Learning objectives
Introduction
Types of solvents
Acidimetry in non aqueous medium
Alkalimetry in non aqueous medium
Estimation of Sodium benzoate and Ephedrine HCl
Applications of non aqueous titrations in pharmacy
Conclusion
Reference
Pharmacopoeias,Sources of Impurities in Medicinal agents and Limit testssaimuniswetha1
Today's Topic Pharmacopoeias, Sources of Impurities in Medicinal agents and Limit tests for Chlorides, Sulphates, Heavy Metals, Lead, Iron in Pharmaceutical Analysis subject for B.pharmacy 1st year as per JNTUA Syllabus...
this presentation on limit test for sulphates is very helpful for the diploma and bachelor pharmacy students. this includes principle procedure reaction and observation of limit test.
Learning objectives
Introduction
Types of solvents
Acidimetry in non aqueous medium
Alkalimetry in non aqueous medium
Estimation of Sodium benzoate and Ephedrine HCl
Applications of non aqueous titrations in pharmacy
Conclusion
Reference
Pharmacopoeias,Sources of Impurities in Medicinal agents and Limit testssaimuniswetha1
Today's Topic Pharmacopoeias, Sources of Impurities in Medicinal agents and Limit tests for Chlorides, Sulphates, Heavy Metals, Lead, Iron in Pharmaceutical Analysis subject for B.pharmacy 1st year as per JNTUA Syllabus...
this presentation on limit test for sulphates is very helpful for the diploma and bachelor pharmacy students. this includes principle procedure reaction and observation of limit test.
Non Aqueous Titration
Types of solvents used in non aqueous Titration
Compounds used for non aqueous Titration
Titration done for weak acid and weak base,
Non-aqueous titration, Introduction, Theory & Principle, Solvents & Types of solvents, Indicator, Types of Non-aqueous titration, Methods of determination of end point, Assay of Sodium benzoate
The need for non aqueous titration arises because water can behave as a weak base and a weak acid as well, and can hence compete in proton acceptance or proton donation with other weak acids and bases dissolved in it.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
ISI 2024: Application Form (Extended), Exam Date (Out), EligibilitySciAstra
The Indian Statistical Institute (ISI) has extended its application deadline for 2024 admissions to April 2. Known for its excellence in statistics and related fields, ISI offers a range of programs from Bachelor's to Junior Research Fellowships. The admission test is scheduled for May 12, 2024. Eligibility varies by program, generally requiring a background in Mathematics and English for undergraduate courses and specific degrees for postgraduate and research positions. Application fees are ₹1500 for male general category applicants and ₹1000 for females. Applications are open to Indian and OCI candidates.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...Studia Poinsotiana
I Introduction
II Subalternation and Theology
III Theology and Dogmatic Declarations
IV The Mixed Principles of Theology
V Virtual Revelation: The Unity of Theology
VI Theology as a Natural Science
VII Theology’s Certitude
VIII Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
All the contents are fully attributable to the author, Doctor Victor Salas. Should you wish to get this text republished, get in touch with the author or the editorial committee of the Studia Poinsotiana. Insofar as possible, we will be happy to broker your contact.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
2. Why Non aqueous titration is used??
1. Reactants are insoluble in water.
2. Reactants are reactive with water.
3. Reactants are very weak acids and very weak
bases in nature (because 100% dissociation is
not possible).
Estimation is not possible by aqueous
acid-base titration.
3. Non aqueous titration
Weak acid and weak base can not be easily titrated
in aqueous solution due to dual behaviour of
water. So, water is replaced by other solvent
such as Perchloric acid, this type of titration is
called as Non aqueous titration .
4. Dual behaviour of Water (H2O)
Water is amphoteric in nature because water act
as a proton donor and proton acceptor both.
5. Solvents
The solvents are classified into four types-
1. Protogenic solvents
2. Protophilic solvents
3. Aprotic solvents
4. Amphoteric solvents
6. Protogenic solvents
These are acidic solvents which easily donate protons and
are used to enhance the basicity of weak base.
Ex. Glacial Acetic acid, etc.
Protophilic solvents
These solvents are basic in nature, having a high affinity for
H+ , they enhance the acidity of weak acid.
Ex. Pyridene, dimethyl formamide, ethylene diamine.
7. Aprotic solvents
These solvents are neither accept the proton nor donate the
proton. They are useful to dissolved the water insoluble
drugs.
Ex. Benzene, Toluene, Carbon tetra chloride.
Amphoteric solvents
This group of solvents behave as acid as well as base
depending on the substance dissolve in it. They can
accept or donate proton and have lavelling effect.
Ex. Water, Ethanol, Alcohols.
8. Selection of Solvents
1. The analyte must be soluble in solvents.
2. Nature of the drug
Weak acid- Basic solvents
Weak base – Acidic solvents
3. Unreactivity – There should not be side
reaction between solvent with drug or titrand.
9. Types of Non aqueous titration
1. Acidimetry
2. Alkalimetry
10. Acidimetry Non aqueous titration
It involves the quantitative estimation of weak base by
non aqueous titration.
Solvents- The solvents used are either aprotic (benzene,
chloroform, dioxane, etc.) or protogenic (glacial acetic
acid, formic acid, acetic anhydride, etc.) in nature. A
number of compounds like amines, salts, heterocyclic
nitrogenous compounds, alkali salts of organic acids,
amino acid etc, can be titrated with standard perchloric
acid solution.
11. Titrant- Weak bases are titrated with standard perchloric acid.
Perchloric acid is the most common acids that gives excellent
result with all the known weak bases. Hydrogen bromide and
certain organic sulphonic acids are used as a titrant.
12. Indicators
Various types of indicators are used in acidimetric non aqueous
titrations.
Indicator Basic Neutral Acidic
Crystal violet
(0.5 w/v in glacial acetic acid)
Violet Blue-green Yellowish- green
α- Naphtholbenzene (0.2 w/v
in glacial acetic acid)
Blue or blue-
green
orange Dark-green
Oracet Blue B (0.5 w/v in
glacial acetic acid)
Blue Purple Pink
Quinaldine Red (0.1 w/v in
glacial acetic acid)
Magenta --------- Colourless
Thymol Blue (0.2 w/v in
methanol)
Yellow ----------------- Blue
13. Examples of Acidimetric Non aqueous titration
A. Estimation of Ephedrine hydrochloride
- Weigh accurately 0.5 gm of Ephedrine hydrochloride and
dissolve in glacial acetic acid (25 ml).
- Add mercuric acetate 10 ml and add few drops of crystal
violet indicator.
- Titrate the solution against 0.1 M perchloric acid solution
until colour changes from blue to greenish blue.
14. Each ml of 0.1 M perchloric acid is equivalent to 0.02017 g of
C10H15NO,HCl
15. A. Estimation of Sodium benzoate
- Weigh accurately 0.6 gm of Sodium benzoate and dissolve in
glacial acetic acid (100 ml) and stir the solution until the
sample is completely dissolve.
- Add few drops of 1-naphtholbenzein solution as indicator.
- Titrate the solution against 0.1 M perchloric acid solution
until colour changes.
Each ml of 0.1 M Perchloric acid = 0.01441 gm of sodium
benzoate.
16. Alkalimetry in Non aqueous titration
Weak acidic substances such as barbiturates, aromatic
acid etc. are quantitatively estimated by alkalimetry
in non aqueous titration.
Solvents- Most commonly used solvents are ethylene
diamine, chloroform, acetone, morpholine. They
increase the acidity of weak acid and do not interfere
in the reaction.
17. Titrant- Sodium methoxide is a commonly used titrant but where it
forms gelatinous products it is replaced by lithium methoxide.
Indicators-
Commonly used indicators are-
Thymol blue
Azoviolet solution
O-nitroaniline solution