1. The document discusses neoplasia (abnormal growth of cells) and cancer. It defines key terms like neoplasm, tumor, benign and malignant tumors.
2. It describes how tumors are classified based on cell of origin, biological behavior, appearance and other features. Examples of different tumor types are provided.
3. The key differences between benign and malignant tumors are growth rate, invasion of surrounding tissue, metastasis, and differentiation of cells. Malignant tumors tend to grow and spread more rapidly.
MBBS 2nd Year Pathology - Neoplasia : IntroductionNida Us Sahr
Chapter 7 (Neoplasia) from Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease (9th Edition) for MBBS 2nd Year.
After going through this presentation, it will be easy to understand Neoplasia from Robbins.
MBBS 2nd Year Pathology - Neoplasia : IntroductionNida Us Sahr
Chapter 7 (Neoplasia) from Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease (9th Edition) for MBBS 2nd Year.
After going through this presentation, it will be easy to understand Neoplasia from Robbins.
Objective :
1 - compare between malignant and benign tumors.
2 - describe the stages and grading of tumor .
3 - describe dysplasia to carcinoma .
4 – list the different type of malignant adenoma in colon .
5 – what is metastasis and how it spread and the common sites of the metastasis adenocarcinoma in the colon .
6 - describe the CEA .
by asem shadid
Neoplasia
Overview
Characteristics of neoplasms compared to normal tissues
Types of neoplasms
Benign vs malignant
Cellular differentiation
Genetic basis for neoplasia
What is a “neoplasm”?
Lay term of “tumor” conveys usual connotations – ie a new growth or mass
Definition revolves around these features:
Monoclonal proliferation of cells with specific mutations
Excessive and unregulated growth of these cells, often at the expense of surrounding normal tissue
Terms to know about when discussing neoplasia
Metastasis - spread of a malignant tumor from one site to another via blood or lymph
Benign – typically refers to those tumors incapable of metastasis and having a good clinical outcome (prognosis)
Malignant – those tumors capable of invasive growth and/or metastasis, often fatal if not treated effectively
Parenchyma – these are the tumor cells themselves, usually referring to epithelial cells in organs.
Stroma – connective tissue cells that support the parenchymal cells – not actually tumor cells, but are stimulated to grow by the tumor via growth factors, eg angiogenesis
Cellular differentiation
Tumors are often “graded” as to how closely they resemble the normal parent tissue that they are derived from.
Well-differentiated means the cells are very similar in appearance and architectural arrangement to normal tissue of that organ
Differentiation
“Poorly-differentiated” refers to tumors that show only minimal resemblance to the normal parent tissue they are derived from.
“Anaplastic” means the tumor shows no obvious similarity to it’s parent tissue, usually associated with aggressive behavior
So what??????
Differentiation often provides clues as to the clinical aggressiveness of the tumor
Tumors often lose differentiation features over time as they become more “malignant” and as they acquire more cumulative genetic mutations
Differentiation often predicts responsiveness to certain therapies, eg estrogen receptors and Tamoxifen in breast cancers
Benign
– circumscribed, often encapsulated, pushes normal tissue aside
Malignant
– infiltrative growth, no capsule, destructive of normal tissues
Classification of neoplasms
Epithelial tumors
Benign forms – adenoma , papilloma
Malignant forms – carcinoma, eg adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma
Mesenchymal tumors
Benign forms – fibroma, leiomyoma,
Malignant forms – sarcoma, eg fibrosarcoma, leiomyosarcoma
Classification continued
Tumors of lymphocytes are always malignant – called lymphoma
Tumors of melanocytes
Benign – nevus
Malignant - melanoma
Precursors of neoplasia
Hyperplasia
Metaplasia
Chronic inflammation
dysplasia
Metaplasia, dysplasia, neoplasia
Objective :
1 - compare between malignant and benign tumors.
2 - describe the stages and grading of tumor .
3 - describe dysplasia to carcinoma .
4 – list the different type of malignant adenoma in colon .
5 – what is metastasis and how it spread and the common sites of the metastasis adenocarcinoma in the colon .
6 - describe the CEA .
by asem shadid
Neoplasia
Overview
Characteristics of neoplasms compared to normal tissues
Types of neoplasms
Benign vs malignant
Cellular differentiation
Genetic basis for neoplasia
What is a “neoplasm”?
Lay term of “tumor” conveys usual connotations – ie a new growth or mass
Definition revolves around these features:
Monoclonal proliferation of cells with specific mutations
Excessive and unregulated growth of these cells, often at the expense of surrounding normal tissue
Terms to know about when discussing neoplasia
Metastasis - spread of a malignant tumor from one site to another via blood or lymph
Benign – typically refers to those tumors incapable of metastasis and having a good clinical outcome (prognosis)
Malignant – those tumors capable of invasive growth and/or metastasis, often fatal if not treated effectively
Parenchyma – these are the tumor cells themselves, usually referring to epithelial cells in organs.
Stroma – connective tissue cells that support the parenchymal cells – not actually tumor cells, but are stimulated to grow by the tumor via growth factors, eg angiogenesis
Cellular differentiation
Tumors are often “graded” as to how closely they resemble the normal parent tissue that they are derived from.
Well-differentiated means the cells are very similar in appearance and architectural arrangement to normal tissue of that organ
Differentiation
“Poorly-differentiated” refers to tumors that show only minimal resemblance to the normal parent tissue they are derived from.
“Anaplastic” means the tumor shows no obvious similarity to it’s parent tissue, usually associated with aggressive behavior
So what??????
Differentiation often provides clues as to the clinical aggressiveness of the tumor
Tumors often lose differentiation features over time as they become more “malignant” and as they acquire more cumulative genetic mutations
Differentiation often predicts responsiveness to certain therapies, eg estrogen receptors and Tamoxifen in breast cancers
Benign
– circumscribed, often encapsulated, pushes normal tissue aside
Malignant
– infiltrative growth, no capsule, destructive of normal tissues
Classification of neoplasms
Epithelial tumors
Benign forms – adenoma , papilloma
Malignant forms – carcinoma, eg adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma
Mesenchymal tumors
Benign forms – fibroma, leiomyoma,
Malignant forms – sarcoma, eg fibrosarcoma, leiomyosarcoma
Classification continued
Tumors of lymphocytes are always malignant – called lymphoma
Tumors of melanocytes
Benign – nevus
Malignant - melanoma
Precursors of neoplasia
Hyperplasia
Metaplasia
Chronic inflammation
dysplasia
Metaplasia, dysplasia, neoplasia
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2. Click to add Text
NEOPLASIA
Dr. Murali B M M.D(path)
3. Cancer like crab adheres to any part
CANCER
Cancer is a generic term for
malignant neoplasms
4. INTRODUCTION
• Neoplasia (new growth) is a disease that results
from abnormal growth and differentiation of
tissues.
• Cancer is one of the leading causes of death
worldwide.
• Causes emotional and physical suffering by the
patient.
• Different mortality rate ….. Some are curable &
Others are fatal
• The most common sites for cancer development
are the lung, breast, colon and prostate.
• Although cancer can arise at any age, the
incidence of cancer increases proportionally with
increasing age.
5. Definitions
• Neoplasia: is an abnormal mass of tissue, the
growth of which is uncoordinated with that of
normal tissues, and that persists in the same
excessive manner after the cessation of the
stimulus which evoked the change. With the loss
of responsiveness to normal growth controls
or
• Neoplasia is defined as an abnormal,
autonomous, purposeless, perpetual growth of
tissue which preys on the host.
• A neoplasm or Tumor (G. neos, new,+
plasma, thing formed) is an abnormal mass or
colony of cells produced by a relatively
autonomous new growth of tissue.
6. Nomenclature
• Neoplasm = tumor, Tumor = swelling
• A tumor is literally a swelling of any type, such
as an inflammatory or other swelling, but
modern usage generally denotes a neoplasm
• Oncology (G. onkos, tumor,+ logia): is the
study or science of neoplasms, including the
etiology and pathogenesis
Anaplasia is a characteristic property of cancer
cells and denotes a lack of normal structural and
functional characteristics (undifferentiation)
7. • Histogenesis: is the origin of a tissue and is a method of
classifying neoplasms on the basis of the tissue cell of origin.
– Adenomas are benign neoplasms of glandular epithelium.
– Carcinomas are malignant tumors of epithelium.
– Sarcomas are malignant tumors of mesenchymal tissues.
• Benign neoplasm or tumor :
– has a lesser degree of autonomy,
– is usually not invasive,
– does not metastasize,
– and generally produces no great harm if treated
adequately.
• Malignant neoplasm or tumor :
– manifests a greater degree of autonomy,
– is capable of invasion and metastatic spread,
– may be resistant to treatment, and may cause death.
8. Components of Tumor
• All tumors have two basic components:
– Parechyma: made up of neoplastic cells
– Stroma: made up of non-neoplastic, host-derived
connective tissue and blood vessels
• The parenchyma:
– Determines the biological behavior of the tumor
– From which the tumor derives its name
• The stroma:
– Carries the blood supply
– Provides support for the growth of the parenchyma
• Proliferation both components are seen in both benign
and malignant tumors.
10. Neoplasia - Classifications
• Based on the biological behavior :
– Benign and Malignant
• Based on the cell of origin :
– One neoplastic cell type : lipoma, adenocarcinoma
– More than one neoplastic cell type : fibroadenoma
– More than one neoplastic cell type derived from more
than one germ-cell layer: teratoma
• Based on gross appearance
• Based on microscopic appearance
• The most useful classification is made on the combined
basis of the biological (clinical) behavior, whether
benign or malignant, (a distinction of great importance in
diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis) and the
histogenesis, the tissue or cell of origin of the neoplasm
as determined by histologic and cytologic examination.
12. Neoplasia - Classifications
Benign tumors :
(prefix + suffix = Type of cell + oma)E.g.
• Benign tumor arising in fibrous tissue:
Fibro + oma = Fibroma
• Benign tumor arising in fatty tissue:
Lipo + oma = lipoma
• Benign tumor arising in cartilage:
Chondro + oma = chondroma
• Benign tumor arising in smooth muscle
Leiomyo + oma = leiomyoma
• Benign tumor arising in skeletal muscle
Rhabdomyo + oma = rhabdomyoma
The suffix "-oma" means tumor and usually denotes a benign
neoplasm, as in fibroma, lipoma, and so forth, but sometimes
implies a malignant neoplasm, as with so-called melanoma,
hepatoma, and seminoma, or even a non-neoplastic lesion, such as
a hematoma, granuloma, or hamartoma.
13. Neoplasia - Classifications
• Benign epithelial tumors are classified on the basis of :
– The cell of origin
– Microscopic pattern
– Macroscopic pattern
– Adenoma : benign epithelial neoplasms producing gland
pattern….OR … derived from glands but not necessarily
exhibiting gland pattern. E.g Broncial adenoma- bronchial
lining epithelium
– Cystadenoma : adenoma if forms cysts E.g Papillary
serous cytadenoma - ovary
– Papilloma : benign epithelial neoplasms growing on any
surface that produce microscopic or macroscopic finger-
like pattern. E.g. squamous papilloma from squamous
epithelium
– Polyp : tumors of epithelial origin projecting as a mass
above the surface. E.g. Adenomatous polyp - colon
20. Mixed Tumors
Mixed tumors are neoplasms that have developed from a
single cell line but which show divergent differentiation.
Mosaic-like tumors of connective tissue e.g. angio-myo-
lipoma
• E.g. Pleomorphic adenoma of salivary gland & Fibro-
adenoma of breast
Mixed tumors could be benign or malignant e.g.
• fibroadenoma benign
• adenosarcoma benign epithelium and malignant
stroma.
• carcinsarcoma malignant epithelium and stroma
23. Characteristics of benign and
malignant neoplasms
• Differentiation and Anaplasia
• Rate of growth
• Local invasion
• metastasis
24. 1. Differentiation and Anaplasia
• Differentiation refers to the extent to which
the parenchymal cells of the tumor resemble
their normal counterparts morphologically and
functionally ( well differentiated, moderately
differentiated, poorly differentiated &
undifferentiated)
• Benign tumors are well differentiated
• Malignant tumors vary in their
differentiation, even in the same tumor mass
ranging from well differentiated to
undifferentiated.
• Anaplasia (Lack of differentiation): means loss
of structural and functional differentiation of
normal cell.
25. Anaplasia
In the histological examination of a tumor you should look for :
– Pleomorphism : variation in size
– High nuclear/ cytoplasm ratio ( N/C ratio)
– Hyperchrmasia ( dark cell ): dark staining of nucleus
– Mitosis ….?increased in number & also abnormal one
27. 2. Rate of growth
• Most benign tumors grow slowly over a period of
years, whereas most Malignant tumors grow
rapidly.
• The rate of growth of malignant neoplasms may
not be constant over time. It depends on blood
supply and other factors.
• Some malignant tumors grow slowly for years
then suddenly increase in size. It Correlate with
the level of differentiation
• On occasion, cancers decrease in size and even
spontaneously disappear (leaving only the
secondary implant).
28. 3.Local invasion
• Benign tumors grow as cohesive expansile masses that remain
localized to their site of origin and do not have the capacity to
infiltrate, invade, or metastasize to distant sites. They are
surrounded by a rim of compressed connective tissue (Fibrous
capsule).
• Malignant tumors are accompanied by progressive infiltration,
invasion and destruction of surrounding tissue.
• Invasion is detected in histological examination as tiny crablike feet
penetrating the margin and infiltrating the adjacent structures.
Difficult surgical resection.
• In invading tissues, tumors often follow the path of least resistance
such as advancing through the perineural spaces.
• If tumor reaches a serosal surface it may “fall” into the cavity and
produce so-called tumor seeding.
• Hyaline cartilage and arterial walls are resistant to tumor
invasion. ( Large content of elastin in arterial walls: tumors have
abundant collagenase to aid invasion but produce little elastase)
29.
30. 4.Metastasis
• The ability of tumor cells to spread to other parts of the
body and establish secondary tumors.
or
• Metastases are tumor implants discontinuous with the
primary tumor.
• Benign neoplasms do not metastasize.
• With few exceptions, all cancers(Malignant tumors) can
metastasize.
• General rule: more anaplastic, more rapidly growing,
larger neoplasm, have greater chance to metastasize
(with exceptions).
• Approximately 30% of newly diagnosed patients present
with metastasis
31. PATHWAYS OF DISTANT SPREAD
• A. Lymphatic spread .
• B. Hematogenous spread .
• C. Other mechanisms of spread:
1. Surgical or procedural transplantation
(iatrogenic).
2. Seeding of body cavities and surfaces
surfaces:
Malignant neoplasm penetrate into body cavities
(peritoneal, pleural, pericardial, subarachnoid
and joints spaces). Pseudomyxoma peritonii in
mucous-secreting ovarian and appendiceal
carcinoma with seeding in peritoneal cavity.
32. PATHWAYS OF DISTANT SPREAD
• Lymphatic spread :
– favored by carcinomas
– Follows the natural routes of lymphatic drainage.
– Breast carcinoma axillary lymph nodes
– Lung carcinomas bronchial lymph nodes
• Hematogenous spread :
– favored by sarcomas
– Also used by carcinomas
– Veins are more commonly invaded
– The liver and lungs are the most frequently
involved secondary sites
36. Dysplasia
A disorder of cell growth that leads to tissues
with cells of varying size, shape and
appearance.
– Non-neoplastic
– Occurs mainly in the epithelia
– Dysplastic cells shows a degree of :
pleomorphism, hyperchrmasia,increased
mitosis and loss of polarity
– Generally occurs in response to chronic
irritation and inflammation.
– Dysplasia may be reversible
37. Dysplasia
• Dysplasia does not mean cancer
• Dyplasia does not necessarily progress to cancer
• Dysplasia may be a strong precursor to
cancer in certain instances such as in the cervix
or respiratory tract.
• Displasias can be detected by exfoliative
cytology by using Papanicoloau stained smears.
• If dysplastic changes involve the entire thickness
of the epithelium it is called :
CARCINOMA IN-SITU
39. Carcinoma in-situ
– Definition: an intraepithelial malignancy in
which malignant cells involve the entire
thickness of the epithelium without
penetration of the basement membrane.
– Applicable only to epithelial neoplasms.
