This document provides information on laboratory glassware and plasticware, including their types, care, and uses. It discusses the characteristics of borosilicate glass used to manufacture glassware and lists precautions for handling glassware. Various types of volumetric wares like pipettes, flasks, burettes, and cylinders are described. Recommendations are provided for cleaning glassware and plasticware to ensure they are thoroughly cleaned and free of contamination.
A pipette (also called a point or a pipettor) is a laboratory instrument used to transfer a measured volume of liquid.
Pipettes are commonly used in chemistry and molecular biology research as well as clinical biochemistry tests.
Pipettes come in several designs for various purposes with different levels of accuracy and precision, from single piece flexible plastic transfer pipettes to more complex adjustable or electronic pipettes.
A pipette works by creating a vacuum above the liquid-holding chamber and selectively releasing this vacuum to draw and dispense liquid.
Cleaning of new glassware by rahul gautamRahul Gautam
Cleaning of laboratory new glassware is not as simple as washing the dishes. Here is how to wash your lab glassware so that you will not waste your chemical solution or laboratory experiment as well as time consumed during the experiment.
This presentation will help you understand the common lab glassware & their uses. For more info please visit : https://www.scienceequip.com.au/glassware/
A pipette (also called a point or a pipettor) is a laboratory instrument used to transfer a measured volume of liquid.
Pipettes are commonly used in chemistry and molecular biology research as well as clinical biochemistry tests.
Pipettes come in several designs for various purposes with different levels of accuracy and precision, from single piece flexible plastic transfer pipettes to more complex adjustable or electronic pipettes.
A pipette works by creating a vacuum above the liquid-holding chamber and selectively releasing this vacuum to draw and dispense liquid.
Cleaning of new glassware by rahul gautamRahul Gautam
Cleaning of laboratory new glassware is not as simple as washing the dishes. Here is how to wash your lab glassware so that you will not waste your chemical solution or laboratory experiment as well as time consumed during the experiment.
This presentation will help you understand the common lab glassware & their uses. For more info please visit : https://www.scienceequip.com.au/glassware/
Glassware apparatus and their uses(pdf)Science Equip
This slideshow will give you information about the different types of glassware apparatus and also about its uses. For more visit https://www.scienceequip.com.au/glassware/
This slide gives you details about the following:
Safety precautions.
Rules and regulations to be followed inside laboratory.
Different type of laboratory hazards.
How to deals with laboratory accident incidents.
Diagrammatic representation of dress codes & rules.
bio safety cabinets.
Dress codes for technicians dealing with radioactive materials
sterilization of whole room (Fumigation)
this topic is represent the types of the plasticware. which is used in the chemical and environmental practical lab. that instruments is made by the plastics and introduction about that instrument.
Glassware apparatus and their uses(pdf)Science Equip
This slideshow will give you information about the different types of glassware apparatus and also about its uses. For more visit https://www.scienceequip.com.au/glassware/
This slide gives you details about the following:
Safety precautions.
Rules and regulations to be followed inside laboratory.
Different type of laboratory hazards.
How to deals with laboratory accident incidents.
Diagrammatic representation of dress codes & rules.
bio safety cabinets.
Dress codes for technicians dealing with radioactive materials
sterilization of whole room (Fumigation)
this topic is represent the types of the plasticware. which is used in the chemical and environmental practical lab. that instruments is made by the plastics and introduction about that instrument.
In this presentation we tell something about the what type of plastic ware. which is using in the laboratory for the some practicals. but this instruments is not used for all types of the research.But some type of instruction is given to use it.
content-
Glass
Properties of glass
Raw materials
Composition of glass
Manufacture of glass
Advantages
Disadvantages
Type of glass
Quality control tests for glasses
Laboratory apparatuses and equipment are indispensable tools in the laboratory. Their uses enable students to conduct accurately and systematically the experiments assigned to them for the day.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group of receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a teamof receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a team wwww.lisywomensclinic.co.za/
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...
Laboratory wares
1. LABORATORY WARES
TYPES, CARE, AND USES
By
Dr. Basil, B – MBBS (Nigeria),
Department of Chemical Pathology/Metabolic Medicine,
Benue State University Teaching Hospital, Makurdi.
September 2014.
2. INTRODUCTION:
• Laboratory glassware and plastic wares are widely
used in medical laboratories.
• Glasswares are usually manufactured from boro-
silicate glass. Boro - silicate glass is a material with the
following defined characteristics:
– Resistant to the action of chemical with the exception of
hydrofluoric and phosphoric acid,
– Made to withstand mechanical breakage,
– Made to withstand sudden change of temperature.
• Glassware produced from the soda lime type of glass
does not fit the above requirements and is easily
broken by mechanical stress produced by a sudden
change of temperature.
• Hardened glasses, such as Pyrex, monax, and firmasil
have low soda-line content and are manufactured
especially to resist thermal shock (high temperature).
3. • The walls of these vessels are generally thicker than
those made from soda lime. The high proportion of
boro – silicate increases the chemical durability of the
glasswares.
Precautions:
• All glasswares must be handled carefully.
• Breakage can sometimes be dangerous and may result
in the loss of valuable and irreplaceable materials.
• Flasks and beakers should be placed on a gauze mat
when they are heated over a Bunsen flame. Gauze mat
is made from asbestos and its function is to distribute
the heat evenly.
• Test tubes exposed to a naked flame should be made
of heat resistant glasses.
• If liquids are to be heated in a bath or boiling water,
the glass contents should be heat resistant.
4. • N.B: Sudden cooling of hot glass should be avoided.
• When diluting concentrated acids, thin walled
glassware should be used since the heat evolved by
the procedure often cracks thick glasswares.
Examples:- hydrochloric and sulfuric acid.
• Heat expansion is liable to crack bottles if their caps
are screwed on tightly so if heat is to be applied,
flasks should not be tightly clamped.
• Containers and their corresponding ground glass
stoppers should be numbered in order to ensure
direct matching when stoppers are replaced.
• Because of the danger of chemical and bacteriological
contamination, pipettes should never be left lying on
the bench.
5. Volumetric Wares:
• Volumetric wares are apparatus used for the measurement of
liquid volume. They can be made from either glass or plastic
wares such as pipettes, volumetric flasks, cylinders and burettes.
PIPETTES:
• There are several types each having its own advantages and
limitations. Pipettes are designated as class “A” or “B” according
to their accuracy.
• Class “A” pipettes are the most accurate and the tolerance limits
are well defined that is, +0.01, + 0.02 and +0.04 ml for 2, 25, and
50 ml pipettes respectively.
• Class “B” pipettes are less accurate but quite satisfactory for most
general laboratory purposes.
• Significant errors will result if the temperature of the liquid
pipetted is widely different from the temperature of calibration.
• The usual temperature of calibration is 20oC and this is marked
on the pipette.
6. Volumetric pipettes:
• Volumetric pipettes are calibrated to deliver a constant volume of
liquid.
• The most commonly used sizes are 1, 5, and 10ml capacities. Less
frequently used sizes are those which deliver 6, 8, 12, and so on
ml.
• They have a bulb mid-way between the mouthpiece and the tip.
The main purpose of the bulb is to decrease the surface area per
unit volume and to diminish the possible error resulting from
water film.
• The Volume (capacity) and calibration temperature of the
pipettes are clearly written on the bulb. They should be used
when a high degree of accuracy is desired.
• The pipette is first rinsed several times with a little of the solution
to be used, then filled to just above the mark.
• Then the liquid is allowed to fall to the mark and the tip is
carefully wiped with filter paper. The contents are allowed to
drain in to the appropriate vessel.
• A certain amount of liquid will remain at the tip and this must not
be blown out.
7. Graduated or Measuring pipettes:
• Graduated pipettes consist of a glass tube of uniform bore
with marks evenly spaced along the length.
• The interval between the calibration marks depends up on
the size of the pipette.
• Two types calibration for delivery are available. These are:
– One is calibrated between two marks on the stem (Mohr).
– The other has graduation marks down to the tip (serological
pipette)
• These pipettes are intended for the delivery of
predetermined volumes.
• The serological pipette must be blown out to deliver the
entire Volume of the liquid and it has an etched ring (pair of
rings) near the mouth end of the pipette signifying that it is a
blow-out pipette.
• Measuring pipettes are common only in 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0 5.0,
and 10.0 ml sizes. The liquid is delivered by allowing it to fall
from one calibration mark to another.
9. Micropipettes:
• Micropipettes are frequently used in medical
chemistry, Virology, immunology and serology
laboratories.
• This is because in these laboratories often only small
quantities of materials are available for measurement.
• Whole blood or serum or plasma is often measured
and when such viscous fluids are used these pipettes
are convenient.
• They are found in different capacities such as 5, 10,
25, 50, 100 and 1000 microliter.
• There are also other kinds of pipettes that are used in
medical laboratories. Examples include: Toma pipette,
ESR pipette, Pasteur pipette, Automatic pipettes and
others.
11. BURETTES:
• Burettes are used for measuring variable quantities of liquid
that are used in volumetric titrations.
• They are made in capacities from 1-100 milliliters.
• They are long graduated tubes of uniform bore and are closed
at the lower end by means of a glass stopper, which should
be lightly greased for smooth rotation.
FLASKS:
• There are four types of flasks having 25 to 6,000 milliliter (ml)
capacities.
Conical (Erlenmeyer) flasks:
• Conical (Erlenmeyer) flasks are useful for titrations.
• For boiling solutions when it is necessary to keep evaporation
to a minimum.
• Some have a side arm suitable for attachment to a vacuum
pump.
12. Flat bottomed round flasks:
• Flat-bottomed round flasks are convenient containers
to heat liquids.
• A gauze mat should be interposed between the flask
and flame.
• These flasks are widely used in the preparation of
bacteriological culture media.
Round bottomed flasks:
• Round bottomed flasks can with stand higher
temperatures than the flat- bottomed type
• They may be heated in a necked flame, or in an
electro-thermal mantle.
• They can be used for boiling of different kinds of
solutions and to make titration.
14. Volumetric flasks:
• Volumetric flasks are flat - bottomed, pear-shaped
vessels with long narrow necks, and are fitted with
ground glass stoppers.
• Most flasks are graduated to contain a certain volume,
and these are marked with the letter “C”.
• Those designed to deliver a given volume are marked
with the letter “D”.
• A horizontal line etched round the neck denotes the
stated volume of water at given temperature, for
example at 20oC.
• They are used to prepare various kinds of solutions.
• The neck is narrow so that slight errors in reading the
meniscus results in relatively small volumetric
differences (minimizes volumetric differences or
errors.)
16. BEAKERS:
• Beakers have capacities from 5 to 5,000 ml.
• They are usually made up of heat resistant glass and are
available in different shapes.
• The type most commonly used is the squat form, which is
cylindrical and has a spout. There is also a tall form, usually
without a spout.
• Beakers are often supplied for heating or boiling of
solutions.
CYLINDERS:
• Cylinders are supplied in 10 to 2,000 ml capacities.
• Some are made of heat resistant glass or plastic and some
are fitted with ground- glass stoppers.
• Measurement of liquids can be made quickly with these
vessels, but a high degree of accuracy is impossible because
of the wide bore of the cylinders.
18. Other Glass Wares:
TEST TUBES:
• Test tubes are made of hardened glass or plastic materials
that can withstand actions of chemicals, thermal shock and
centrifugal strains.
• They are used to hold samples and solutions, during medical
laboratory procedures.
• These include simple round hollow tubes, conical centrifuge
tubes, vacutainer tubes and nunck tubes.
• Test tubes can be with or without rims (lips). Test tubes
without rim are satisfactory because there is less chance of
chipping and eventual breakage.
REAGENT BOTTLES:
• Reagent bottles are used to store different types of
laboratory reagents.
• They are made from glass or plastics. Depending on their
use, they are available in various sizes.
19. PETRIDISHES:
• Petridishes are flat glass or plastic containers, which
have a number of uses in the medical laboratory.
• They are used predominantly for the cultivation of
organisms on solid media.
• They are made with diameters of 5 to 14cm.
• To isolate, identify and study the characteristics of
microorganisms it is essential to grow them on
artificial media,
• And in routine bacteriology the most important
requirement of a culture medium is its ability to allow
detectable growth from a minute inoculum within the
shortest period of incubation.
20. FUNNELS:
• There are two types of funnels that are widely used in a medical
laboratory. These are filter funnel and separating funnel.
Filter Funnels:
• Filter funnels are used for pouring liquids into narrow mouthed
containers, and for supporting filter papers during filtration. They
can be made from glass or plastic materials.
Separating funnels:
• Separating funnels are used for separating immiscible liquids of
different densities. Example, ether and water.
PESTLE AND MORTAR:
• Pestle and mortar are used for grinding solids, for example,
calculi and large crystals of chemicals.
• Those of unglazed portion have porous surfaces, and those of
heavy glass are made with roughened surfaces.
• After each use always clean the pestle and mortar thoroughly.
– This is because chemicals may be driven into the unglazed surfaces
during grinding, resulting in contamination when the apparatus is next
used.
21. LABORATORY CUVETTES (ABSORPTION CELLS):
• Cuvettes can be glass cuvettes or plastic cuvettes.
• Glass cuvettes resist many laboratory reagents like
organic solvents, whereas plastic cuvettes are affected
by many reagents and become cloudy, hence affecting
the absorbance of the reacting mixture and so lack
accuracy & precision.
• Therefore plastic cuvettes whenever used should be
cleaned immediately. If the cuvettes turn to cloudy it
should not be used for any analytical procedures.
• Any scratch or white spot on glass cuvettes cannot be
washed out with any solvent and therefore, disturbs
absorbance of a given solution. Therefore, such
cuvettes should be discarded.
22. • Glass cuvettes are the choice for photometry. Absorption
cells must be absolutely clean.
• Optical surfaces should not be touched, as grease smudges
are difficult to remove.
• As soon as possible after each use, absorption cells should
be rinsed and soaked in distilled water.
• When cleaning cells, a mild detergent should be used.
• Stubborn contaminants can be removed by soaking the
cells in diluted sulfuric acid. Absorption cells should never
be allowed to soak in hot concentrated acids, alkalis, or
other agents that may etch the optical surfaces.
• When drying cuvettes, high temperatures, and unclean air
should be avoided. A low to medium temperature often
not to exceed 100oC or vacuum or a combination of the
two can be used to rapidly dry cuvettes.
23. Cleaning of Glasswares:
• It is clear that volumetric glasswares and glass apparatus
must be absolutely clean, otherwise volumes measured will
be inaccurate and chemical reactions are affected adversely.
• One gross method generally used to test for cleanness is to
fill the vessel with distilled water and then empty it and
examine the walls to see whether they are covered by a
continuous thin film of water.
• Imperfect wetting or the presence of discrete droplets of
water indicates that vessel is not sufficiently clean.
• A wide variety of methods have been suggested for the
cleaning of most glassware.
• Chromic-sulfuric acid mixture is the cleaning agent in
common usage.
• It is imperative that glassware cleaning should be as mild as
possible and should be appropriate to the type of
contamination present.
24. • Fats and grease are the most frequent causes of
severe contamination present and,
• It is advisable to dissolve these contaminants by a
liquid solvent (water-immiscible organic solvent)
followed by water washing.
• The most widely used oxidant is a solution of sodium
dichromate in concentrated sulfuric acid.
• Because of its oxidizing power, the solution,
particularly when hot, removes grease and fats quickly
and completely.
• Cleaning solution, as a mixture, is not a general
solvent for cleaning all apparatus but only for cleaning
boro-silicate glasswares, including volumetric wares.
• Glassware is generally in contact with the mixture for
1 to 24 hours, depending up on the amount of grease
or liquid present.
25. • After removal of the acid and draining, the glass ware
should be washed out at least four times with tap water and
then rinsed three times with distilled water
• New glass wares should also be washed and socked in 1%
HCL since they are slightly alkaline while they are
manufactured.
CLEANING OF PIPETTES:
• Pipettes should be placed in a vertical position with the tips
up in a jar of cleaning solution in order to avoid the breakage
of their tips.
• A pad of glass wool is placed at the bottom of the jar to
prevent breakage.
• After soaking for several hours, the tips are drained and
rinsed with tap water until all traces of cleaning solution are
removed.
• The pipettes are then soaked in distilled water for at least an
hour.
26. • Filing with water, allowing the pipette to empty, and
observing whether drops formed on the side within
the graduated portion make a gross test for cleanness.
• Formation of drops indicates greasy surfaces, after the
final distilled water rinse the pipettes are dried in an
oven at not more than 110oC.
• Most laboratories that use large numbers of pipettes
daily use a convenient automatic pipette washer.
• These devices are made of metal or polyethylene and
can be connected directly to hot and cold water
supplies.
• Polyethylene baskets and jars may be used for soaking
and rinsing pipettes in chromic acid cleaning solution.
27. CLEANING OF FLASKS, BEAKERS, CYLINDERS AND OTHER
GLASS WARES:
• Pour warm cleaning solution into each vessel and stopper or
cover carefully.
• Each vessel should be manipulated so that all portions of the
wall are repeatedly brought into contact with the solution.
• This procedure should be followed for at least five minutes.
• The cleaning solution can be poured from one vessel to
another and then returned to its original container.
• The vessels should then be rinsed repeatedly with tap water
four times and finally rinsed three times with distilled water.
• It is important that the necks of volumetric flasks above the
graduation mark be clean because, when solutions are
diluted in the flask, drops of water may adhere to an unclean
wall and may invalidate the measurement of volume.
28. Plastic Wares:
• Plastic wares are usually manufactured from polymers of
polyethylene, polypropylene and TEFLON.
• These plastics are chemically inert and unaffected by acid /alkali.
• Plastic wares are durable and suitable to store alkaline solutions.
However, surface bound may be leached to the solution, absorb
dyes and proteins.
• CLEANING OF PLASTIC WARES:
• After each use Laboratory plastic wares should be immediately
soaked in water or if contaminated, soaked overnight in a
suitable disinfectant such as 0.5% w/v sodium hypochlorite or
bleach.
• Most plastic ware is best clean in a warm detergent solution,
followed by at least two rinses in clean water, and ideally a final
rinse in distilled water.
• The articles should then be left to drain and dry naturally or
dried in a hot air oven, set at a temperature the plastic can
withstand. A brush or harsh abrasive cleaner should not be used
on plastic ware. Stains or precipitates best removed using dilute
nitric acid or 3% v/v acid alcohol
29. REFERENCES:
• Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry and
Molecular Diagnosis
• Croatian-English Chemistry Dictionary &
Glossary. 31 July 2014. KTF-Split. 29 Oct. 2014.
<http://glossary.periodni.com>.
• Introduction to Medical Laboratory Technology
by Berhanu S. Haramaya University, Ethiopia.
• Medical Laboratory Science, Theory and Practice
by J. Ochei and A. Kolhatkar. Tata McGraw Hill
publications, New Delhi.