Types of nanoparticles

1. Bionanotechnology
By
Kakara Divya
Assistant Professor
School of Biotechnology

2. The most well studied NPs include
quantum dots (Cai et al. 2006; Cai et al. 2007)
carbon nanotubes (Liu et al. 2007),
Paramagnetic NPs (Thorek et al. 2006),
Liposomes (Park et al. 2004),
Gold NPs (Huang et al. 2007) and many others
(Ferrari 2005; Grodzinski et al. 2006).
TYPES OF NANOPARTICLES
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3. Generally nanoparticles are divided into five
groups:
Carbon-Based nanoparticles
Metal nanoparticles
Ceramics nanoparticles
Semiconductor nanoparticles
Polymeric nanoparticles
Lipid based nanoparticles
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4. Carbon-Based nanoparticles
• These types of NPs are completely made up of
carbon which having the shape of hollow
sphere, ellipsoid, or tube. Carbon based NPs
are generally used in making high quality films
and coatings and stronger, lighter and durable
materials.
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5. • Carbon-based nanoparticles include two main
materials: carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and
fullerenes.
• CNTs are elongated, tubular structure, 1–2 nm in
diameter. CNTs are nothing but graphene sheets
rolled into a tube. These materials are mainly
used for the structural reinforcement as they are
100 times stronger than steel. CNTs can be
classified into single-walled carbon nanotubes
(SWCNTs), double-walled (DWNTs) and multi-
walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). CNTs are
unique in a way as they are thermally conductive
along the length and non-conductive across the
tube.
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7. They are widely synthesized by deposition of
carbon precursors especially the atomic carbons,
vaporized from graphite by laser or by electric arc
on to metal particles. Lately, they have been
synthesized via chemical vapor deposition (CVD)
technique (Elliott et al., 2013).
Due to their unique physical, chemical and
mechanical characteristics, these materials are not
only used in pristine form but also in
nanocomposites for many commercial applications
such as fillers (Saeed and Khan, 2016, 2014),
efficient gas adsorbents for environmental
remediation (Ngoy et al., 2014), and as support
medium for different inorganic and organic catalysts
(Mabena et al., 2011).
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8. CVD
Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) is a process in
which the substrate is exposed to one or more
volatile precursors, which react and/or
decompose on the substrate surface to produce
the desired thin film deposit.
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9. • Fullerenes are the allotropes of carbon having a
structure of hollow cage of sixty or more carbon
atoms. The structure of C-60 is called
Buckminster fullerene, and looks like a hollow
football. The carbon units in these structures
have a pentagonal and hexagonal arrangement
while each carbon is sp2 hybridisation. The C60
and C70 have the diameters of 7.114 and 7.648
nm, respectively. These have commercial
applications due to their electrical conductivity,
structure, high strength.
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11. Metal NP's
• Metal NPs are purely made of the metals precursors.
• These NPs possess unique optoelectrical properties.
• These are most widely used NPs.
• NPs of the alkali and noble metals i.e. Cu, Ag and Au have a
broad absorption band in the visible zone of the
electromagnetic solar spectrum.
• The facet, size and shape controlled synthesis of metal NPs is
important in present day cutting-edge materials (Dreaden et
al., 2012).
• Due to their advanced optical properties, metal NPs find
applications in many research areas. Gold NPs coating is
widely used for the sampling of SEM, to enhance the
electronic stream, which helps in obtaining high quality SEM
images. 11

12. Metal-Based Materials:
The optical property of metal based
NPs can be manipulated. Their metal
salt like zinc oxide, gold chloride and
silver nitrate and reactive metal
oxides generally synthesizes these
NPs.
For example physical property of
metal based NPs change by
manipulation. EG : GOLD AND SILVER
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14. GOLD NANOPARTICLE-
70% of the atoms of metal based NPs are
exposed to the surface due to their small size so
that the chemical changes at the exposed
surface change the light-emitting properties of
the metal based NPs, permitting the emission of
multiple colors in visible region.
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16. • Metal nanoparticles are prepared from metal
precursors. These nanoparticles can be synthesized
by chemical, electrochemical, or photochemical
methods. In chemical methods, the metal
nanoparticles are obtained by reducing the metal-
ion precursors in solution by chemical reducing
agents.
• These nanoparticles have applications in research
areas, detection and imaging of biomolecules and
in environmental and bioanalytical applications. For
example gold nanoparticles are used to coat the
sample before analyzing in SEM. This is usually
done to enhance the electronic stream, which
helps us to get high quality SEM images.
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17. Gold particles
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18. Ceremics NP's
• Ceramics NPs are inorganic systems with porous
characteristics.
• These are nonmetallic solids, synthesized via
heat and successive cooling. They can be found
in amorphous, polycrystalline, dense, porous or
hollow forms.
• Ceramic nanoparticles are inorganic solids made
up of oxides, carbides, carbonates and
phosphates, sulphates, nitrates, hydroxide.
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19. Properties
• Low electrical conductivity
• Low thermal conductivity
• High elasticity
• High stiffness
• Resistant to corrosive environment
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20. • Nanoscale ceramics for biomedical
applications such as hydroxyapatite (HA),
calcium carbonate (CaCO3), zirconia (ZrO2),
silica (SiO2), titanium oxide (TiO2), alumina
(Al2O3) were made from new synthetic
methods to improve their physical-chemical
properties seeking to reduce their cytotoxicity
in biological systems.
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21. Methods for synthesis
• Solid state method
• Sol gel method
• Wet chemical deposition
• Electro deposition
• Surfactant Based Emulsions (Microemulsions)
Method
• Mechanochemical synthesis
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22. Ceramic Nanoparticles
• By controlling some of the characteristics
of ceramic nanoparticles like size, surface area,
porosity, surface to volume ratio, etc, they
perform as a good drug delivery agent.
• These nanoparticles have been used effectively
as a drug delivery system for a number of
diseases like bacterial infections, glaucoma,
cancer, etc.
• These nanoparticles have high heat resistance
and chemical inertness. They have applications
in photocatalysis, photodegradation of dyes and
imaging.
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23. Semiconductor NP's
• Semiconductor materials possess properties
between metals and nonmetals.
• They are found in the periodic table in
groups II-VI, III-V or IV-VI.
• These particles have optimal bandgaps
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24. TYPE METALS SEMICONDUTORS NON METALS
ENERGY BAND
GAP
MINIMUM OPTIMAL MAXIMUM
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25. • DIRECT BAND GAP SEMICONDUCTORS
Compound type- II-VI, III-V,
• INDIRECT BAND GAP SEMICONDUCTORS
Type IV
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26. Semiconductor Nanoparticles
• Some examples of semiconductor
nanoparticles are
GaN, GaP, InP, InAs from group III-V
ZnO, ZnS, CdS, CdSe, CdTe are II-VI
semiconductors
silicon and germanium are from group IV.
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31. Application:
Semiconductor nanoparticles are used in
photocatalysis, electronics devices, photo-
optics and water splitting applications.
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32. Polymeric NP's
• These are normally organic based NPs and it is
literatured as a special term Polymer Nano Particle
(PNP) collective used for it.
• These are of two types: Nanospheres and
Nanocapsules
• A nanosphere particle has a matrix-like structure
whose overall mass is generally solid whereas the
nanocapsular particle has core-shell morphology. In the
former, the active compounds and the polymer are
uniformly dispersed whereas in the latter the active
compounds are confined and surrounded by a polymer
shell.
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33. Methods for synthesis
• Emulsion diffusion
• Emulsion evaporation
• Interfacial deposition
• Molecular inclusion
• Emulsion polymerization
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34. Examples of polymeric nanoparticles are
• Lactose co glycolic, polyethyl cyanoacrylate,polybutyl
cyanoacrylate, poly isobutyl cyanoacrylate,poly
isohexyl cyanoacrylate, poly vinyl alcohol, dichloro
methane, ethyl acetate
• Some of the merits of polymeric nanoparticles are
controlled release, protection of drug molecules, ability
to combine therapy and imaging, specific targeting and
many more. They have applications in drug delivery
and diagnostics. The drug deliveries with polymeric
nanoparticles are highly biodegradable and
biocompatible.
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35. Lipid-Based Nanoparticles
• Lipid nanoparticles are generally spherical in
shape with a diameter ranging from 10 to
100nm. It consists of a solid core made of lipid
and a matrix containing water soluble
molecules. The external core of these
nanoparticles is stabilized by surfactants and
emulsifiers. These nanoparticles have
application in the biomedical field as a drug
carrier and delivery and RNA release in cancer
therapy.
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