Nephlometry and turbidometry
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This document discusses nephlometry and turbidometry, which measure scattered or transmitted light from suspended particles to determine concentration. Nephlometry measures scattered light at low concentrations (<100 mg/L) and turbidometry measures transmitted light at high concentrations (>100 mg/L). Factors like particle size, shape, concentration, wavelength, and refractive indices affect scattering intensity. Instruments include nephelometers, turbidimeters, and nephloturbidimeters. Applications include water analysis, determining ions like CO2, phosphorus, ammonia, sulfate, and calcium, as well as uses in various industries.
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Nephelometryandturbidimetry --
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Nephelometry and turbidimetry
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This document discusses nepheloturbidometry, which uses light scattering measurements to determine the concentration of suspended particles in liquids. It can be used for both low concentrations (nephelometry) and high concentrations (turbidometry) by measuring either scattered light or transmitted light. A nepheloturbidimeter has detectors to measure both scattered light at 90 degrees and transmitted light at 180 degrees, allowing it to analyze suspensions of unknown concentration. Factors like particle properties, light source, sample cells, and detectors can affect light scattering measurements. Nepheloturbidimetry has various applications like analyzing water clarity, determining carbon dioxide, and quantifying ions at low levels.
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Light Scattering Phenomenon:
The blue color of the sky and the red color of the sun at sunset result from scattering of light of small dust particles, H2O molecules and other gases in the atmosphere.
The efficiency with which light is scattered depends on its wavelength(λ).
The sky is blue because violet and blue light are scattered to a greater extent than other longer wavelengths.
A clear cloudless day-time sky is blue because molecules in the air scatter blue light from the sun more than they scatter red light.
When we look towards the sun at sunset, we see red and orange colours because the blue light has been scattered out and away from the line of sight.
Scattered radiation:
• Radiate scattering- second major spectral method of analysis.
• In this technique some radiation that passes through a sample strikes particles of the analyte and is scattered in a different direction.
• A detector is used to measure either the intensity of the scattered radiation or the decreased intensity of the incident radiation
• Depending on the scattering mechanism, the method can be employed for either qualitative or quantitative analysis.
For chemical analysis three forms of radiative scattering are important – viz.
Tyndall,
Raman, and
Rayleigh scattering.
Tyndall Scattering occurs when the dimensions of the particles that are causing the scattering are larger than the wavelength of the scattered radiation.
It is caused by reflection of the incident radiation from the surfaces of the particles,
reflection from the interior walls of the particles, and refraction and diffraction of the radiation as it passes through the particles.
Scattering of light
- by particles in a colloid or suspension.
The longer-wavelength light is more transmitted while the shorter- wavelength light is more reflected via scattering
Nephelometry & Turbidimetry:
When electromagnetic radiation (light) strikes a particle in solution, some of the light will be absorbed by the particle, some will be transmitted through the solution and some of the light will be scattered or reflected .
The amount of light scattered is proportional to the concentration of insoluble particle.
In Nephelometry, the intensity of the scattered light is measured.
In Turbidimetry, the intensity of light transmitted through the medium, the unscattered light, is measured. Light scattering is the physical phenomenon resulting from the interaction of light with a particles in solution
Turbidimetry is involved with measuring the amount of transmitted light (and calculating the absorbed light) by particles in suspension to determine the concentration of the substance in question.
Amount of absorbed light, and therefore, concentration is dependent on ;
1) number of particles, and
2) size of particles.
• Measurements are made using light spectrophotometers
Factors affecting on scattering of light:
Concentration of particles
Particle size
Wavelength
Distance of
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Nephlometry and turbidimetry are analytical techniques that measure scattered or transmitted light to determine the concentration of suspended particles in a solution. Nephlometry measures scattered light at low concentrations, while turbidimetry measures transmitted light at high concentrations. Choice of method depends on particle concentration. Several factors influence scattering and must be controlled, like particle size and shape, wavelength used, and difference in refractive indices. Instruments include nephelometers, turbidimeters, and combined nephlo-turbidimeters. These techniques are used to analyze substances in water, determine ions through precipitation, and quantify analytes in various industrial applications.
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This document discusses the principles and applications of nephelometry and turbidimetry. Both methods measure the scattering of light by particles in solution, but differ in how the scattered light is measured. Nephelometry measures scattered light at an angle, usually 90 degrees, to the incident light beam. Turbidimetry measures light transmitted through the solution in the direction of the incident beam. Factors that affect scattering include particle concentration, size, shape, wavelength of light, and refractive indices of particles and solvent. Applications include determining concentrations of substances like proteins, sulfate, and ammonia in biochemical and environmental analysis.
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This is mainly used to determine the scattering of the light by the suspended particles present in the sample solution. The instruments used for the measurement of the scattering are called nephelometer and turbidimeters. The choice between the nephelometry and turbidimetry depends upon the fraction of light scattered. This light scattering by the particles which are present in the colloids is known as the Tyndall affect.
Nephelometry is the measurement of the scattered light by the suspended particles at right angles to the incident beam. This method is mainly used for the determination of the low concentration suspensions.
Turbidimetry is the measurement of the transmitted light by the suspended particles to the incident beam. This is used for the determination of the high concentration suspensions.
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Nephelometry and turbidimetry are analytical techniques that measure light scattering in solutions. Nephelometry measures scattered light intensity, while turbidimetry measures transmitted light intensity decrease. Both techniques can be used to determine analyte concentration and are applied in areas like water quality testing, food and beverage analysis, and clinical chemistry. The document discusses the principles, instrumentation, factors affecting measurement, and applications of nephelometry and turbidimetry.
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This document discusses nephelometry and turbidimetry. It begins by explaining that when light strikes particles in solution, it can be absorbed, transmitted, or scattered. The amount of scattered light is proportional to particle concentration. It then covers factors that affect scattering like concentration, particle size, wavelength, and refractive index. Finally, it lists some applications of nephelometry and turbidimetry like quantitative inorganic analysis, air/water pollution monitoring, titrations, and determining molecular weight.
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Colorimetry kk
Colorimetry is a technique used to determine the concentration of colored compounds in solution by measuring the absorbance of light at specific wavelengths. The intensity of the color produced is directly proportional to the concentration of the compound being measured. Modern colorimetry uses a photoelectric cell to measure light absorption, replacing the human eye, and provides a direct measure of light intensity. Colorimetry is used in analytical chemistry applications such as determining concentrations of compounds in clinical samples and in industrial quality control.
Ismail Tahasildar
This document provides information on various laboratory techniques including colorimetry, spectrophotometry, flame photometry, fluorimetry, and immuno-diffusion. It describes the basic principles, components, workings, and applications of each technique. The key points are: colorimetry and spectrophotometry measure light absorption based on Beer's and Lambert's laws; flame photometry determines metal ion concentrations by measuring light emitted from excited atoms in a flame; fluorimetry quantifies analytes based on their fluorescent properties when exposed to light; and immuno-diffusion detects antibodies and antigens through precipitation in a gel.
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Nephlometry and turbidometry
- 1. Nephlometry and Turbidometry Presented by Patan Basha B – Pharm ( Pharmacist ) 1
- 2. Contents Introduction Principle Choice of Method Factors Responsible for producing uniform Turbidity Factors Responsible for Intensity of Scattered Radiation Effect of Concentration and Wavelength on scattering Instrumentation Applications 2
- 3. Introduction Nephlometry and Turbidometry methods depend on the scattering of light by particles suspended in a liquid. The suspended particles have refractive index different from that of the medium. Nephlometry is measurement of scattered light as a function of concentration of suspended particles (less than, approximately 100mg/litre) Turbidometry is measurement of transmitted light as a function of concentration of suspended particles (more than, 100mg/litre) 3
- 4. Principle Nephlometry: At low concentration of a suspension there is uniform scattering of particle. Hence the intensity of scattered light is directly proportion to the concentration. The intensity of scattered light is normally measured at 90o Turbidimetry: At high concentration of a suspension scattering is not uniform and light is scattered in all direction. Hence the intensity of transmitted light is measured at 180o 4
- 5. Choice of Method Nephlometry and Turbidometry depends on the concentration of suspension The Concentration of suspension is less, scattering of light is less and can be accurately measured at 90o. This makes Nephlometry as the choice in low concentrated suspension. The Concentration of suspension is more, scattering is also more. Only transmitted light can be measured at 180o. This makes Turbidometry as the choice in high concentrated suspension 5
- 6. Factors Responsible for producing uniform Turbidity Uniform turbidity of suspension Manner, order and rate of mixing Agitation of suspension Temp. affects solubility of substance and viscosity of medium. Presence and absence of inert electrolyte Conc. Of solution mixed to get a suspension 6
- 7. Factors Responsible for Intensity of Scattered Radiation No of suspended particle (Con.c) Size and shape of particle (= or greater than wavelength of light) Wavelength of radiation not to absorp. Only scattering Different ref.index of particles and medium 7
- 8. Effect of Concentration and Wavelength on scattering Concentration The intensity of transmitted light is expressed using an equation P =Power of transmitted light Po = power of incident beam T = Turbidity co-efficient B = Path length Wavelength It is expressed by the following equation T = Turbidity, S = Constant for a given system = Wavelength. t = size of particle 8
- 9. Instrumentation Source of Light Tungsten Lamp & Mercury arc Filter and Monochromators Tubidimeter blue filter or 530 nm is used Sample cells Detectors Photovoltaic cell Photo tube Photomultiplier 9
- 10. Nephlometer 10
- 11. Turbidimeter 11
- 13. Applications Analysis of water Adding selective precipitants (Cl ions add AgNO3 gives AGCl ppt) Determination of Carbondioxide CO2 + Barium salt gives Barium carbonate Determination of Inorganic substances Phosphorus –Strychnine Molybedate Ammonia- Nesslers reagent SO4- Barium chloride give Barium sulphate Flouride- Calcium flouride CN- AGCN Ca++ give CaOxalate Zn- Zinc Ferrocyanide 13
- 14. Applications Quantitative analysis of ions Miscellaneous Water treatment plant, sewage work, breweries, bottling industry, petroleum refineries Turbidimetric titrations 14
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- 17. Thank you...💕💕