This document discusses nanomaterials, which are defined as substances that have at least one dimension measuring less than 100 nanometers. Nanomaterials can be categorized based on their origin as natural or artificial, based on their dimensions as zero-dimensional, one-dimensional, two-dimensional or three-dimensional, or based on their structural configuration as carbon-based, metal-based, dendrimers or composites. Some examples of nanomaterials are discussed. The document also outlines several applications and advantages of nanomaterials, such as increased efficiency and strength, as well as some potential disadvantages like aggregation and instability. In conclusion, the document discusses how nanomaterials can improve the properties of concrete.

2. Introduction Nano materials are cornerstones of nano science
and nanotechnology. Nanostructure science and technology is a
broad and interdisciplinary area of research and development
activity that has been growing explosively worldwide in the past
few years. It has the potential for revolutionizing the ways in
which materials and products are created and the range and
nature of functionalities that can be accessed. It is already having
a significant commercial impact, which will assuredly increase in
the future.
INTRODUCTION TO NANOMATERIALS

3. Nanoscale materials are defined as a set of substances where at least
one dimension is less than approximately 100 nanometers. A
nanometer is one millionth of a millimeter - approximately 100,000
times smaller than the diameter of a human hair.
Nanomaterials are of interest because at this scale unique optical,
magnetic, electrical, and other properties emerge. These emergent
properties have the potential for great impacts in electronics,
medicine, and other fields.
What Are Nanomaterials

4. Classification of nanomaterials
Nanomaterials can be categorized as different methods of
classification including origin, dimensions and their structural
configuration.

5. A. According to their origin:
1. Natural nanomaterials: Nanomaterials which are
belonging to resource of nature are defined as natural
nanometer. As per examples virus, protein molecules
including antibody originated from nature are some
natural nano structured materials. In addition
following are few examples, mineral such as
clays,natural colloids, such as milk and blood (liquid
colloids), fog (aerosol type), gelatine (gel
type),mineralised natural materials, such as shells,
corals and bones,Insect wings and opals,Spider
silk,Lotus leaf and similar(Nasturtium,). Gecko
feet,volcanic ash, ocean spray etc.
2. Artificial nanomaterial: Artificial nanoparticles are
those which are prepared deliberately through a well-
defined mechanical and fabrication process. The
examples of such materials are carbon nanotubes,
semiconductor nanoparticles like quantum dots etc.

6. b.according to the dimensions:
1. Zero dimensional(0-D):These nanomaterials have
Nano-dimensions in all the three directions. Metallic
nanoparticles including gold and silver nanoparticles
and semiconductor such as quantam dots are the
perfect example of this kind of nanoparticles. Most of
these nanoparticles are spherical in size and the
diameter of these particles will be in the1-50 nm
range. Cubes and polygons shapes are also found for
this kind of nanomaterials.
2. One dimensional(1-D):In these nanostructures, one
dimension of the nanostructure will be outside the
nanometer range. These include nanowires, nanorods,
and nanotubes. These materials are long (several
micrometer in length), but with diameter of only a few
nanometer. Nanowire and nanotubes of metals, oxides
and other materials are few examples of this kind of
materials.

7. 3. Two dimensional(2-D):In this type of nanomaterials, two dimensions are outside the
nanometer range. These include different kind of Nano films such as coatings and thin-film-
multilayers, nano sheets or nano-walls. The area of the nano films can be large (several
square micrometer),but the thickness is always in nano scale range.
4. Three Dimensional(3-D):All dimensions of these are outside the nano meter range.
These include bulk materials composed of the individual blocks which are in the nanometer
scale (1-100 nm).

8. C. On the basis of structural configuration:
1.Carbon Based Nano materials: The nature of this kind
of nanomaterials is hollow spheres, ellipsoids, or tubes.
Spherical and ellipsoidal configured carbon
nanomaterials are defined as fullerenes, while cylindrical
ones are described as nanotubes.
2.Metal Based Materials: The main component of these
particles is metal. These nanomaterials include
nanogold, nanosilver and metal oxides, such as titanium
dioxide and closely packed semiconductor like quantum
dots.

9. 4.Dendrimers: Dendrimers are highly branched
macromolecules with the dimensions nanometer-scale.
The surface of a dendrimer posses numerous chain
which can be modified to perform specific chemical
functions. PAMAM dendrimer is the best illustration of
this kind of materials.
5.Composites: Nanocomposite can be
described as a multiphase solid material where
at least one of the phases has one, two or
three dimensions in nanoscale. The most
common examples of these materials
are colloids, gels and copolymers

10. nanophase ceramics
 nanostructured semiconductors
 Nanosized metallic powders
 Single nanosized magnetic particles
 Nanostructured metal-oxide thin films
APPLICATIONS

11. Environmental friendly
Size of substances can be substantially reduced
Effeciency can be greatly improved
Production will be easy and fast
Precise substances can be produced
Strength and densiy factors can be improved
Advantages

12. Small size and large surface area can lead to particle
aggregation
Physical handling of nano particles is difficult
Impurites
Instability of the particles
Extensive use of poly(vinyl alcohol) as stabilizer
may have toxicity issues
disadvantages

13.  Well dispersed nano particles increase the viscosity
of the liquid phase, improves the segregation
resistance and workability ofthe system.
Accelerates the hydration.
 Better bond between aggregates and cement paste.
 Improves the toughness,shear,tensile strength
and flexural strength ofconcrete.
conclusion

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