know more about nanomaterials and its apllication in future as well as current situation, and what wil we reserch on basis of nanomaterials and carbon structure and its aplication in such futuriastic manner.
Nano Material
Introduction and Synthesis
Nanomaterials describe, in principle, materials of which a single unit is sized (in at least one dimension) between 1 and 1000 nanometres (10−9 meter) but is usually 1—100 nm (the usual definition of nanoscale[1]).
Nanomaterials research takes a materials science-based approach to nanotechnology, leveraging advances in materials metrology and synthesis which have been developed in support of microfabrication research. Materials with structure at the nanoscale often have unique optical, electronic, or mechanical properties.
Nanomaterials are slowly becoming commercialized[2] and beginning to emerge as commodities.[3]
It contains information about Carbon nanotubes which are extensively used in nanotechnology for various puposes. It discusses various types of CNTs along with the three main ways to synthesize them. The three main ways are Arc Discharge, Laser Ablation and Chemical Vapour Deposition. It also discusses various applications os CNTs and their properties.
Novel effects can occur in materials when structures are formed with sizes comparable to any one of many possible length scales, such as the de Broglie wavelength of electrons, or the optical wavelengths of high energy photons. In these cases quantum mechanical effects can dominate material properties. One example is quantum confinement where the electronic properties of solids are altered with great reductions in particle size. The optical properties of nanoparticles, e.g. fluorescence, also become a function of the particle diameter. This effect does not come into play by going from macrosocopic to micrometer dimensions, but becomes pronounced when the nanometer scale is reached.
know more about nanomaterials and its apllication in future as well as current situation, and what wil we reserch on basis of nanomaterials and carbon structure and its aplication in such futuriastic manner.
Nano Material
Introduction and Synthesis
Nanomaterials describe, in principle, materials of which a single unit is sized (in at least one dimension) between 1 and 1000 nanometres (10−9 meter) but is usually 1—100 nm (the usual definition of nanoscale[1]).
Nanomaterials research takes a materials science-based approach to nanotechnology, leveraging advances in materials metrology and synthesis which have been developed in support of microfabrication research. Materials with structure at the nanoscale often have unique optical, electronic, or mechanical properties.
Nanomaterials are slowly becoming commercialized[2] and beginning to emerge as commodities.[3]
It contains information about Carbon nanotubes which are extensively used in nanotechnology for various puposes. It discusses various types of CNTs along with the three main ways to synthesize them. The three main ways are Arc Discharge, Laser Ablation and Chemical Vapour Deposition. It also discusses various applications os CNTs and their properties.
Novel effects can occur in materials when structures are formed with sizes comparable to any one of many possible length scales, such as the de Broglie wavelength of electrons, or the optical wavelengths of high energy photons. In these cases quantum mechanical effects can dominate material properties. One example is quantum confinement where the electronic properties of solids are altered with great reductions in particle size. The optical properties of nanoparticles, e.g. fluorescence, also become a function of the particle diameter. This effect does not come into play by going from macrosocopic to micrometer dimensions, but becomes pronounced when the nanometer scale is reached.
Sonochemical method of synthesis of nanoparticles.pptxMuhammadHashami2
for obtaining nanomaterial we use many methods, on of the important method is sonochemical method, this method is cost less and we can obtain nanoparticles simply.
Different types of methods can be used for the preparation of Magnetic Nanoparticles, their advantages and disadvantages and applications of the materials in various fields are given in the presentation
Metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) is a type of nanoparticle which have a metal core composed of inorganic metal or metal oxide that is usually covered with a shell made up of organic or inorganic material or metal oxide.
Sonochemical method of synthesis of nanoparticles.pptxMuhammadHashami2
for obtaining nanomaterial we use many methods, on of the important method is sonochemical method, this method is cost less and we can obtain nanoparticles simply.
Different types of methods can be used for the preparation of Magnetic Nanoparticles, their advantages and disadvantages and applications of the materials in various fields are given in the presentation
Metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) is a type of nanoparticle which have a metal core composed of inorganic metal or metal oxide that is usually covered with a shell made up of organic or inorganic material or metal oxide.
EMFUTUR is a leader nanoMaterials provider, giving support for Researchers or Manufacturers who are working in the field of Life Science, Biology, Medicine, Environment (Filtration), Energy, Aerospace, Catalysis, Solid State Nanoelectronics & Sensors (Mems, Nanosensors, Nanowires, Nanolithography, Nanocircuitry) and related approches (Nanophotonics, Nanomecanics and Nanoionics) and other Fields.
Synthesis MgO nanopowder using Sol-gel technique: A critical reviewPratish Rawat
During the last decade, it has realized that when materials are synthesized to nanoscale dimensions, they will show new and remarkably improved physical and chemical properties. Due to its wide and major applications, in-depth investigations have been carried out on metal oxide nanomaterials. A significant amount of research is going on in synthesis and characterization of MgO/PVA nanocomposites. Some of the literature has been reviewed to get the idea about the synthesis and characterization of MgO/PVA nanocomposites using sol-gel technique.
This review explains some applications of nanocomposites , further, its covers the classification of nanocomposite and outlooks regarding this materials .
Promising SriLankan minerals for Nano-technologyHome
Nano-technology is enhancing the supply of day today unlimited needs and wants. Using nano technology and available resources within the country many things can be done for the future development. In this draft, its only mentioning main minerals and nano-technological practices.
Video lecture is available on YouTube on the link:https://youtu.be/xrBnxxN-RUw
For UG students of All Engineering Branches, Chemistry, Food Science, Polymer Science, Chemical Engg. etc.
The video lecture for this presentation is available at the following link on YouTube
https://youtu.be/3sxal579RNM
The presenation will be useful for Ug/PG (Chemistry) students
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
2. Introduction
Nanoscale materials are defined as a set of
substances where at least one dimension is
less than approximately 100 nanometers.
A nanometer is one millionth of a
millimeter - approximately 100,000 times
smaller than the diameter of a human
hair. Nanomaterials are of great
significance because they show distinctive
optical, magnetic, electrical, and other
properties. These unique properties have
the potential for great impacts in
electronics, medicine, and other fields.
2
3. The two main reasons for unique properties of
nanomaterials are:
❏ Increased relative surface area:
Nanomaterials have a much greater
surface area to volume ratio than their
conventional materials, which can lead to
greater chemical reactivity and affect
their strength
❏ New quantum effects: The quantum
effects lead to novel
optical,
electrical
magnetic behaviours 3
4. History
4
❏ 1857 Michael Faraday synthesized the
colloidal gold particles.
❏ 1940’s, precipitated and fumed silica nanoparticles
manufactured in USA and Germany used as ultrafine
carbon black for rubber reinforcements. Nanoscale
amorphous silica particles were used in many everyday
consumer products, ranging from non dairy coffee creamer
to automobile tires, optical fibers and catalyst supports.
❏ 1960-70’s development of magnetic recording tapes
from metallic nanopowders was reported.
❏ 1976 showed nanocrystals produced by the now popular
inert-gas evaporation technique.
❏ Recently, it has been found that the Maya blue paint is
a nanostructured hybrid material.
5. Classification
5
Nanomaterials are classified as:
❏ Zero dimensional (atomic clusters, filaments and cluster
assemblies),
❏ One dimensional (multilayers),
❏ Two dimensional (ultrafine-grained overlayers or buried layers),
❏ Three dimensional nanostructures (nanophase
materials consisting of equiaxed nanometer sized grains)
7. Synthesis
7
The synthesis of nanomaterials can be
achieved in either the ‘bottom up’ or
the ‘top down’ approaches, i.e. either to
assemble atoms together or to disassemble
(break, or dissociate) bulk solids into
finer pieces constituted of only a few
atoms.
The nanostructures can be created based
on methods of self-organization and
self-assembly (bio-mimetic processes).
Using these methods, synthesized
materials can be arranged into useful
shapes so that finally the material can be
applied to a certain application.
8. Mechanical Grinding
8
Mechanical abrasion is a ‘top down’ method for the synthesis of
nanomaterials, where the material is synthesized by the structural
breakdown of coarser-grained structures.
The advantages of this method are:
1. It is very simple method to make nanocrystalline materials because
the equipment required is relatively inexpensive and essentially all
classes of materials can be synthesized by this method.
2. Scaling up to large quantities of material for various applications is
very easy.
The disadvantages of this method are:
1. Greater possibility of contamination from milling media and/or
atmosphere,
2. To consolidate the powder product without coarsening the
nanocrystalline microstructure
9. Mechanism of Mechanical Grinding
9
Mechanical milling is normally done using high energy shaker,
planetary ball, or tumbler mills. The energy transferred to the powder
from refractory or steel balls depends on the rotational (vibrational)
speed, size and number of the balls, ratio of the ball to powder mass, the
time of milling and the milling atmosphere. Nanoparticles are produced
by the shear action during abrasion milling or grinding.
10. Wet Chemical Synthesis
10
The wet chemical synthesis of nanomaterials can be classified into two
broad groups:
1. The top down method: In this method, the single crystals are
etched in an aqueous solution for producing nanomaterials, E. g.,
synthesis of porous silicon by electrochemical etching.
2. The bottom up method: This approach consists of sol-gel
method, precipitation etc. where materials containing the desired
precursors are mixed in a controlled fashion to form a colloidal
solution.
.
12. Sol-gel Synthesis
12
The sol-gel process, involves the development of inorganic networks by the
formation of a colloidal suspension (sol) which undergoes gelation to form a
network in a continuous liquid phase (gel). The substrates for synthesizing
these colloids consist generally of a metal or metalloid element surrounded
by various reactive ligands.
Sol-gel synthesis of TiO2
13. Properties of Nanomaterials
13
The properties of nanomaterials are significantly
different from those of atoms and bulks materials
whereas the most microstructured materials
have similar properties to the corresponding
bulk materials. This is primarily due to the
nanometer size of the materials which
render them the following characteristics which
do not exist in the corresponding bulk
materials:
❏ Large fraction of surface atoms
❏ High surface energy
❏ Spatial confinement
❏ Reduced imperfections
14. Applications of Nanomaterials
14
Nanomaterials are having wide range of
applications because of their superior chemical,
physical, and mechanical properties. Some of the
important applications are:
❏ Fuel Cells
❏ Catalysis
❏ Phosphors for High-Definition TV
❏ Next-Gen Computer Chips
❏ Elimination of Pollutants
❏ Sunscreen lotion
❏ Sensors
15. Applications of Nanomaterials
15
Cancer Therapy
Drug Transporters
Therapeutics
Drug Delivery
Gene Therapy
vaccinesImmunoassay
Fungicides
Cosmetics
Protein
microassay
Live imaging
Bio- imaging
Biosensors
Tissue Regeneration
16. Carbon Nanomaterials
16
The continuously increasing commercial use of engineered carbon-based
nanomaterials includes technical, medical, environmental and
agricultural applications. During the relatively short time since the
discovery of fullerenes in 1985, carbon nanotubes in 1991, and graphene in
2004, the unique properties of carbon-based nanomaterials have attracted
great interest, which has promoted the development of methods for large-
scale industrial production.
17. Graphite
17
Graphite is one of the oldest and most widely used natural materials. More
traditionally known as the main ingredient of pencil lead, from which the name
“graphite” originated, it is now more widely used in several large-scale
industrial applications, such as carbon raising in steelmaking, battery
electrodes, and industrial-grade lubricants. The graphite has unique
combination of physical properties due to its macromolecular structure, which
consists of stacked layers of hexagonal arrays of sp2 carbon.
18. Fullerenes
18
Fullerenes are an allotropic modification of carbon, often
termed as a molecular form of carbon, or carbon
molecules. Fullerenes were discovered in 1985 by
H.W. Kroto, R.F. Curl and R.E. Smalley, who were
later awarded with the nobel prize for chemistry in 1996.
The fullerene family includes a number of atomic Cn
clusters (n > 20), composed of carbon atoms on a
spherical surface. In fullerenes, carbon atoms are usually
present in the sp2-hybrid form and linked together by
covalent bonds. Fullerene C60 is the most common
fullerene. The spherical molecule is highly symmetric and
consists of 60 carbon atoms, located at the vertices of
twenty hexagons and twelve pentagons. The diameter of
fullerene C60 is 0.7 nm.
19. Carbon Nanotubes
19
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are one of the carbon allotropes with
exceptional properties suitable for technical applications. These
were discovered in 1991 by the Japanese researcher S. Iijima.
Carbon nanotubes are characterized by cylindrical structures with
a diameter of several nanometers, consisting of rolled graphene
sheets. Carbon nanotubes may vary in length, diameter, chirality
(symmetry of the rolled graphite sheet) and the number of layers.
Based on structure, CNTs may be classified into two main groups:
Single-walled nanotubes (SWCNTs)
Multi-walled nanotubes (MWCNTs).
20. Graphene
20
Graphene is a 2D allotropic form of carbon, formed by single layers of carbon
atoms. In graphene, carbon atoms exhibit sp2-hybridization connected by
σ- and π-bonds in a two-dimensional hexagonal crystal lattice with a
distance of 0.142 nm between neighboring atoms of carbon hexagons. The
first graphene samples were described in 2004 by A. Geim (Dutch-British
physicist) and K. Novoselov (Russian-British physicist), awarded with a Nobel
prize in 2010. Graphene has many unique physical properties, such as
extremely high mechanical rigidity and a high thermal stability.
21. Carbon Nanowires
21
A nanowire is a nanostructure, with the diameter of
the order of a nanometre (10−9 meters). It can also be
defined as the ratio of the length to width being
greater than 1000. Alternatively, nanowires can be
defined as structures that have a thickness or
diameter constrained to tens of nanometers or less
and an unconstrained length. Many different types of
nanowires exist, including superconducting,
metallic, semiconducting (silicon nanowires) and
insulating (SiO2, TiO2). Molecular nanowires are
composed of repeating molecular units either organic
(e.g. DNA) or inorganic (e.g. Mo6S9−xIx).
Applications in Electronic devices, Nanowire lasers,
Sensing of proteins and chemicals using
semiconductor nanowires
22. Carbon Nanocones
22
Carbon nanocones are conical structures which are made predominantly
from carbon and which have at least one dimension of the order one
micrometer or smaller. Nanocones have height and base diameter of the same
order of magnitude; this distinguishes them from tipped nanowires which are
much longer than their diameter. Nanocones occur on the surface of natural
graphite. The opening angle (apex) of the nanocones is not arbitrary, but has
preferred values of approximately 20°, 40°, and 60°.
Uses: These are used to cap ultrafine gold needles, which are widely used
in scanning probe microscopy owing to their high chemical stability and
electrical conductivity.
23. 23
References
The some contents are taken from:
Chemistry For Engineers
By
Harish Chopra
Anupama Parmar
[In addition, Internet sources have also been used]