Paper chromatography is a technique used to separate and analyze mixtures that relies on the differential migration of compounds across paper. It works on the principle that some compounds interact more with the stationary phase (paper) and others interact more with the mobile phase (solvent). The sample is applied to the paper and then placed in a solvent, allowing the compounds to separate into distinct spots. Paper chromatography is simple, inexpensive, and has good resolving power, making it useful for analyzing mixtures like drugs, metabolites, proteins, and more.
this presentation discusses the crystal field theory and its role in explaining the formation of coordination complexes by transition elements, their magnetic and colour properties; and its limitations!
this presentation discusses the crystal field theory and its role in explaining the formation of coordination complexes by transition elements, their magnetic and colour properties; and its limitations!
Trasologie - Kriminalistická technika - zápočtová práce na VŠFS PrahaKrimiblog.cz
Zápočtová práce k předmětu kriminalistická technika na téma Trasologie a trasologické stopy. Jejich klasifikace, vyhledávání a zajištění. Popsání metod zkoumání v trasologie.
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Studium kriminalistiky na VŠFS Praha
http://www.vsfs.cz/?id=2514-studijni-obory&o=kps&u=b
Lecture 02 introduction of chromatography and historyDeepak Sharma
The Power Point Presentation includes fundamental of Chromatography and History of Chromatography. These Slides may be helpful for master of science students. The Syllabus for the slides was followed as KSV, Gandhinagar. Paper Code is CH-AC-302, Unit-01
This ppt explained the general desctiption of Chromatography techniques and types of chromatography technique. It also explained the process of Band Broadening .
Paper chromatography is an analytical method used to separate colored chemicals or substances. It is primarily used as a teaching tool, having been replaced by other chromatography methods, such as thin-layer chromatography.
Trasologie - Kriminalistická technika - zápočtová práce na VŠFS PrahaKrimiblog.cz
Zápočtová práce k předmětu kriminalistická technika na téma Trasologie a trasologické stopy. Jejich klasifikace, vyhledávání a zajištění. Popsání metod zkoumání v trasologie.
https://www.krimiblog.cz
https://www.facebook.com/krimiblog.cz
Studium kriminalistiky na VŠFS Praha
http://www.vsfs.cz/?id=2514-studijni-obory&o=kps&u=b
Lecture 02 introduction of chromatography and historyDeepak Sharma
The Power Point Presentation includes fundamental of Chromatography and History of Chromatography. These Slides may be helpful for master of science students. The Syllabus for the slides was followed as KSV, Gandhinagar. Paper Code is CH-AC-302, Unit-01
This ppt explained the general desctiption of Chromatography techniques and types of chromatography technique. It also explained the process of Band Broadening .
Paper chromatography is an analytical method used to separate colored chemicals or substances. It is primarily used as a teaching tool, having been replaced by other chromatography methods, such as thin-layer chromatography.
INTRODUCTION TO PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY
Cellulose filter paper is often used as the statioary phase in the paper chromatography. Since it is hydrophillic, it is usually covered with thin film of water. The procedure is often regarded as liquid-liquid cromatography
Other liquids can be encorporated in place of water, thus provides different type of stationary phase. Eg. Paper treated with silicone or paraffin oil permits reverse phase-paper chromatography, in which mobile phase is a polar solvent.
There are some commercially available papers that contain an adsorbent or an ion-exchange resin, thus permmits adsorption and ion-exhange paper chromatography.
PRINCIPLE OF CHROMATOGRAPHY
This is type of partition chromatography in which the substance are distributed between two liquids that is one is the stationary liquid (usually water) which is held in the fibres of paper and called the stationary phase; the other is the moving liquid or developing solvent and called the mobile phase. The components of mixture to be separated migrates at different rates as its solubility between two phases and appear as spot at different points on the paper.
In this technique, a drop of the test solution is applied as a small spot on a filter paper and the spot is dried. The paper is kept in close chamber and the edge of filter is dipped into a solvent called as developing solvent. As soon as filter paper gets liquids via capillary action and reaches to the spot of the test solution then various substances are moved by solvent with various speeds. When solvent move up to suitable height (15-18) the paper is dried and various spot are visualised by suitable reagent called visualising reagent.
MIGRATION PARAMETERS
1) RF VALUE(RETENSION FACTOR) :- It is ratio of the solute’s distance travelled to solvent’s distance travelled.
It is constant for a given substance, provided the conditions of chromatographic system are kept constant with respect to tempreture, type of paper, duration and direction of development, nature and the shape and the size of the wick used (i.e., radial chromatography), the amount of liquid in the reservoir, humidity etc.
The Rf of of a substance depends upon a number of factors which are:
The solvent employed
The medium used for separation i.e., the quality of paper chromatography
The nature of mixture
The tempreture
Size of vessel in which operation has been carried out
It is possible to compare the Rf Values of different substances keeping above factor constant
types of paper chromatogtaphy
ascending, descending, ascending-descending, radial , two diamentional chromatography
Chromatography : A seperation techniqueSHIVANEE VYAS
Chromatography is a method of seperating mixture of components into individual components through equlibrium distribution between two phases.
Each chromatographic method essentially consists of 2 phases a staionary phase and a mobile phase.
Stationary phase : solid or liquid
Mobile phase : liquid or gas
Paper chromatography is an analytical method used to separate coloured chemicals or substances.It is now primarily used as a teaching tool, having been replaced in the laboratory by other chromatography methods such as thin-layer chromatography (TLC).
A chromatogrpahic technique widely employed for identification of certain organic compounds. Applied in laboratories of colleges as a teaching tool for easy understanding the thechnique of chromatography.
General Principles of Intellectual Property: Concepts of Intellectual Proper...Poonam Aher Patil
General Principles of Intellectual Property: Concepts of Intellectual
Property (IP), Intellectual Property Protection (IPP), Intellectual Property
Rights (IPR);
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...
Paper Chromatography or Paper partition chromatography
1. Paper Chromatography
1
Mrs. Poonam Sunil Aher (M.Pharm, PhD)
Assistant Professor
Sanjivani College of Pharmaceutical Education and Research
(Autonomous),
Kopargaon, Ahmednagar-423603 (M.S.), INDIA
Mobile: +91-9689942854
2. PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY
• Paper Chromatography (PC) was first introduced by
German scientist Christian Friedrich Schonbein
(1865).
• PC is considered to be the simplest and most widely
used of the chromatographic techniques because of
its applicability to isolation, identification and
quantitative determination of organic and inorganic
compounds.
2
3. PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY
• ANALYSIS OF UNKNOWN SUSTANCES
It is carried out mainly by the flow of solvents
on specially designed filter paper.
There are two types of paper chromatography,
they are:
3
4. PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY
1.PAPER ADSORPTION CHROMATOGRAPHY
Paper impregnated with silica or alumina acts as
adsorbent (stationary phase) and solvent as
mobile phase.
2.PAPER PARTITION CHROMATOGRAPHY
Moisture / Water present in the pores of cellulose
fibers present in filter paper acts as stationary
phase & another mobile phase is used as solvent
In general P.C – Paper Partition
Chromatography
4
5. PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY
PRINCIPLE OF SEPERATION
The principle of separation is mainly partition
rather than adsorption.
Cellulose layers in filter paper contains moisture
which acts as stationary phase & organic
solvents/buffers are used as mobile phase
5
6. 6
PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY
• PRACTICAL REQUIREMENTS
• 1)Stationary phase & papers used
• 2)Application of sample
• 3)Mobile phase
• 4)Development technique
• 5)Detecting or Visualizing agents
7. PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY
• STATIONARY PHASE AND PAPERS USED
Whatman filter papers of different grades like
No.1, No.2, No.3, No.4, No.20, No.40, No.42 etc are
used. In general this paper contains 98-99% of α-
cellulose, 0.3 – 1% β -cellulose
Factors that governs the choice of paper:
» Nature of Sample and solvents used.
» Based on Quantitative or Qualitative analysis.
» Based on thickness of the paper.
7
8. PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY
• Modified Papers – acid or base washed filter paper,
glass fiber type paper.
• Hydrophilic Papers – Papers modified with
methanol, formamide, glycol, glycerol etc.
• Hydrophobic papers – acetylation of OH groups
leads to hydrophobic nature, hence can be used for
reverse phase chromatography.
• Impregnation of silica, alumna, or ion exchange
resins can also be made.
8
9. PREPARATION OF PAPER
• Cut the paper into
desired shape and size
depending upon work
to be carried out.
• The starting line is
marked on the paper
with an ordinary pencil
5cm from the bottom
edge.
• On the staring line
marks are made 2cm
apart from each other.
9
10. PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY
• Preparation of the solution
• Choice of suitable solvent for making solution is very
important. Pure solutions can be applied direct on the
paper but solids are always dissolved in small quantity
of a suitable solvent.
• Biological tissues are treated with suitable solvents
and their extracts obtained. Proteins can be
precipitated with alcohol and salts can be removed by
treatment with ion exchange resin.
10
11. PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY
APPLICATION OF SAMPLE
The sample to be applied is dissolved in the mobile
phase and applied as a small spot on the origin line,
using capillary tube or micropipette.
very low concentration is used to avoid larger zone
• The spot is dried on the filter paper and is placed in
developing chamber.
11
12. Choice of the Solvent
• The commonly employed solvents are the polar
solvents, but the choice depends on the nature of the
substance to be separated.
• If pure solvents do not give satisfactory separation, a
mixture of solvents of suitable polarity may be
applied.
12
13. PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY
• MOBILE PHASE
• Pure solvents, buffer solutions or mixture of solvents
• Examples- Hydrophilic mobile phase
• Isopropanol: ammonia:water 9:1:2
• Methanol : water 4:1
• N-butanol : glacial acetic acid : water 4:1:5
Hydrophobic mobile phases
dimethyl ether: cyclohexane
kerosene : 70% isopropanol
13
14. CHROMATOGRAPHIC CHAMBER
The chromatographic chamber are made up of many
materials like glass, plastic or stainless steel.
Glass tanks are preferred most. They are available in
various dimensional size depending upon paper
length and development type.
The chamber atmosphere should be saturated with
solvent vapor.
14
15. PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY
DEVELOPMENT TECHNIQUE
• Paper is flexible when compared to glass plate used
in TLC, several types of development are possible
which increases the ease of operation.
• The paper is dipped in solvent in such a manner
that the spots will not dip completely into the
solvent.
• The solvent will rise up and it is allowed to run
2/3rd of paper height for better and efficient result.
15
16. PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY
• Different types of development tech. are
1) ASCENDING DEVELOPMENT (go up)
• Like conventional type, the solvent flows against
gravity. The spots are kept at the bottom portion of
paper and kept in a chamber with mobile phase
solvent at the bottom.
16
17. PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY
• 2) DESCENDING TYPE (a downward slope)
• This is carried out in a special chamber where the
solvent holder is at the top. The spot is kept at the top
and the solvent flows down the paper.
• In this method solvent moves from top to bottom so it
is called descending chromatography.
• ADVANTAGE IS THAT, DEVELOPMENT IS FASTER
17
18. PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY
3)ASCENDING – DESCENDING DEVELOPMENT
A hybrid of above two technique is called
ascending-descending chromatography.
Only length of separation increased, first ascending
takes place followed by descending
18
19. PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY
4)CIRCULAR / RADIAL DEVELOPMENT
Spot is kept at the centre of a circular paper. The
solvent flows through a wick at the centre & spreads in
all directions uniformly.
19
20. PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY
5)TWO DIMENSIONAL DEVELOPMENT
In this method the paper is developed in one
direction and after development, the paper is
developed in the second direction allowing more
compounds to be separated into individual spots.
in the second direction, either same solvent/different
solvent system can be used for development.
20
22. PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY
DRYING OF CHROMATOGRAM
• After the solvent has moved a certain distance for
certain time the chromatogram is taken out from the
tank & position of the solvent front is marked with a
pencil.
• They are dried by cold or hot air depending on
volatility of solvents. A simple hair dryer is a
convenient device to dry chromatograms.
22
23. PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY
DETECTING / VISUALISING AGENTS
If the substance are colored they are visually
detected easily.
But for colorless substance, Physical and chemical
methods are used to detect the spot.
(a) Non specific methods ( Physical methods)
E.g. iodine chamber method,
UV chamber for fluorescent compounds – at 254 or
at 365nm.
23
25. Following detecting tech. can also be
categorized as
• 1) Destructive techniques
• Specific spray reagents, samples destroyed before
detection e.g. – ninhydrin reagent
• 2) Non-destructive techniques
• For radio active materials - Geiger Muller counter
• uv chamber, iodine chamber
QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATIONS
The method can be divided into two main groups
1. Direct techniques-
2. Indirect techniques-
25
26. PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY
• Direct Measurement Method
• (i) Comparison of visible spots
• A rough quantitative measurements
• Component in a mixture can be carried out by comparing
the intensity and size of the spot with a standard
substance.
• (ii) Photo densitometry
• The method is used with the chromatograms of colored
compound, instrument which measures quantitatively
the density of the spots.
26
27. PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY
• (iii) Fluorimetry
• The compound to be determined by fluorimetry must
be fluorescent or convertible into fluorescent
derivatives.
• (iv) Radiotracer Method
• The compound containing radioactive element is
labeled and treated with locating reagent. Using
Geiger Muller counter.
• (v) Polarographic & Conductometric methods
• Used to measure the amount of material in the spot
27
28. PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY
• Indirect Measurement Method
• In this technique, the spots are cut into portions and
eluted with solvents. This solution can be analyzed by
any techniques of analysis like spectrophotometry,
electrochemical methods, etc.
28
29. Rf VALUE (Retardation Factor)
In paper
chromatography the
results are represented
by Rf value which
represent the movement
or migration of solute
relative to the solvent
front.
29
30. Factors affecting Rf VALUE
• i. The temperature
• ii. The purity of the solvents used
• iii. The quality of the paper, adsorbents & impurities
present n the adsorbents
• iv. Chamber saturation techniques, method of drying
& development
• v. The distance travelled by the solute & solvent
• vi. Chemical reaction between the substances being
partitioned.
• vii. pH of the solution
30
31. Rx VALUE
• In many cases it has been observed that the solvent
front is run off the end of the paper. Rx value is thus
used,
• It is the ratio of distance travelled by the sample and
the distance travelled by the standard. Rx value is
always closer to 1.
31
32. Sources of Error
• 1. Error during application of the spots
• Apply minimum volume of the concentrated solution
in order to avoid diffusion through the paper which
leads to poor separation
• Spots should be approximately of the same diameter.
• 2. Development
• Improper adjustment of the paper in the tank leads to
this error so the paper should be held vertically.
• Do chamber saturation
• 3. Detection
• The spraying methods affect the final result
32
33. APPLICATIONS
• Separation of mixtures of drugs
• Separation of carbohydrates, vitamins, antibiotics,
proteins, etc.
• Identification of drugs
• Identification of impurities
• Analysis of metabolites of drugs in blood , urine ….
ADVANTAGES OF P.C
Simple ,rapid ,inexpensive ,excellent resolving
power
PRECAUTIONS IN P.C
Establishing the vapor solvent equilibrium
Stability of solvent mixture is first ensured 33
