Nanomaterials are materials that have structural components smaller than 1 micrometer in at least one dimension. They include nanoparticles, nanotubes, and thin films. Nanomaterials exhibit unique properties due to their nanoscale size and can be engineered, occur incidentally from processes, or exist naturally. They have applications in electronics, energy storage, pollution remediation, and more. Nanomaterials are synthesized using either a bottom-up approach that builds nanostructures from basic units or a top-down approach that shapes macrostructures into nanostructures.
Nano Material
Introduction and Synthesis
Nanomaterials describe, in principle, materials of which a single unit is sized (in at least one dimension) between 1 and 1000 nanometres (10−9 meter) but is usually 1—100 nm (the usual definition of nanoscale[1]).
Nanomaterials research takes a materials science-based approach to nanotechnology, leveraging advances in materials metrology and synthesis which have been developed in support of microfabrication research. Materials with structure at the nanoscale often have unique optical, electronic, or mechanical properties.
Nanomaterials are slowly becoming commercialized[2] and beginning to emerge as commodities.[3]
Nano Material
Introduction and Synthesis
Nanomaterials describe, in principle, materials of which a single unit is sized (in at least one dimension) between 1 and 1000 nanometres (10−9 meter) but is usually 1—100 nm (the usual definition of nanoscale[1]).
Nanomaterials research takes a materials science-based approach to nanotechnology, leveraging advances in materials metrology and synthesis which have been developed in support of microfabrication research. Materials with structure at the nanoscale often have unique optical, electronic, or mechanical properties.
Nanomaterials are slowly becoming commercialized[2] and beginning to emerge as commodities.[3]
This review explains some applications of nanocomposites , further, its covers the classification of nanocomposite and outlooks regarding this materials .
know more about nanomaterials and its apllication in future as well as current situation, and what wil we reserch on basis of nanomaterials and carbon structure and its aplication in such futuriastic manner.
Novel effects can occur in materials when structures are formed with sizes comparable to any one of many possible length scales, such as the de Broglie wavelength of electrons, or the optical wavelengths of high energy photons. In these cases quantum mechanical effects can dominate material properties. One example is quantum confinement where the electronic properties of solids are altered with great reductions in particle size. The optical properties of nanoparticles, e.g. fluorescence, also become a function of the particle diameter. This effect does not come into play by going from macrosocopic to micrometer dimensions, but becomes pronounced when the nanometer scale is reached.
Classification of Nanostructures by Peeyush MishraPeeyush Mishra
In this presentation, I have tried to define Nanostructures and discuss various types of Nanostructures. I have also compared the ways in which Nanomaterials can be synthesized.
Introduction to nanoparticles and bionanomaterialsShreyaBhatt23
what is a nanoparticle, why small is good,nanoscale effect, how to make nanostructures,top down and bottom up approachs,
methods of making nanomaterials,chemical methods od making nanomaterial,bionanomaterials,
Nanoscience introduction, nanostructures, significance of nanostructures. classification of nanostructures based on origin, dimension, and structure. Natural nanostructures. Biomimetic materials inspired by natural nanomaterials. 0D, 1D, 2D, and 3D materials, their properties, and applications. discrete energy levels of these structures. Density of states. The density of states in metals and semiconducting nanomaterials, Color changes in nanostructure due to decreased size. Variation in the number of electrons and density of states with energy
Introduction to Nano Science and Technology. Nanostructures, Significance of Nanostructures:
Natural nanostructures. Biomimetic materials, synthesized from natural nanomaterial. Classification of nanostructures based on origin, dimension, and structure. 0D, 1D, 2D, and 3D nanomaterials, their properties, and applications. Discrete energy levelsDensity of States.
This review explains some applications of nanocomposites , further, its covers the classification of nanocomposite and outlooks regarding this materials .
know more about nanomaterials and its apllication in future as well as current situation, and what wil we reserch on basis of nanomaterials and carbon structure and its aplication in such futuriastic manner.
Novel effects can occur in materials when structures are formed with sizes comparable to any one of many possible length scales, such as the de Broglie wavelength of electrons, or the optical wavelengths of high energy photons. In these cases quantum mechanical effects can dominate material properties. One example is quantum confinement where the electronic properties of solids are altered with great reductions in particle size. The optical properties of nanoparticles, e.g. fluorescence, also become a function of the particle diameter. This effect does not come into play by going from macrosocopic to micrometer dimensions, but becomes pronounced when the nanometer scale is reached.
Classification of Nanostructures by Peeyush MishraPeeyush Mishra
In this presentation, I have tried to define Nanostructures and discuss various types of Nanostructures. I have also compared the ways in which Nanomaterials can be synthesized.
Introduction to nanoparticles and bionanomaterialsShreyaBhatt23
what is a nanoparticle, why small is good,nanoscale effect, how to make nanostructures,top down and bottom up approachs,
methods of making nanomaterials,chemical methods od making nanomaterial,bionanomaterials,
Nanoscience introduction, nanostructures, significance of nanostructures. classification of nanostructures based on origin, dimension, and structure. Natural nanostructures. Biomimetic materials inspired by natural nanomaterials. 0D, 1D, 2D, and 3D materials, their properties, and applications. discrete energy levels of these structures. Density of states. The density of states in metals and semiconducting nanomaterials, Color changes in nanostructure due to decreased size. Variation in the number of electrons and density of states with energy
Introduction to Nano Science and Technology. Nanostructures, Significance of Nanostructures:
Natural nanostructures. Biomimetic materials, synthesized from natural nanomaterial. Classification of nanostructures based on origin, dimension, and structure. 0D, 1D, 2D, and 3D nanomaterials, their properties, and applications. Discrete energy levelsDensity of States.
Acomprehensively brief description of Nanotechnology/Nanobiotechnology, Nanoparticles and the applications of Nanotechnology/Nanobiotechnology using Nanoparticles.
Nanotechnology was defined by the National Nanotechnology Initiative as the manipulation of matter with at least one dimension sized from 1 to 100 nanometers (nm). At this scale, commonly known as the nanoscale, surface area and quantum mechanical effects become important in describing properties of matter. The definition of nanotechnology is inclusive of all types of research and technologies that deal with these special properties. It is therefore common to see the plural form "nanotechnologies" as well as "nanoscale technologies" to refer to the broad range of research and applications whose common trait is size.[1] An earlier description of nanotechnology referred to the particular technological goal of precisely manipulating atoms and molecules for fabrication of macroscale products, also now referred to as molecular nanotechnology.
The design, characterization, and application of structures, devices, and systems by controlled manipulation of size and shape of materials at the nanometer scale (atomic, molecular, and macromolecular scale
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
2. Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology can be defined
as the design, synthesis, and
application of materials and
devices whose size and shape
have been engineered at the
nanoscale. It exploits unique
chemical, physical, electrical,
and mechanical properties that
emerge when matter is structured
at the nanoscale.
3. Nanomaterials
Nanomaterials are materials
that have structural components
smaller than 1 micrometer in at
least one dimension. While the
atomic and molecular building
blocks (~0.2 nm) of matter are
considered nanomaterials,
examples such as bulk crystals
with lattice spacing of
nanometers but macroscopic
dimensions overall, are
commonly excluded.
4. Nanoparticles
Nanoparticles are particles
with at least one dimension
smaller than 1 micron and
potentially as small as atomic
and molecular length scales
(~0.2 nm). Nanoparticles can
have amorphous or
crystalline form and their
surfaces can act as carriers
for liquid droplets or gases.
7. Dimensionality
1D nanomaterials. Materials
with one dimension in the
nanometer scale are typically
thin films or surface coatings,
and include the circuitry of
computer chips and the
antireflection and hard coatings
on eyeglasses. Thin films have
been developed and used for
decades in various fields, such as
electronics, chemistry, and
engineering.
8. Dimensionality
2D nanomaterials. Two-dimensional
nanomaterials have two dimensions
in the nanometer scale. These
include 2D nanostructured films, with
nanostructures firmly attached to a
substrate, or nanopore filters used
for small particle separation and
filtration. Free particles with a large
aspect ratio, with dimensions in the
nanoscale range, are also considered
2D nanomaterials. Asbestos fibers are
an example of 2D nanoparticles.
9. Dimensionality
3D nanomaterials. Materials
that are nano-scaled in all
three dimensions are
considered 3D nanomaterials.
These include thin films
deposited under conditions that
generate atomic-scale porosity,
colloids, and free nanoparticles
with various morphologies.
10. Nanoparticle
Morphology
Morphological characteristics to be
taken into account are: flatness,
sphericity, and aspect ratio.
A general classification exists
between high- and low-aspect ratio
particles. High aspect ratio
nanoparticles include nanotubes
and nanowires, with various shapes,
such as helices, zigzags, belts, or
perhaps nanowires with diameter
that varies with length.
Small-aspect ratio morphologies
include spherical, oval, cubic,
prism, helical, or pillar. Collections
of many particles exist as powders,
suspension, or colloids.
11. Nanoparticle
Composition
Nanoparticles can be composed
of a single constituent material
or be a composite of several
materials. The nanoparticles
found in nature are often
agglomerations of materials
with various compositions,
while pure single-composition
materials can be easily
synthesized today by a variety
of methods.
12. Nanoparticle
Uniformity and
Agglomeration
Based on their chemistry and
electro-magnetic properties,
nanoparticles can exist as
dispersed aerosols, as
suspensions/colloids, or in an
agglomerate state.
In an agglomerate state,
nanoparticles may behave as
larger particles, depending on
the size of the agglomerate.
15. Engineered
Nanomaterials
Engineered nanomaterials have
been deliberately engineered
and manufactured by humans to
have certain required
properties.
Legacy nanomaterials are those
that were in commercial
production prior to the
development of nanotechnology
as incremental advancements
over other colloidal or
particulate materials. They
include carbon
black and titanium dioxide
nanoparticles.
16. Incidental
source
Nanomaterials may be
incidentally produced as a
byproduct of mechanical or
industrial processes. Sources of
incidental nanoparticles include
vehicle engine exhausts, welding
fumes, combustion processes
from domestic solid fuel heating
and cooking. Incidental
atmospheric nanoparticles are
often referred to as ultrafine
particles, and are a contributor
to air pollution.
17. Natural source
Natural sources of
nanoparticles include
combustion products forest
fires, volcanic ash, ocean
spray, and the radioactive
decay of radon gas. Natural
nanomaterials can also be
formed through weathering
processes of metal- or anion-
containing rocks, as well as
at acid mine drainage sites.
18. Applications of
Nanomaterials
Electronics
Microelectronics. By achieving a
significant reduction in the size
of circuit elements, the
microprocessors (or better said,
nanoprocessors) that contain
these components could run
faster and incorporate more
logic gates, thereby enabling
computations at far higher
speeds.
19. Applications of
Nanomaterials
Electronics
Displays. The resolution of a
television or a monitor
improves with reduction of
pixel size. The use of
nanocrystalline materials can
greatly enhance resolution and
may significantly reduce cost.
20. Applications of
Nanomaterials
Electronics
Data storage. Devices, such as
computer hard-disks function
based on their ability to magnetize
a small area of a spinning disk to
record information, are
established nano-applications.
Discs and tapes containing
engineered nanomaterials can
store large amounts of
information.
21. Applications of
Nanomaterials
Electronics
High energy density batteries.
New nanomaterials show promising
properties as anode and cathode
materials in lithium-ion batteries,
having higher capacity and better
cycle life than their larger-particle
equivalents. Among them are:
aerogel intercalation electrode
materials, nanocrystalline alloys,
nanosized composite materials,
carbon nanotubes, and nanosized
transition metal oxides.
22. Applications of
Nanomaterials
Electronics
High-sensitivity sensors. Due to
their high surface area an
increased reactivity, nanomaterials
could be employed as sensors for
detecting various parameters, such
as electrical resistivity, chemical
activity, magnetic permeability,
thermal conductivity, and
capacitance.
25. Application of
Nanomaterials
Pollution Remediation
Elimination of pollutants. Due
to their enhanced chemical
activity, nanomaterials can be
used as catalysts to react with
toxic gases (such as carbon
monoxide and nitrogen oxide) in
automobile catalytic converters
and power generation
equipment.
26. Application of
Nanomaterials
Pollution Remediation
Water Remediation. Iron
nanoparticles with a small
content of palladium are tested
to transform harmful products in
groundwater into less harmful
end products. The nanoparticles
are able to remove organic
chlorine (a carcinogen) from
water and soil contaminated
with the chlorine-based organic
solvents (used in dry cleaners)
and convert the solvents to
benign hydrocarbons.
27. Application of
Nanomaterials
Cosmetics
Titanium dioxide and zinc oxide
become transparent to visible
light when formed at the
nanoscale, however are able to
absorb and reflect UV light,
being currently used in
sunscreens and in the cosmetic
industry
28. Application of
Nanomaterials
Coatings
Self-cleaning windows. Self-
cleaning windows have been
demonstrated that are coated in
highly hydrophobic titanium
dioxide. The titanium dioxide
nanoparticles speed up, in the
presence of water and sunlight,
the breakdown of dirt and
bacteria that can then be
washed off the glass more easily.
29. Application of
Nanomaterials
Coatings
Scratch resistant materials.
Nanoscale intermediate layers
between the hard outer layer
and the substrate material
significantly improve wear and
scratch resistant coatings. The
intermediate layers are designed
to give a good bonding and
graded matching of mechanical
and thermal properties, leading
to improved adhesion.
30. Application of
Nanomaterials
Coatings
Textiles. Nanoparticles have
already been used in coating
textiles such as nylon, to provide
antimicrobial characteristics.
Also the control of porosity at
the nanoscale and surface
roughness in a variety of
polymers and inorganic materials
led to ultrahydrophobic -
waterproof and stain resistant
fabrics.
31. Application of
Nanomaterials
Materials
Insulation materials.
Nanocrystalline materials
synthesized by the sol-gel
technique exhibit a foam-like
structure called an "aerogel".
Aerogels are composed of three-
dimensional, continuous
networks of particles and voids.
Aerogels are porous, extremely
lightweight, and have low
thermal conductivity.
32. Application of
Nanomaterials
Materials
Nanocomposites. Composites
are materials that combine two
or more components and are
designed to exhibit overall the
best properties of each
component (mechanical,
biological, optical, electric, or
magnetic)
33. Application of
Nanomaterials
Materials
Paints. Nanoparticles confer
enhanced desired mechanical
properties to composites, such as
scratch resistant paints based on
encapsulated nanoparticles. The
wear resistance of the coatings is
claimed to be ten times greater
than that for conventional acrylic
paints.
34. Application of
Nanomaterials
Mechanical Engineering
Cutting tools made of
nanocrystalline materials (such
as tungsten carbide, WC) are
much harder than their
conventional due to the fact that
the microhardness of nanosized
composites is increased
compared to that of microsized
composites.
36. Synthesis of
Nanomaterials
Bottom-up approach
These approaches include the
miniaturization of materials
components (up to atomic level) with
further selfassembly process leading
to the formation of nanostructures.
During self-assembly the physical
forces operating at nanoscale are used
to combine basic units into larger
stable structures. Typical examples
are quantum dot formation during
epitaxial growth and formation of
nanoparticles from colloidal
dispersion.
37. Synthesis of
Nanomaterials
Top-down approach
These approaches use larger
(macroscopic) initial structures, which
can be externally-controlled in the
processing of nanostructures. Typical
examples are etching through the
mask, ball milling, and application of
severe plastic deformation.