This document discusses nanomaterials and their applications. It begins by defining nanomaterials as materials consisting of particles sized in the nanometer range. Nanomaterials are then classified based on their dimensions as 0D, 1D, 2D or 3D materials. Unique properties emerge at the nanoscale, including improved mechanical, thermal, magnetic, and optical properties compared to bulk materials. Examples of applications discussed include uses in energy conversion, self-cleaning coatings, and camouflaging. The document also outlines Shriram Institute's experiences developing nanomaterials for optical applications and effluent treatment.
Nano Material
Introduction and Synthesis
Nanomaterials describe, in principle, materials of which a single unit is sized (in at least one dimension) between 1 and 1000 nanometres (10−9 meter) but is usually 1—100 nm (the usual definition of nanoscale[1]).
Nanomaterials research takes a materials science-based approach to nanotechnology, leveraging advances in materials metrology and synthesis which have been developed in support of microfabrication research. Materials with structure at the nanoscale often have unique optical, electronic, or mechanical properties.
Nanomaterials are slowly becoming commercialized[2] and beginning to emerge as commodities.[3]
Nano Material
Introduction and Synthesis
Nanomaterials describe, in principle, materials of which a single unit is sized (in at least one dimension) between 1 and 1000 nanometres (10−9 meter) but is usually 1—100 nm (the usual definition of nanoscale[1]).
Nanomaterials research takes a materials science-based approach to nanotechnology, leveraging advances in materials metrology and synthesis which have been developed in support of microfabrication research. Materials with structure at the nanoscale often have unique optical, electronic, or mechanical properties.
Nanomaterials are slowly becoming commercialized[2] and beginning to emerge as commodities.[3]
In this presentation, you can find the general description of the Polymer Nano-Composites. About the Properties, they incorporate the Composite material.
The processing techniques of Polymer Nano-Composites as well.
know more about nanomaterials and its apllication in future as well as current situation, and what wil we reserch on basis of nanomaterials and carbon structure and its aplication in such futuriastic manner.
In this presentation, you can find the general description of the Polymer Nano-Composites. About the Properties, they incorporate the Composite material.
The processing techniques of Polymer Nano-Composites as well.
know more about nanomaterials and its apllication in future as well as current situation, and what wil we reserch on basis of nanomaterials and carbon structure and its aplication in such futuriastic manner.
Photovoltaics constitutes a new form of producing electric energy that is environmentally clean and very modular. In stand-alone installations, it must use storage or another type of generator to provide electricity when the sun is not shining.
Photovoltaics is very suitable as the power supply for remote communication equipment. Its use is increasing rapidly to produce electricity in grid-connected houses and buildings in industrialized countries, despite a 5 to 10 times higher cost than conventional electricity. Crystalline Si technology, both monocrystalline and multicrystalline is today clearly dominant, with about 90% of the market.
Thin-film technology is one of the candidates to take over from Si technology. There are many technological options regarding thin-film materials and methods of deposition but their primary claim to the throne currently occupied by Si is that they can be ultimately produced at much lower cost.
Copper oxide is a good candidate for low cost photovoltaic element. It is non toxic and has high absobtion in visible spectra of light. In order to improve it performance doping methods and “partner” component for hetero- or homo –junction have to be studied.
In summary, it is very likely that photovoltaics will become in the next half century an important source of world electricity. Public support and global environmental concerns will keep photovoltaics viable, visible, and vigorous both in new technical developments and user applications. Nations which encourage photovoltaics will be leaders in this shining new technology, leading the way to a cleaner, more equitable twenty-first century, while those that ignore or suppress photovoltaics will be left behind in the green, economic energy revolution.
Clay is a mineral, belonging to phyllosilicate category.
Chemically it consists of aluminium silicate as a principal component along with variety of other metals like magnesium, calcium, potassium and varying level of watermolecules.
Atomic configuration of clays consists of alternating ‘sheets’ of tetrahedral SiO4 and octahedral AlO6 units formed by oxygen sharing
Organoclay is the organically modified pyllosillicate,derived from a naturally occuring clay mineral.
By exchanging the original inter layer cations for organo cations (typically alkylammonium ions) an organophillic surface is generated, consisting of covalently linked organic moieties.
The lamellar structure remains analoguos to the parent phyllosilicate.
Separation of the layers due to ion exchange from the initial interlayer spacing of as little as 3 Å in the case of Na + cations to the distances in the range of 10 - 40 Å as well as the change of chemical character of the clay surface , allows the insitu polymerisation or mixing with certain polymers to obtain what is known as nano composite.
Exfoliation of MMT and Mica with multifunctional amine copolymers
Plastic Waste Management by Dr. A.B. Harapanahalli, DIRECTOR, Ministry of Env...India Water Portal
Presentation by Dr. A.B. Harapanahalli at the Seminar on Packaged Water Industry in India which was organised by Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) on 30th June 2009.
To know more click on the link http://indiawaterportal.org/post/6790
We thank CII and the presenters for giving us permission to make these presentations available online.
This Presentation is based on our Research work carried out in GNDU Amritsar and DAVIET, Jallandhar. We fabricated Ion track filters; nanowires and some Exotic Patterns for the first time in India using simple Techniques.
Introduction
History
Types of Nanomaterials
Properties of Nanomaterials
Synthesis and processing of Nanomaterials
Advance nanomaterials
Fullerenes
Carbon nanotubes
Nanowires
Polymer nanostructures
Quantum dots
Introduction to nanoparticles and bionanomaterialsShreyaBhatt23
what is a nanoparticle, why small is good,nanoscale effect, how to make nanostructures,top down and bottom up approachs,
methods of making nanomaterials,chemical methods od making nanomaterial,bionanomaterials,
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
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Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
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Overview on Edible Vaccine: Pros & Cons with Mechanism
Nano kolkata
1. NANOMATERIALS FOR
ADVANCED APPLICATIONS
SHRIRAM INSTITUTE FOR INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH
19, UNIVERSITY ROAD, DELHI-110 007
Email : sridlhi@vsnl.com Website : www.shriraminstitute.org
Presented by :
Dr. R.K. KHANDAL
3. Classification of Materials (Type & Structure)
Composites
Ceramics
Polymeric
Crystalline
Polycrystalline
Amorphous
Metallic
Electronic
Biomaterials
Nanomaterials
Nanomaterials include all classes of materials at the nanoscale
Nanomaterials are categorized as 0-D (nanoparticles),1-D
(nanowires, nanotubes, nanorods), 2-D (nanofilms,
nanocoatings), 3-D (bulk)
4. Properties of Materials : Critical Factors (Bulk Vs Nano)
DefectsDefects
+
Mechanical
Optical
Thermal
Magnetic
At the nanoscale, interactions with heat ,light, stress, electrical
field & magnetic field give rise to interesting & novel properties
A thorough understanding of the nature of interactions at the
bulk & nano levels are essential for designing nanomaterials
InternalInternal
StructureStructure
Bulk
(Macro & micro)
Nano
SizeSize
ShapeShape
Surface area toSurface area to
Volume ratioVolume ratio
+
+
5. Nanomaterials:
Materials consisting of particles of the size of nanometer
Volume = Surface Area * Thickness
For a given volume:
Surface area Thickness
More atoms at surface than in the interior
Extraordinary activity
SCOPE: DEFINITION
6. SCOPE : DOMAIN
Keywords Domain
Particle size Distribution in the
continuous phase
Modification of surfaces Interfacial tension
Surfaces Interfaces
Rising volume fraction Homogeneity of phases
of dispersing phase
Domain of Nanotechnology: Multi-phase systems
Liquid : Liquid
Solid : Liquid
Surfaces and interfaces involving different phases
Gas : Liquid
Gas : Solid
7. Systems Process
Emulsion Macro Micro
Dispersion Coarse Fine
Solution Colloid
SCOPE: PROCESS
A process to create a continuous dispersed phase as fine as
possible for homogeneity with the dispersing phase
(Liquid / Liquid; Gas/Liquid)
(Solid / Liquid)
(Solid / Liquid; Liquid/Liquid)
Solubilization
8. SCOPE : DIMENSIONS
What Happens Dimensions
Particle size More from less
Surface area Enhanced coverage
Activity Novel products
Efficiency Improved performance
per unit mass
Maximum possible benefits from minimum possible inputs
Effecting changes through and at atomic scale
9. Nanomaterials: Features
Synergistic combinations of materials of different kinds & characteristics
is possible through nanotechnology
Coatings, Films
Surface modificationSize Reduction
10 nm
1 µm
1 cm
CompatibilityHuge interfaces
Solid Liquid
Homogeneous
solution
Inorganic
nanoparticles
in a liquid
media
+
10. Process of making Nanomaterials
Process steps Inputs
Macro
Micro
Nano
Challenges: Process Technology
Challenge: To have a process that can convert macro materials into
nanomaterials spontaneously & with minimum efforts
Energy
Bulk
Sugar cube
Nano
Dissolved sugar/salt
Bulk
Output
Salt
11. Multi-phase systems: Approach
Ability to design materials with tunable properties
In-situ way of production of nanomaterials leads to more
homogeneous matrix with higher loading of nanoparticles
Physical
Ball milling
Gas condensation
E-beam evaporation
Vapour deposition
Sputtering
Chemical
Microemulsion
Sol-gel
Chemical reduction
Ex-situ
In-situ
•Bulk production
•Reproducibility
•Stability
•Cost
• Single step
• Non-agglomeration
• Better Stability
• Interfacial interaction
Hydration
Hydrolysis
Solubilization
Chemical conversion
Precipitation
Concerns
Benefits
12. Synthesis of Nanomaterials: Ex-situ
TiO2 TiO2
-
-
-
-
-
-
TiO2
TiO2
-
-
-
-
-
-
MonomerPolymer
Surfactant
-
-Radical
Polymerization
10 nm
100 µm
Grinding
Latex Fe2O3-Particles
Fe2O3-Particles
Latex
bead
Pre-treatment
Polymerization
Copolymer
layer
Encapsulated particle
Amphiphilic
molecule
Monomer
Ex-situ synthesis of nanomaterials involves number of steps
Polymer encapsulated nanomaterials used for targeted delivery of drugs-
good example of ex-situ synthesis
13. Synthesis of Nanomaterials : In-situ
Metal salt + Monomer
Adopting in-situ approach of synthesizing nanomaterials reduces
number of steps involved and hence simple process !
Nanocomposite
1. Hydrolysis
2. Polymerization
14. Designing Nanomaterials : Approaches
Metal
Ceramic
Polymer
Matrix Reinforcing phase
Inorganic
Metals & inorganic
Metals
Examples
Carbides, borides,
nitrides, oxides, etc.
SiC, Zr, Fe, W, Mb,
Ni, Cu, Co, etc.
C nanotubes,
alumina, silica, etc.
Nanocomposites have tremendous scope in all areas of
science & technology.
15. 0 - D
1 - D
2 - D
Dimension
Thermal conductivity is more prominent in 1-D & 2-D nanomaterials
Thermal conductivity of C nanotubes (2-D nanomaterial) = 3000 Wm-1
K-1
;
Copper (bulk) = 400 Wm-1
K-1
Structure of Nanomaterials: Size and Shape
3 - D
Bulk
x , y , z
Nanocomposite
thick film
Rods
Tubes
Wires
d=100 nm
d 100 nm
Example
Nanoparticles
Nanofilms
Nanocoatings
Application
Bottle-neck
Waveguides
Components
for PC, Mobile
phones
x , y
x
Nil
Direction of
confinement
16. Unique Properties of Nanomaterials
Nano-sizeBulkProperties
Thermal • S / V
• Heat
transport
Small
Electrons
Large
Phonons
Unique properties at the nanoscale have led to the use of
nanomaterials in fields where conventional materials have limitations
Magnetic
Optical
• Super-
paramagnetism
Absent Prominent
• Absorption
• Emission
• Reflection
Bulk effects
Material
dependent
Surface Plasmon
effects
Size dependent
18. Transportation of Heat: Nanomaterials
Mechanism of heat travel : Electrons (metals) &
Phonons (non-metals)
λ Phonons ≈ L nanostructure; λ Phonons < L macrostructure
When size of the material is reduced to nanoscale,
quantum confinement occurs
Confinement at nanoscale occurs in 0-D (x, y, z
directions), 1-D (x,y directions), 2-D (x direction) and
3-D (bulk)
Quantum confinement effects ~ electron transport
mechanism of bulk materials
19. Pt bulk
Pt 28 nm
Pt 15 nm
λ0(W/mK)
T0 (K)
Properties of Nanomaterials : Thermal Conductivity
Separate 2 crystals of
same materials with
different orientations
(grain boundary)
Separate 2 crystals
of different materials
(multilayer structure;
different densities &
sound velocities)
Phonon scattering at
the interface
Interface
In nanosystems, there is presence of huge interfaces
Interfaces Thermal resistance
Phonon scattering Thermal conductivity
Films
21. Magnetism in Nanomaterials
Strong coupling
Critical particle size : below which material will be in
single domain; hence magnetism
If particle size is << critical diameter, loss of
magnetization occurs; super-paramagnetism
Interaction energy is effective at sizes less than critical
diameter but above super-paramagnetism
Critical diameter of Co = 70 nm & Fe = 15 nm
Small size of particles
Features Consequence
Dominance of exchange forces
Alignment of spins
22. Hc
D sp D crit
Single Domain Multi- Domain
Magnetic Properties
Coercive field of Ferromagnetic materials with particle size
Particle size < Dcrit Single domain Magnetization
Particle size <<< Dcrit Super-paramagnetism
24. Optical effects:Metamaterials
η =√µrεr
Most promising area of application : Metamaterials
Size, shape & composition of embedded nanoparticles influence
the interactions with light, heat ,sound & waves etc
1
2
1
2
+ve R.I.
-ve R.I.
Refractive Index
η =√µrεr
µr: Permeability to magnetic field
εr: Permeability to electric field
• µr, εr= -ve
• Induced phenomena
µr, εr= +ve
Natural phenomena
26. SOLAR SPECTRUM
Visible light
(43%)
X-rays Micro
wave
Radio
wave
Infra red
radiation
(54%)
UV
(3%)
Long Wavelength
1012
nm106
nm700 nm
Chemical changes :
Bond Dissociation
Bond Formation
Rearrangement
Electron
transfer
The energy of electron 1.23 eV ≅ λ1000nm; thus, energies
corresponding to λ < 1000nm can bring about chemical
changes.
The region from 200nm to 1000nm is most useful for
photochemical conversion.
Lux
400 nm 109
nm 1014
nmWavelength,λ
Short Wavelength
200 nm
27. SOLAR SELECTIVITY : MATERIALS RESPONSE
Frequency (Hz)
Visible
Infrared
Ultraviolet
X-rays
Cosmicrays
1081010
101210141016
1018
10201022
Radiofrequency
Gammarays
Microwave
High Potential for harnessing
the solar energy
Processes
involved Inner
electronic
transition
Outer
electronic
transition
Molecular
Vibrations
Molecular
rotations
vibrations
Electron
spin
resonance
Nuclear
magnetic
resonance
Change at atomic & molecular levels can become the
via media for harnessing solar energy.
Solar sensitive materials undergo region specific
transition Solar energy conversion
28. PHOTOCHEMICAL CONVERSION : MECHANISM
The Energy E of single photon is given by the Planck equation:- E=hν= hc/ λ
Sun light
.
…….. ...………………………………electron
Excitation photon
excited
state
Non-radiative
relaxation
Conduction
band
Valence
band
h+
e-
Band
gap
E=hν
Every photochemical conversion process requires as an initial steps
the absorption of photon energy and conversion into the internal
energy of the first excited state of the molecule of the material
φ =
Number of events
Number of photons absorbed
……………………
…………
30. The play of light on a butterfly’s wings has inspired designing of
novel photonic materials for solar cells, photovoltaics,
camouflaging, optical fibers and military applications
Invisibility cloak
Color play
Tailor-making of
refractive index
and dielectric
constant
Nanomaterials : Camouflaging
31. Nanomaterials: Photochemical Conversion
Advantages
Utilization of unabsorbed part of solar spectrum
Reduced heat dissipation
Quantum Dots
100 nm50 nm
Reactivity
10 nmSize (nm)
Nanotubes & nanowires
Mesoporous
32. MATERIALS FOR ENERGY CONVERSION :
SEMICONDUCTORS
Challenge is maneuver the band gap:make it sensitive to visible
light.
6.3 eV 3.15 eV 1.58 eV
U.V
200 nm 400 nm 800 nm
Visible
TiO2
ZnO
CdS
WO3
Band gap
Energy
EMS(λ)
TiO2 = 3.20 eV
ZnO = 3.35 eV
WO3 = 2.80 eV
CdS = 2.42 eV
Semiconductors are the most ideal and preferred materials.
33. Nanomaterials: Self-Cleaning
Hydrophobic Photocatalytic
Designing of materials with novel effects like hydrophobic,
hydrophilic, photocatalytic, etc. has made possible new
applications like self cleaning, coatings, etc.
Coating
Dirt run-
off
Light
Coating
Roll-off effect
34. Nano materials
101
Ti alloys
Brass
Mild steel
Al alloys
Copper
Lead
PE, PA
PP, ABS
PS, PET
PVC
Alumina
Zirconia
Glass
Concrete
Bricks
Metals Polymers Ceramics
Ideal Strength
High Strength Building MaterialsYieldStrength(σy)/Young’sModulus(E)
10-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
Bulk materials fall short of the ideal values in every aspect;
mechanical, optical, electronic, magnetic, thermal, etc.
Nanostructure, nanolayers & amorphous materials are strongest
37. Green Materials : Nanoengineered Concrete
Nanosilica
Precipitated
Silica
Silica
fume
Metakaolin
Finely ground
mineral additives
Portland cement
Fly ash
Aggregate fines
Natural sand
Coarse
aggregates
Nano engineered concrete
High strength/ high
performance concrete
Conventional
concrete
100
101
102 103
104
105
106
108
107
10-1
10-2
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
Particle size(nm)
SpecificSurfaceArea(Kg/m2
)
Nanoparticles allow better void filling & positive filler effects &
improved bond between pastes aggregates; nanosized additives
increase strength beyond what is attained with conventional materials
38. SRI’S EXPERIENCE
SRI has developed nanomaterials for :
Optical applications
Effluent treatment
39. 39393939393939
High Refractive Index Materials
The refractive index of low refractive index materials
increases from 1.49 to 1.66.
1.41
1.47
1.53
1.59
1.65
1.71
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
% of additive
Refractiveindex
40. 40404040
Refractive index increases with increase in percentage of
metal salt.
1.41
1.42
1.43
1.44
1.45
1.46
1.47
1.48
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Metal salt (% by wt)
RefractiveIndex
Barium Hydroxide Lead Monoxide Lanthanum Oxide
High Refractive Index Acrylates
41. 414141414141
High Refractive Index Titanium Nanocomposites
In-situ formation of nanoparticles of Ti
The refractive index of the polymer increases from 1.45 to
1.53
1.44
1.46
1.48
1.5
1.52
1.54
0 2 4 6
% Ti
RefractiveIndex
42. Photocatalytic Material : Doped TiO2
XRD analysis confirms the doping of TiO2
Change in lattice parameter ‘a’ & ‘c’ of TiO2,confirms the
incorporation of Cd2+
in Ti4+
Influence TiO2 Doped TiO2 Doped TiO2
factor (In-situ) (External)
a/nm 3.0301 3.3184 3.3558
c/nm 9.5726 10.0136 11.2138
Intensity(a.u.)
Position (2 Theta)
20 30 40 50 60 70 80
External
In-Situ method
TiO2 market
procured
TiO2 (Reference)
43. 0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Wavelength
Absorbance
MG A
B C
Semiconductors are used to prepare nanocomposites with
enhanced photocatalytic activity
Dye
Nanocomposites & dye degradation
44. Nanocomposites lead to complete degradation of dye
Useful for the treatment of dye effluents
91.29 92.30 94.49
37.29
86.61 87.19
0
20
40
60
80
100
A B C
Degradationrate(%)
Nano
Normal
Nanocomposites for dye degradation