This document discusses composite materials for chromatographic column separations. It describes how composite materials made of organic and inorganic components can overcome limitations of conventional ion exchange resins by exhibiting improved mechanical strength, thermal and chemical stability, ion exchange capacity, and ability to be synthesized in granular form for column operations. Nanocomposites in particular are highlighted as having unusual property combinations and potential applications in areas like drug delivery, corrosion protection, and the automotive and electronics industries. The document outlines several applications of nanocomposites and their potential to enhance sensor performance and open new application horizons.
In this presentation, you can find the general description of the Polymer Nano-Composites. About the Properties, they incorporate the Composite material.
The processing techniques of Polymer Nano-Composites as well.
know more about nanomaterials and its apllication in future as well as current situation, and what wil we reserch on basis of nanomaterials and carbon structure and its aplication in such futuriastic manner.
In this presentation, you can find the general description of the Polymer Nano-Composites. About the Properties, they incorporate the Composite material.
The processing techniques of Polymer Nano-Composites as well.
know more about nanomaterials and its apllication in future as well as current situation, and what wil we reserch on basis of nanomaterials and carbon structure and its aplication in such futuriastic manner.
It is described about polymer/clay nanocomposites which can be abbreviated to PCNC, their preparation methods, properties and relevances, important types of polymers employed in the preparation of PCNC, montmorillonite crystal structures,
Novel effects can occur in materials when structures are formed with sizes comparable to any one of many possible length scales, such as the de Broglie wavelength of electrons, or the optical wavelengths of high energy photons. In these cases quantum mechanical effects can dominate material properties. One example is quantum confinement where the electronic properties of solids are altered with great reductions in particle size. The optical properties of nanoparticles, e.g. fluorescence, also become a function of the particle diameter. This effect does not come into play by going from macrosocopic to micrometer dimensions, but becomes pronounced when the nanometer scale is reached.
Nano Material
Introduction and Synthesis
Nanomaterials describe, in principle, materials of which a single unit is sized (in at least one dimension) between 1 and 1000 nanometres (10−9 meter) but is usually 1—100 nm (the usual definition of nanoscale[1]).
Nanomaterials research takes a materials science-based approach to nanotechnology, leveraging advances in materials metrology and synthesis which have been developed in support of microfabrication research. Materials with structure at the nanoscale often have unique optical, electronic, or mechanical properties.
Nanomaterials are slowly becoming commercialized[2] and beginning to emerge as commodities.[3]
It is described about polymer/clay nanocomposites which can be abbreviated to PCNC, their preparation methods, properties and relevances, important types of polymers employed in the preparation of PCNC, montmorillonite crystal structures,
Novel effects can occur in materials when structures are formed with sizes comparable to any one of many possible length scales, such as the de Broglie wavelength of electrons, or the optical wavelengths of high energy photons. In these cases quantum mechanical effects can dominate material properties. One example is quantum confinement where the electronic properties of solids are altered with great reductions in particle size. The optical properties of nanoparticles, e.g. fluorescence, also become a function of the particle diameter. This effect does not come into play by going from macrosocopic to micrometer dimensions, but becomes pronounced when the nanometer scale is reached.
Nano Material
Introduction and Synthesis
Nanomaterials describe, in principle, materials of which a single unit is sized (in at least one dimension) between 1 and 1000 nanometres (10−9 meter) but is usually 1—100 nm (the usual definition of nanoscale[1]).
Nanomaterials research takes a materials science-based approach to nanotechnology, leveraging advances in materials metrology and synthesis which have been developed in support of microfabrication research. Materials with structure at the nanoscale often have unique optical, electronic, or mechanical properties.
Nanomaterials are slowly becoming commercialized[2] and beginning to emerge as commodities.[3]
Metal matrix composites (MMCs) possess significantly improved properties including highspecific strength; specific modulus, damping capacity and good wear resistance compared to unreinforced alloys. There has been an increasing interest in composites containing low density and low cost reinforcements. Among various discontinuous dispersoids used, fly ash is one of the most inexpensive and low density reinforcement available in large quantities as solid waste by-product during combustion of coal in thermal power plants. Hence, composites with fly ash as reinforcement are likely to overcome the cost barrier for wide spread applications in automotive and small engine applications.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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Synthesis MgO nanopowder using Sol-gel technique: A critical reviewPratish Rawat
During the last decade, it has realized that when materials are synthesized to nanoscale dimensions, they will show new and remarkably improved physical and chemical properties. Due to its wide and major applications, in-depth investigations have been carried out on metal oxide nanomaterials. A significant amount of research is going on in synthesis and characterization of MgO/PVA nanocomposites. Some of the literature has been reviewed to get the idea about the synthesis and characterization of MgO/PVA nanocomposites using sol-gel technique.
POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITE ARE THE FUTURE for packaging industriesPrajwal Ghadekar
Flexible packaging consumption’s rapid growth represents a $38 billion market in the global Community. As the demand in the industry continues to rise at an average of 3.5% each year, flexible materials need to meet and exceed the high expectations of consumers And the stressors of the supply chain. Increased competition between suppliers Along with government regulations translates into innovations in films that enhance product and Package performance as well as address worldwide concerns with packaging waste.
One such innovation is polymer nanocomposite technology which holds the key to future Advances in flexible packaging. According to Aaron Brody in a December, 2003 Food Technology article, “…Nano composites appear capable of approaching the elusive goal of converting plastic into a superbarrier—the equivalent of glass or metal—without upsetting regulators” (Brody, 2003). This paper will discuss how nanocomposites are made and the growth of nanocomposite materials as a function of their numerous advantages in the packaging industry today and in the future.
For UG / PG students of All Engineering Branches, Chemistry, Physics, Biology, Biotechnology, Food Technology, Nanochemistry, Nanotechnology
Video lecture is uploaded at Youtube with the link
https://youtu.be/crDd1RFlUPo
Synthesis, Properties, Applications, and Future Prospective of Cellulose Nano...Adib Bin Rashid
The exploration of nanocellulose has been aided by rapid nanotechnology and material
science breakthroughs, resulting in their emergence as desired biomaterials. Nanocellulose has been
thoroughly studied in various disciplines, including renewable energy, electronics, environment,
food production, biomedicine, healthcare, and so on. Cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) is a part of the
organic crystallization of macromolecular compounds found in bacteria’s capsular polysaccharides
and plant fibers. Owing to numerous reactive chemical groups on its surface, physical adsorption,
surface grating, and chemical vapor deposition can all be used to increase its performance, which is
the key reason for its wide range of applications. Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) have much potential
as suitable matrices and advanced materials, and they have been utilized so far, both in terms of
modifying and inventing uses for them. This work reviews CNC’s synthesis, properties and various
industrial applications. This review has also discussed the widespread applications of CNC as sensor,
acoustic insulator, and fire retardant material.
PPT on "Functionalization of Nanoparticles and Nanoplatelets" by Deepak rawalDeepak Rawal
Presentation on Functionalization of nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, chemical funtionalization, funtionalization of carbon nanotubes and their applications. Introduction about graphite nanoplatelets.
Nanotechnology could bring another revolution to the world of material science ,much like biotechnology or genetechnology has already done .This sophisticated technology involves adding relatively small amount (<10 %)of specially treated nano-scale clay particles to a variety of plastics. It has the potential to dramatically improve polymer performances including heat resistance , barrier properties , strength, stiffness or dimensional stability ,as well as flame retardancy . All of these performance benefits are available without increasing the density or reducing the light transmission properties of the base polymer
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
2. INTRODUCTION
.
• Synthesis of Composite Materials for Chromatographic Column Separations. Conventional ion exchange resins although
posses excellent ion exchange properties but suffers from two limitations, firstly they decompose at elevated temperatures
and secondly do not withstand high ionizing radiations when used in atomic reactors. It is for these reasons scientists
made efforts to synthesize inorganic ion exchangers that can cope with the above mentioned difficulties. One of the
striking feature of inorganic ion exchangers is that they can be obtained in granular and fibrous form with cavities of
desired size showing selectivity towards anions, cations or organic molecules. These materials also suffers from certain
limitations. They undergo hydrolysis when used in aqueous systems and are obtained usually in powder form. In order to
overcome these shortcomings encountered with organic and inorganic ion exchangers , attempts were made to develop
organic –inorganic composite materials as ion exchangers. These composite materials exhibit properties entirely different
from that of parent components. The composite materials are being investigated due to the following distinct properties:
• They show improved mechanical strength
• They have greater thermal and chemical stability
• Enhanced ion exchange capacity
• They can be synthesized in granular form suitable for column operations.
• They posses electrochemical properties as well as shows optical and magnetic behaviour.
3. NANOCOMPOSITES
• Nanocomposites, a high performance material exhibit unusual property
combinations and unique design possibilities. With an estimated annual growth rate
of about 25% and fastest demand in engineering, plastics and elastomers, their
potential is so striking that they are useful in several areas ranging from packaging
to biomedical applications. In this unified overview the three types of matrix
nanocomposites are presented underlining the need for these materials, their
processing methods and some recent results on structure, properties and potential
applications, perspectives including need for such materials in future space mission
and other interesting applications together with market and safety aspects. Possible
uses of natural materials such as clay based minerals, chrysotile and lignocellulosic
fibres are highlighted. Being environmentally friendly, applications of
nanocomposites offer new technology and business opportunities for several sectors
of the aerospace, automotive, electronics and biotechnology industries.
4. CLASSIFICATION OF COMPOSITES
*Ref (1)
Due to their large aspect ratios (i.e., size-to-volume ratios), sub micrometer size, and unique properties,
nano sensors, nano probes, and other nano systems are revolutionizing the fields of chemical and biological
analysis. Catalysis, separation, sorption, and fuel cells are other important fields for nanocomposite applications.
5. SOME APLLICATIONS OF NANOCOMPOSITE
The numbers of applications of nanocomposites have been growing at a rapid rate. The worldwide
production is estimated to exceed 600,000 tonnes and is set to cover the following key areas in the
next five to ten years:
Drug delivery systems Anti-corrosion barrier coatings
Lubricants and scratch free paint New fire retardant materials
UV Protection gels New scratch/abrasion resist materials
Superior strength fibers and films
Improvements in mechanical property have results in major interest in nanocomposite in various
automotive and general/industrial applications. These include potential for utilization as mirror
housing on various vehicles types, door handles, engine covers and intake manifolds and timing belt
covers. More general applications currently being considered include usage as impellers and blades
for vacuum cleaners, power tool housings, mower hood and covers for portable electronic equipment
such as mobile phones, pagers[1].
6. Fuel Tanks:
The ability of nano clay incorporation to reduce solvent transmission through polymers such as
polyamides (Acrylamide ) has been demonstrated.
Films:
The presence of filler incorporation at nano levels has also been shown to have significant effect
on the transparency and haze characteristics of films. In comparison to conventionally filled
polymers. With polyamide based composites, this effect has been shown to be due to
modifications in the crystallization behavior brought about by the nano clay particles.
Environmental protection:
Water laden atmosphere have long been regarded as one of the most damaging environments,
which polymeric materials can encounter. Thus ability to minimize the extent to which water is
absorbed can be a major advantage.
Available data indicate that significant reduction of water absorption in a polymer could be
achieved by nano clay incorporation. Similar effect could also be achieved with polyamide-based
nanocomposites.
7. OUTLOOK
A nanocomposite is a composite material in which at least one of the dimensions of one of its
constituents is at the nanometer size scale. The term usually also implies the combination of two (or
more) distinct materials, such as a ceramic and a polymer, rather than spontaneously phase-segregated
structures. The challenge and interest in developing nanocomposites is to find ways to create
macroscopic components that benefit from the unique physical and mechanical properties of very small
objects within them. Nanocomposites can be used in a variety of sensing schemes to enhance the
performance of sensing devices and open new horizons in their applications. Nanoparticles, nanowires,
and nanotubes of various materials have already had an impact on the field of chemical sensors, ranging
from gas sensors to glucose enzyme electrodes. Currently, nanocomposite-based protocols are being
exploited for detection of proteins, acid, toxic gases, etc. The property associated with nanowires and
nanotubes which enable us to modify them with other elements such as polymers or a silica matrix
imparts high selectivity to these devices. Nanocomposite-based sensors are expected to have a major
impact on clinical diagnosis, environmental monitoring, security surveillance, and ensuring the safety of
our food.
