cannot be accurately measured in aqueous solution. It involves titrating the substance using a non-aqueous solvent and titrant. Various organic solvents like acetic acid, alcohols, and amines can be used that compete less than water for proton donation or acceptance. This allows for sharper endpoints compared to titration in water for very weak acids and bases. Selection of the appropriate non-aqueous solvent depends on factors like solubility of the sample and ability to produce a clear endpoint.
Non-aqueous titration involves titrating substances that are not soluble or do not have a sharp endpoint in water using a non-aqueous solvent. The choice of solvent can affect whether a substance acts as a strong acid or base. Various types of non-aqueous solvents exist including aprotic, protogenic, protophilic, and amphiprotic solvents. Visual indicators are typically used to detect the endpoint in non-aqueous titrations. Some common indicators include crystal violet, oracet blue B, and quinaldine red. Non-aqueous titrations allow for the analysis of organic acids and bases that cannot be easily analyzed using aqueous titration.
The document discusses non-aqueous titration, including what it is, the role of solvents, types of non-aqueous solvents, detection of endpoints, indicators used, and references. Non-aqueous titration involves titrating substances that are not soluble in water using non-aqueous solvents. It outlines the main types of non-aqueous solvents and visual indicators commonly used to detect the endpoints in non-aqueous titrations.
This document discusses extraction of drugs and metabolites from biological matrices. It covers topics like sample preparation techniques, types of samples, physicochemical properties of drugs, and methods of extraction. The key goals of sample preparation are to isolate analytes from interfering compounds, dissolve them in a suitable solvent, and pre-concentrate them at a level suitable for detection. Common extraction methods mentioned are liquid-liquid extraction, solid phase extraction, protein precipitation, solid phase microextraction, matrix solid phase dispersion, and supercritical fluid extraction.
Non-aqueous titration is used when the analyte is insoluble, reactive, or too weak to be titrated in water. The amphoteric nature of water can interfere with titration of weak acids or bases. Key aspects include:
- Using a non-aqueous solvent like acetic acid or DMF that is inert, acidic, or basic as needed.
- Titrants like perchloric acid or potassium methoxide that are appropriate for the analyte and solvent.
- Visual indicators that change color at the endpoint, selected based on the solvent system.
- Potentiometric titration can also detect the endpoint.
- Temperature, moisture and CO2 must be
non aqueous titrations of acid and base .pptxDeepali69
Non-aqueous titrations allow for the titration of substances that cannot be titrated in aqueous solutions, such as mixtures of acids/bases, organic acids/bases insoluble in water, and very weak acids/bases. Solvents used include acetic acid, acetonitrile, alcohols, and DMF. Indicators change color in acidic and basic conditions. Common titrations include primary/secondary/tertiary amines with perchloric acid and acids with sodium/potassium methoxide. Proper preparation of titrants and indicators, choice of solvent, and accounting for temperature effects are important for accurate non-aqueous titrations.
Non aqueous titration (AB-Production) IUB-BWPAwais Basit
This document discusses non-aqueous titration. It defines non-aqueous titration as the titration of weakly acidic or basic substances using non-aqueous solvents to obtain a sharp endpoint. It describes the types of non-aqueous solvents that can be used, including aprotic, protogenic, protophilic, and amphiprotic solvents. Some common indicators used in non-aqueous titrations and their color changes are also outlined. Advantages include the ability to titrate organic substances that are insoluble in water and selectively titrate mixtures. Disadvantages include the need for strict temperature and moisture control along with the use of expensive and sometimes toxic or volatile solvents.
Mrs. Poonam Sunil Aher discusses different analytical techniques including quantitative methods like solubility, melting point, and boiling point as well as qualitative methods like color, odor, and identification tests. She focuses on titrimetric techniques like acid-base titration using indicators, redox titration, iodimetry titration using starch, and precipitation titration. She also covers gravimetric analysis techniques like volatilization and precipitation, and discusses aqueous versus non-aqueous titration.
This document discusses non-aqueous titration and provides details about the process. It describes the four main types of non-aqueous solvents used - aprotic, protogenic, protophilic, and amphiprotic. The presence of water can interfere with titrations between weak acids and bases by making the titration between a strong and weak system. The basic principles of non-aqueous titration involve the formation of onium ions or acetate ions to create a strong acid or base. Common indicators and procedures for preparing and standardizing perchloric acid are also outlined.
This document discusses non-aqueous titration. It explains that non-aqueous titration uses solvents other than water and can titrate organic compounds that are insoluble in water. The key aspects covered include the theory behind acid-base chemistry in different solvents, properties of non-aqueous solvents, factors in solvent selection, and applications like titrating weak acids and bases. Detection methods for non-aqueous titration include potentiometric and indicator-based methods.
The document discusses non-aqueous titrations, which involve dissolving the analyte substance in a non-aqueous solvent rather than water. This is necessary when water could compete with or interfere with the reaction of weak acids and bases. The key advantages of non-aqueous titrations are that they can titrate very weak acids/bases and dissolve organic compounds. The document describes different types of non-aqueous solvents and how indicators and titrants are selected for particular analytes.
Non-aqueous titrations allow for the titration of weakly acidic or basic substances using non-aqueous solvents. This provides sharper endpoints compared to aqueous titrations. Common non-aqueous solvents include acetic acid, acetonitrile, alcohols, and dimethylformamide. Indicators are also used that change color at the titration endpoint. Examples given are the titration of ephedrine hydrochloride and sodium benzoate using perchloric acid in acetic acid with crystal violet indicator.
Non-aqueous titration, Introduction, Theory & Principle, Solvents & Types of solvents, Indicator, Types of Non-aqueous titration, Methods of determination of end point, Assay of Sodium benzoate
Learning objectives
Introduction
Types of solvents
Acidimetry in non aqueous medium
Alkalimetry in non aqueous medium
Estimation of Sodium benzoate and Ephedrine HCl
Applications of non aqueous titrations in pharmacy
Conclusion
Reference
This document discusses limitations of Lewis acid-base reactions, properties of buffer solutions, buffer capacity, the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, and applications of buffers in pharmacy. It also covers general principles for adjusting solutions to isotonicity and its importance, types of impurities found in pharmaceutical substances, sources of impurities, effects of impurities, and limit tests for chloride, sulfate, iron, heavy metals, lead, and arsenic. Limit tests are used to identify and control small quantities of impurities that may be present in substances.
This document provides an introduction to chemistry laboratory analysis. It discusses different types of analysis including qualitative analysis to identify substances and quantitative analysis to determine amounts. Key terms in volumetric analysis like titration, titrant, and endpoint are explained. Different types of titrations such as acid-base, redox, complexometric, and precipitation titrations are described. Factors that affect accuracy and precision in analysis are covered. The roles and selection of various indicators for different types of titrations are also summarized.
This presentation summarizes non-aqueous acid-base titration. It introduces the presenter, MD. Zahirul Isalam from the Department of Pharmacy at World University of Bangladesh. The presentation defines non-aqueous titration as titrating weakly acidic or basic substances using non-aqueous solvents to get a sharp endpoint. It discusses the different types of non-aqueous solvents including aprotic, protophilic, protogenic, and amphiprotic solvents. The presentation also covers determining the endpoint through potentiometric or indicator methods and describes examples of titrating weak bases and acids through non-aqueous methods.
Non-aqueous titration has several advantages over aqueous titration:
1. Organic acids and bases insoluble in water can be soluble in non-aqueous solvents allowing them to be titrated.
2. A non-aqueous solvent may help separate two or more acids in a mixture so they can be titrated individually.
3. More substances can be titrated as the solubility and application ranges are enlarged for weak acids/bases that cannot be titrated in water.
Some common non-aqueous solvents used include acetic acid, acetonitrile, alcohols, DMF. Indicators suitable for specific titrations must be selected to indicate the endpoint
Non Aqueous Titration- by Dr. A. AmsavelDr. Amsavel A
This document discusses principles of non-aqueous titration and its applications in pharmaceutical industries. It describes the limitations of aqueous titration and how non-aqueous titration overcomes them. Various types of solvents used in non-aqueous titration are defined including aprotic, protogenic, protophilic and amphiprotic solvents. Acid-base theories, choice of titrants and endpoints, indicators and potentiometric titration are also covered. The document emphasizes the importance of solvent selection and various techniques to improve accuracy in non-aqueous titration.
Non Aqueous Titration
Types of solvents used in non aqueous Titration
Compounds used for non aqueous Titration
Titration done for weak acid and weak base,
Similar to Non Aqueous titration: Definition, Principle and Application (20)
General Principles of Intellectual Property: Concepts of Intellectual Proper...Poonam Aher Patil
General Principles of Intellectual Property: Concepts of Intellectual
Property (IP), Intellectual Property Protection (IPP), Intellectual Property
Rights (IPR);
Gravimetric analysis involves converting a compound to a pure weighed precipitate through precipitation reactions. The purity of the precipitate can be checked using co-precipitation methods, which involve factors like surface adsorption, mixed crystal formation, occlusion, and mechanical entrapment. The steps involved include filtering the precipitate using various filter materials like filter paper, filter pulp, filter mat, and permanent porous filter discs. The precipitate must then be washed and dried before being weighed. Gravimetric analysis has applications in determining the composition of materials.
THERMAL ANALYSIS (DIFFERENTIAL THERMAL ANALYSIS AND DSC)Poonam Aher Patil
This document provides information on differential thermal analysis (DTA). It begins by defining DTA as a technique that measures the difference in temperature between a substance and reference material as they are subjected to a controlled temperature program. It describes various physical and chemical phenomena that can cause changes in temperature, such as adsorption, desorption, melting, and reactions. The document discusses factors that can affect DTA curves, including instrumental factors like furnace atmosphere and heating rate, and sample factors like particle size and amount. It also provides details on DTA instrumentation, theoretical aspects, applications, advantages, and references.
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is a thermal analysis technique that measures the heat flow into or out of a sample as it is heated, cooled, or held at constant temperature. DSC provides quantitative and qualitative data on physical and chemical changes that involve endothermic or exothermic processes, or changes in heat capacity. A DSC instrument measures the difference in heat flow between the sample and a reference material as both are subjected to a controlled temperature program. This allows the determination of transition temperatures such as melting points, glass transition temperatures, and crystallization temperatures. DSC is commonly used in materials science and polymer chemistry to study phase transitions and thermal stability.
This document provides an overview of NMR spectroscopy. It begins by defining NMR spectroscopy and describing how nuclei absorb electromagnetic radiation when placed in a magnetic field. It then discusses key concepts like NMR active nuclei, chemical shielding and deshielding, chemically equivalent and non-equivalent protons, and spin-spin splitting and coupling constants. The document concludes by outlining some applications of NMR spectroscopy like identification of structural isomers and distinction between cis-trans isomers.
This document discusses fluorescence, fluorometry, and quenching of fluorescence. It defines fluorescence as the emission of visible light by a substance after absorbing external radiation. Fluorometry allows the measurement of the intensity and composition of this emitted radiation and is used in drug analysis and cancer diagnosis. Quenching reduces fluorescence intensity and can occur through various mechanisms including collisional, static, concentration, and chemical quenching. Common quenching agents and examples of each quenching type are provided. In conclusion, quenching is usually undesirable but can be used analytically to determine quencher concentration or reveal fluorophore localization.
This document provides an overview of high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC). It describes the principles, methodology, and applications of HPTLC. Some key points include:
- HPTLC is an improved version of thin layer chromatography (TLC) that allows for more optimized separation of analytes.
- Samples are applied to HPTLC plates manually or automatically and developed in a chamber using a mobile phase solvent.
- Separated components are detected visually or using a densitometer, and may require derivatization for improved detection.
- HPTLC is used in pharmaceutical analysis, clinical testing, food testing, and other applications due to its high resolution, sensitivity, accuracy and reproducibility.
COMPLEXOMETRIC TITRATION OR CHEALATOMETRIC TITRATIONPoonam Aher Patil
Complexometric titration involves using a ligand such as EDTA that forms stable complexes with metal ions to determine the endpoint of a titration. EDTA is commonly used as the titrant because it forms strong complexes with many metal ions. Complexometric indicators that undergo a color change are used to detect the endpoint when the metal ion is completely bound by EDTA. Common applications include assays to determine the concentration of metal ions like magnesium, calcium, and aluminum in samples.
THEORIES OF GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY: RATE THEORY AND PLATE THEORYPoonam Aher Patil
Gas chromatography is a technique that separates compounds based on how they partition between a mobile gas phase and a stationary phase. There are two main types - gas-solid chromatography which uses a solid stationary phase, and gas-liquid chromatography which uses a liquid stationary phase. The distribution of analytes between the phases can be expressed using a distribution constant. Chromatographic efficiency is evaluated using the number of theoretical plates in the column, which can be calculated from peak widths and retention times. The height of a theoretical plate depends on various factors and can be described by the van Deemter equation.
Thin layer chromatography (TLC) is a chromatography technique used to separate mixtures. It uses a stationary phase, typically silica gel on a glass or aluminum plate, and a mobile phase, usually a solvent or solvent mixture, to separate compounds in a mixture. High performance TLC (HPTLC) is an advanced form of TLC that provides better separation using optimized stationary phases with smaller particle sizes and tighter size distributions compared to normal TLC plates. The key steps in TLC and HPTLC involve preparing the chromatographic plate, applying the sample as a spot, developing the plate with a mobile phase, and detecting separated components using visualization techniques. TLC and HPTLC have various applications in analyzing organic compounds,
Paper Chromatography or Paper partition chromatographyPoonam Aher Patil
Paper chromatography is a technique used to separate and analyze mixtures that relies on the differential migration of compounds across paper. It works on the principle that some compounds interact more with the stationary phase (paper) and others interact more with the mobile phase (solvent). The sample is applied to the paper and then placed in a solvent, allowing the compounds to separate into distinct spots. Paper chromatography is simple, inexpensive, and has good resolving power, making it useful for analyzing mixtures like drugs, metabolites, proteins, and more.
Gel chromatography, also known as size-exclusion chromatography, separates molecules based on differences in their size and hydrodynamic volume. Small molecules enter the pores within the stationary phase gel beads and are restricted in flow, while larger molecules flow through the interstitial spaces between beads. This results in higher molecular weight compounds eluting from the column first followed by progressively smaller molecules. Gel chromatography can separate proteins, peptides, nucleic acids, and other biomolecules and is used for applications like desalting, buffer exchange, and removal of contaminants.
1. Fluorimetry is the measurement of fluorescence intensity using a fluorimeter or spectrofluorimeter. It involves exciting a molecule with specific wavelengths of light which causes electrons to get promoted to excited states, then relax emitting light of longer wavelengths.
2. Key components of fluorimeters include light sources like mercury lamps, filters to select wavelengths, sample cells, and detectors like photomultiplier tubes. Spectrofluorimeters use monochromators instead of filters to isolate wavelengths.
3. Fluorescence can be quenched by factors like oxygen, pH, temperature. Applications include determining inorganic/organic substances, proteins, pigments in nanogram amounts.
This document discusses flame photometry, which uses the intensity of light emitted from heated metal atoms to determine the concentration of certain metal ions. It describes the basic working principles, including how a metal salt solution is atomized in a flame, causing the atoms to emit light of specific wavelengths. It then summarizes the key components of a flame photometer instrument, including the sample delivery system, fuel/oxidant sources, monochromator for separating wavelengths, and detector for measuring light intensities. The document provides details on common flame types and considerations for efficient atomization and excitation of metal samples for analysis.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
Non Aqueous titration: Definition, Principle and Application
1. Non Aqueous Titration
Mrs.Poonam Sunil Aher (M.Pharm, PhD)
Assistant Professor
Sanjivani College of Pharmaceutical Education and Research
(Autonomous),
Kopargaon, Ahmednagar-423603 (M.S.), INDIA
Mobile: +91-9689942854
2. • Non-aqueous titration is a volumetric analysis performed solely in
solvents with no water molecules.
• Titrations against acids or bases are performed in a non-aqueous
solvent with dissolved analytes or samples. The method used in active
pharmaceutical assays.
• The non-interference of water molecules in titration is what makes
non-aqueous titrations significant.
• Water is both a weak acid and a weak base. Water molecules compete
for proton donation with other bases and accept protons from other
acids dissolved in them. This makes it difficult to determine the
endpoint in titration. As a result, avoiding the interference of water
molecules in the titration procedure is critical. Due to the absence of
water molecules in non-aqueous titrations, it gives sharp endpoints and
accurate results.
3. • Non-aqueous titration is a highly helpful process because it satisfies
two requirements:
• 1. It is appropriate for titrating very weak acids or bases
• 2. It provides a solvent that may dissolve organic molecules.
4. Types of solvent in Non aqueous titration
• Types of Non-Aqueous Solvents
• There are four types of solvents that are commonly used in the non-aqueous
titration of a given analyte. They are as follows:
• 1. Aprotic Solvents: Aprotic solvents are chemically inert. These solvents
are non-reactive and do not react with acids or bases. They have a low
dielectric constant and do not cause solute ionisation. Aprotic solvents'
primary function is to dilute the reaction mixture.
• Examples: Toluene, acetonitrile, tetrachloride, benzene, chlorinated
hydrocarbons, etc.
• 2. Protophilic Solvents: Protophilic solvents are those that have higher
basicity than water. These solvents have a strong attraction to positively
charged protons. In the presence of an acidic solution, protophilic solvents
form a conjugate base of the acid and a solvated proton. A protophilic
solvent's primary function is to increase the acidic strength of very weak
acids. They increase the strength of weak acids by readily accepting
protons. Because of their high affinity for protons, they have a levelling
effect on weak acids.
• Examples: Liquid ammonia, ethers, amines and ketones.
5. • 3. Protogenic Solvents:
• Protogenic solvents are those that generate protons (Hydrogen ions). They
are acidic in nature. These solvents are typically more acidic than water. The
primary function of protogenic solvents is to increase the basic strength of
weak bases. They make weak bases stronger by donating protons. Because
of their high proton donating capacity, they have a levelling effect on weak
bases.
• Examples: Sulphuric acid, anhydrous hydrogen fluoride, formic acid, etc.
• 4. Amphiprotic Solvents: Amphiprotic solvents are those that have both
protophilic and protogenic properties. Amphiprotic solvents are chemically
similar to water molecules in that they have both acidic and basic
properties. Depending on the type of solute used, they can readily accept or
donate protons. They easily donate protons in the presence of a weak base,
increasing the basicity strength of the base used. They readily accept
protons in the presence of a weak acid, increasing the acidic strength of the
acid used.
• Examples: Weak organic acid such as acetic acid, and alcohols, such as
ethanol and methanol.
• Potentiometric titration procedures can also be used to precisely measure
the endpoints of these titrations.
6. Indicators
• Various visual indicators have been found to be the most suitable for the detection
of the endpoint in non-aqueous titration. These indicator changes the color or
undergoes precipitation at the endpoint. Some indicators have been used and
discussed below:
• 1.Crystal violet
• It is a triarylmethane dye. It is prepared in 0.5% w/v solution in glacial acetic acid.
Color changes from violet(basic) to light green (acidic). i.e. It gives a violet color
in the basic medium and a light green color in the acidic medium.
• 2.Methyl Red
• It is prepared in 0.2% solution in dioxane. The color change from yellow(basic) to
red(acidic).
• 3.Naptholbenzein
• It is prepared in 0.2% solution in glacial acetic acid. The color changes from
yellow(basic) to green(acidic).
• 4. Thymol Blue:
• 0.2 % w/v solution in methanol. The color changes from yellow to blue at the end
point
7.
8. • Advantages of Non-Aqueous Titrations
• Non-aqueous titrations have the following advantages.
• 1. Non-aqueous titrations make it easier to titrate weak acids and bases.
Weak acids and bases are difficult to titrate with aqueous solvents.
• 2. Non-aqueous titrations are used to perform volumetric analysis on
organic acids that are insoluble in water.
• 3. Non-aqueous titrations are also used to analyse an acid mixture.
• 4. Non-aqueous titrations produce precise results with sharp endpoints.
• 5. Non-aqueous titrations are simple and straightforward.
• 6. Non-aqueous titrations are extremely important in pharmaceutical
product assays.
• 7. Non-aqueous titrations have a high degree of selectivity.
• 8. Non-aqueous titrations include the analysis of drugs such as tetracycline,
antihistamines, codeine phosphate, and many others.
9. • Disadvantages of Non-Aqueous Titrations
• The following are the drawbacks of non-aqueous titrations.
• 1. When compared to aqueous solvents, non-aqueous solvents are less
stable.
• 2. Temperature corrections are required from time to time in non-
aqueous titrations.
• 3. Calibration is required after each and every use.
10. • Applications of Non-Aqueous Titrations
• Non-aqueous titrations have the following applications
• 1. The purity of assays are determined by non-aqueous titrations.
• 2. To ascertain the concentration of the specified analyte, non-aqueous
titrations are employed.
• 3. Hydrophobic medications including phenobarbitone, steroids,
diuretics, tetracyclines, etc, are identified via non-aqueous titrations.
• 4. Adrenergic and anti-tubercular medications' drug compositions are
evaluated using non-aqueous titrations.
11. Types of Non Aqueous Titration
• Two Types
• 1. Acidimetry Non aqueous Titration:
• It involves quantitative determination of weak base by non aqueous
titration
• 2. Alkalimetry Non aqueous Titration:
• It involves quantitative determination of weak acid by non aqueous
titration
15. Preparation of 0.1 M Perchloric acid in
dioxane
• Mix 8.5 ml perchloric acid in 1000 ml dioxane
• Standardisation procedure is same as previous explained manner.