This document provides an overview of nephelometry and turbidimetry techniques. It discusses how these techniques measure scattered light from particles in solution, with nephelometry measuring scattered light and turbidimetry measuring transmitted light. Factors that influence light scattering like particle size and concentration are also covered. The instrumentation used in both techniques employs similar optical components to light sources and detectors. Applications include analyzing water quality, determining inorganic substances and use in biochemical analysis.
It give detail information on the measurement of the intensity of scattered light at right angles to the direction of the incident light as a function of the concentration of the dispersed phase
It give detail information on the measurement of the intensity of scattered light at right angles to the direction of the incident light as a function of the concentration of the dispersed phase
A technique to determine concentration of elements in the solution by aspirating this sample into flame. Evaporation, Atomization, Excitation ,Emission and Ionization occur in the flame.
Introduction,Instrumentation, Classification of electronic transitions, Substituent and solvent effects, Classification of electronic transitions
Substituent and solvent effects
Applications of UV Spectroscopy
UV spectral study of alkenes
UV spectral study of poylenes
UV spectral study of α, β-unsaturated carbonyl
UV spectral study of Aromatic compounds
Empirical rules for calculating λmax.
Applications of UV Spectroscopy, Empirical rules for calculating λmax.
A technique to determine concentration of elements in the solution by aspirating this sample into flame. Evaporation, Atomization, Excitation ,Emission and Ionization occur in the flame.
Introduction,Instrumentation, Classification of electronic transitions, Substituent and solvent effects, Classification of electronic transitions
Substituent and solvent effects
Applications of UV Spectroscopy
UV spectral study of alkenes
UV spectral study of poylenes
UV spectral study of α, β-unsaturated carbonyl
UV spectral study of Aromatic compounds
Empirical rules for calculating λmax.
Applications of UV Spectroscopy, Empirical rules for calculating λmax.
Light Scattering Phenomenon:
The blue color of the sky and the red color of the sun at sunset result from scattering of light of small dust particles, H2O molecules and other gases in the atmosphere.
The efficiency with which light is scattered depends on its wavelength(λ).
The sky is blue because violet and blue light are scattered to a greater extent than other longer wavelengths.
A clear cloudless day-time sky is blue because molecules in the air scatter blue light from the sun more than they scatter red light.
When we look towards the sun at sunset, we see red and orange colours because the blue light has been scattered out and away from the line of sight.
Scattered radiation:
• Radiate scattering- second major spectral method of analysis.
• In this technique some radiation that passes through a sample strikes particles of the analyte and is scattered in a different direction.
• A detector is used to measure either the intensity of the scattered radiation or the decreased intensity of the incident radiation
• Depending on the scattering mechanism, the method can be employed for either qualitative or quantitative analysis.
For chemical analysis three forms of radiative scattering are important – viz.
Tyndall,
Raman, and
Rayleigh scattering.
Tyndall Scattering occurs when the dimensions of the particles that are causing the scattering are larger than the wavelength of the scattered radiation.
It is caused by reflection of the incident radiation from the surfaces of the particles,
reflection from the interior walls of the particles, and refraction and diffraction of the radiation as it passes through the particles.
Scattering of light
- by particles in a colloid or suspension.
The longer-wavelength light is more transmitted while the shorter- wavelength light is more reflected via scattering
Nephelometry & Turbidimetry:
When electromagnetic radiation (light) strikes a particle in solution, some of the light will be absorbed by the particle, some will be transmitted through the solution and some of the light will be scattered or reflected .
The amount of light scattered is proportional to the concentration of insoluble particle.
In Nephelometry, the intensity of the scattered light is measured.
In Turbidimetry, the intensity of light transmitted through the medium, the unscattered light, is measured. Light scattering is the physical phenomenon resulting from the interaction of light with a particles in solution
Turbidimetry is involved with measuring the amount of transmitted light (and calculating the absorbed light) by particles in suspension to determine the concentration of the substance in question.
Amount of absorbed light, and therefore, concentration is dependent on ;
1) number of particles, and
2) size of particles.
• Measurements are made using light spectrophotometers
Factors affecting on scattering of light:
Concentration of particles
Particle size
Wavelength
Distance of
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy or ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-Vis or UV/Vis) refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflectance spectroscopy in the ultraviolet-visible spectral region. Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-VIS) Spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the analyte quantity depending on the amount of light received by the analyte.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
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micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
2. INTRODUCTION:
• When electromagnetic radiation (light) strikes a
particle in solution, some of the light will be
absorbed by the particle, some will be transmitted
through the solution and some of the light will be
scattered or reflected.
• Nephelometry and Turbidimetry are analytical
techniques used to measure scattered light
• The amount of light scattered is proportional to
the concentration of insoluble particle.
• Tyndall Effect: Scattering of light- by particles in a
colloid or suspension.
3.
4. BASIC CONCEPTS:
• The light incident on the sample is scattered in all
direction and the scattered light is at thesame
wavelength as the incident light
• In turbidimetry, the intensity of light transmitted
through the medium, the unscattered light, is
measured at 180o from the incident light beam.
• In Nephelometry, the intensity of the scattered light is
measured, usually, but not necessarily, at right angles
to the incident light beam.
5. • The two techniques differs only in the manner of
measuring the scattered radiation
• Turbidity can be measured on most routine analysers
by a spectrophotometer (absorbed light)
– Reduced sensitivity and precision.
– Extent of light scattering increases as wavelength increases
• The intensity of scattered light is normally measured
by Nephelometer. Fluorometers are often used to
perform Nephelometric measurements
• The choice of method used is dependent upon the
amount of light scattered by suspended particles
present in solution.
– highly concentrated suspensions – turbidimetry
– Low concentration – nephelometry (more accurate results)
7. TYNDALL EFFECT:
• Scattering of light- by particles in a colloid or suspension.
• Light scattering is the physical phenomenon resulting from
the interaction of light with a particles in solution.
• the longer-wavelength light is more transmitted while
the shorter-wavelength light is more reflected via
scattering.
Factors that influence Light Scattering:
• Particle size:
• Wavelength: the intensity of light scattering is inversely proportional
to the wavelenght of the incident light.
• Distance of observation: scattered light intensity is inversely
proportional to the distant from the light scattering particles to the
detector
8. • Concentration of particles: is directly proportional to light
scattering intensity
• Molecular weight of particles: directly proportional to light
scattering intensity
• Polarization of incident light:
– The total light scattered by small particles is less when excited by
polarized light than by nonpolarized light
– Light scattering intensity from small particles excited by
nonpolarized light shows symmetric angular dependence of light
scattering about the 90 degrees axis
– For larger particles, it is dissymmetrical and the dissymmetry
increases even further as the particle size increases
– The dissymmetry and the change in angular dependence of light
scattering with change in the size of the particle is very useful for
characterization and differentiation of various classes of
macromolecules and cells.
9.
10. INSTRUMENTATION:
• The principal concern of light scatter instrumentation
are:
– Excitation intensity
– Wavelength
– Distance of the detector from the sample cuvet
– Minimization of external stray light
• The basic components of the Nephelometer include:
– Light source
– Collimating optics: including Light scattering optics,
detector optical filter and a detector
• Operationally, the optical components used in
turbidimeters and nephelometers are similar to those
used in fluorometers and photometers
11.
12. LIMITATIONS OF LIGHT SCATTERING MEASUREMENTS:
• Antigen Excess:
– As turbidity increases during addition of antigen to
antibodies, the signal increases to a maximum value and
then decreases
– The point at which the decrease begins marks the
beginning of the phase of antigen excess
• Matrix Effects:
– Particles, solvents and all serum macromolecules scatter
light.
– Lipoproteins and chylomicrons in lipemic serum provide
the highest background turbidity and nephelometric
intensity
– To minimize this, rate measurements are employed where
the initial sample blank is eliminated
– Large particles, like dust, that cause background scatter can
be filtered before analysis commenced
13. APPLICATION:
• Analysis of water: clarity, conc. of ions
• Determination of CO2
• Determination of inorganic substances:
– Sulphate – barium chloride
– Ammonia – Nesslers reagent
– Phosphorus – Strychine molybedate
• Biochemical Analysis
• Quantitative Analysis – (ppm level)
• Miscellaneous: water treatment plants, sewage work,
refineries, paper industry
• Atmospheric pollution: Smokes & fogs
• Determination of molecular Weight of high polymers
• Phase titration