This document provides an overview of nanomaterials and carbon nanotubes. It discusses how nanomaterials are materials with sizes between 1 to 100 nm that exhibit unique properties. Carbon nanotubes are nanomaterials made of rolled graphene sheets that have excellent mechanical and electrical properties. The document outlines several methods for synthesizing carbon nanotubes including high pressure carbon monoxide deposition and chemical vapor deposition. It then discusses important properties and applications of carbon nanotubes such as their strength, conductivity, and use as reinforcements in composites.

2. Syllabus:
 Introduction to Nano size and Nanomaterials
Applications of Nanomaterials in Medicine
and Catalysis……..
 Carbon Nanotubes………
 Basic ideas of Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes
 Important Properties of Nanotubes
 Applications of Carbon Nanotubes………

4. Macromolecule Nano-material

8. Introduction to Nano size and Nanomaterials……
Nanochemistry concerned with the unique
properties associated with assemblies of atoms
or molecules on a scale between that of the
individual building blocks and bulk materials.
It is the science of tools, technologies and
methodologies for chemical synthesis, analysis,
analysis and biochemical diagnostics,
performed in nanolitre to femtolitre domains.

9. Nanochemistry is the synthesis, analysis and
characterization of chemical compounds at the
nanoscale.
“Nano” is used in scientific units to denote one-billionth
of the base unit.
Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of
matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to 100 nm.
THE SCIENCE OF INTERACTION AND BEHAVIOR
AT THE
NANO SCALE

11. SEM & TEM Images of silica

12. Nano Chemistry is the study of materials of the size 1 to 100 nm
range.
Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of matter at
dimensions of roughly 1 to 100 nm, where unique phenomena
enable novel applications.
1 nm = 10-9 = I billionth of a meter Limit of eye’s ability to see = 10,000 nm
Diameter of Hair = 750,000 nm DNA width = 2 nm
H-atom = 0.1 nm Bucky ball = 1 nm
Carbon nanotube = 1.3 nm E. Coli bacteria = 2,000 nm

14. Nano Materials
Nanomaterials are materials possessing particles sizes on the order of a
billionth of a meter, nanometer.
At this size range, the particles will show some unique properties like
quantum size effect, surface effect, and macroscopic-quantum-tunnel effect.
Nano structures are the ordered system of one-dimension, two dimension or
three dimension constructed or assembled with nanometer scale unit in
certain pattern, which basically include nano-spheres, nano-rods, nano-
wires, nano-belts and nanotube.
Nanomaterials include,
Clusters of atoms, grains that are less than 100 nm in size,
Fibers that are less than 100 nm in diameter,
Films that are less 100 nm in thickness,
Nano-holes and Composites that are a combination of these.

15. Bucky Ball

16. Applications of Nanomaterials
1. Nano materials or nano crystals provide large surface area.
Hence they act as better catalysts.
2. Tumors can be detected and located with incredible accuracy.
3. Nano shells can float through the body attaching only to cancer
cells. When excited by a laser beam, they give off heat and there
by destroy tumor.
4. Now borns will have their DNA mapped quickly.
5. Nano technology will enable the delivery of right amount of
medicines to the exact spot of the body.
6. Nano technology can create biocompatible joint replacements
and artery stents that will last life of the patients. Hence these
need not be replaced every few years.

17. Classification Of
Nanomaterials
1. Carbon Based Nanomaterials
2. Nano Composites
3. Metals & Alloys
4. Biological Nanomaterials
5. Nano-Polymers
6. Nano-Glasses
7. Nano-Ceramics

18. Carbon Based Nanomaterials
The materials in which the “Nanocomponent” is pure carbon.
Example: Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) are sheets of graphite rolled up to make a
tube.
Due to the large surface area, CNT are interesting media for electrical energy
storage.
The excellent electrical and mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes like
electrical conductivity, heat transmission capacity. Heat stability, high strength or
low density make them good candidates for use as fillers and many other
applications.
Carbon nanotubes and polymers can form foams.
Carbon black is currently the most widely used carbon nanomaterial, it has found
application in car tyres, antistatic textiles and is used for colour effects.

21. Nano polymers
Nano polymers are nano structured polymers. This occurs during
polymerization, in which many monomer molecules link to each other.
Polymerization

24. Biological nanomaterials
Cytochrome C is a globular
protein with 104 amino acids
in one protein chain and an
iron-containing heme group.

25. Carbon Nano tubes
A carbon nanotube is a structure which seems to be formed by rolling a
sheet of graphite into the shapes of a cylindrical tube.
Nanotubes are categorized as single-walled nanotubes (SWNT) and multi-
walled nanotubes (MWNT).
Single-walled nanotubes have a diameter of close to 1 nm, with a tube
length that can be many millions of times longer. The structure of a SWNT
can be conceptualized by wrapping a one-atom-thick layer of graphite
called graphene in to a seamless cylinder.
Multi-walled carbon nanotubes consist of multiple concentric nanotube
cylinders. Based on the orientations of lattices, nanotubes are of three
different types-Armchair, Zigzag and Chiral.

29. 1.High pressure carbon monoxide deposition
C + C + C
High pressure
CO C +O
Temperature, Fe
C+C Carbon Nanotube
CO C
+
O
Fe-cluster

30. In this method, carbon monoxide gas and small clusters of iron atoms are
heated in chamber under pressure. Carbon monoxide molecules settle on
iron clusters and breaks in to carbon and oxygen atoms. Iron acts as
catalyst for breaking CO. One carbon atom binds with other carbon atom
to start the nanotube lattice.
Oxygen atoms give carbon dioxide (CO2) with CO.

31. 2. Chemical Vapour Deposition
Iron catalyst
CH4 Heat
C + 2 H2
CH4
C + 2H2

33. In this method, a hydrocarbon like methane is led in to a
heated chamber containing a subtract coated with iron
catalyst. Due to high temperature in the chamber C-H bonds
breaks and carbon atoms are formed. They bind together
forming carbon nanotubes.

34. 3. Plasma process
In this method methane gas which is the source of
carbon is passed through a plasma torch. Carbon
atoms formed combine to form carbon nanotubes.

35. Properties of Carbon Nanotubes
1. Carbon nanotubes are very strong.
2. Their tensile strength is 100 times greater than that of steel of the same
diameter.
3. Young’s modulus is about 5 times higher than for steel.
4. They have high thermal conductivity-more than 10 times that of silver.
5. They conduct electricity better than metals.
6. Electron travelling through a carbon nanotube behaves like wave
travelling through a smooth channel. This movement of electrons within a
nanotube is called “ballistic transport”.
7. They are light weight, density about one fourth of steel.
8. They are sticky due to Van der Waal’s force of attraction.

36. Applications of Carbon Nanotubes
1. They are strengtheners of composite materials.
2. They act as molecular size test tubes or capsules for drug
delivery
3. Depending on their size, they act as electrical conductors or
semiconductors.
4. They are used as tips for analysis of DNA and proteins by
atomic force microscopy.

37. Nanomaterials as Catalysts
Physical, chemical and biological properties of materials differ with
respect to the individual atoms or molecules present in the material or the
size of fundamental particle.
Nanomaterials based catalysts are usually heterogeneous.
Because of the small size of the particles, it can give maximum surface
area exposed to reactant, allowing more reactions to occur.
Macromolecule Nano particle

38. Some famous catalysts
TiO2, ZrO2, Al2O3

42. POSS

48. Wish You a
Wonderful
Examination