The document discusses the potential of bio-resources for sustainable growth. It notes that with increasing population pressure on resources, there is a need to focus on renewables like bio-resources for sustainability. It defines sustainability as meeting present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs. Some of the key challenges to sustainability include rapid population growth, depletion of natural resources, and increasing pollution levels. The document argues that exploitation of bio-resources can help provide pillars for sustainability in areas like energy, food, healthcare, and materials. It also discusses various attributes, drivers, and requirements for the sustainable utilization of bio-resources.

1. SHRIRAM INSTITUTE FOR INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH
19, UNIVERSITY ROAD, DELHI – 110007 (INDIA)
www.shriraminstitute.org
Potentials of Bio-resources for
Sustainable Growth
DR. R.K. KHANDAL
DIRECTOR

2. Contents
 Healthcare
 Materials
 Environment & Energy
• Challenges
• Pillars
• Definition
• Concerns
• Key Drivers
•Attributes
• Pool
• Interdependence
•Requirements, Opportunities & Challenges

3. Growth Pattern of World Population
 Increasing pressure on all the resources
 Need to focus on renewables for sustainability

4. Sustainability : Concerns
 Concerns about social, environmental & economical
consequences of the above factors
 Unintended though to begin with, activities helping
above mentioned factors will have to be restricted
 Rapid population growth
 Economic growth
 Depletion of natural resources
 Increasing pollution levels
 Increasing greenhouse gases & carbon emissions
 Ecological imbalance
 Global warming and climate change

5. Bio-resources vis-à-vis Mankind
 Exploitation of resources has been the inherent
tendency of mankind
 Tendency to acquire, possess and exploit are the
negative outcome
 So called growth and tendency to keep growing are the
major areas of concern for sustainability
Anthropogenic activities Inputs Consequences
 Civilization
 Industrialization
 Urbanization
 Mechanization
 Automation
 Resources
 Materials
 Energy
 Technology
 Know-how
 Pollution
 Eco-destruction
 Resources depletion
 Waste generation
 Life quality
deterioration

6. Discoveries of Oil fields during the last Century

7.  All non-renewable energy sources would reach their peak
production capacity in the present century
 Whether renewable technologies will be capable of
completely making up for the decline of fossil fuels is a ?
Fossil Fuel : Annual Production

8. Average of Fossil Fuels during Past, Present & Future

9. What is Sustainability ?
Method, Systems and Materials to ensure:
No resource depletion
No harm to natural cycle
SUSTAINABILITY
Survival & Well Being
Present generation
Future generation
 Integration of human patterns with nature ensuring
continuity with unique & innovative approaches is the
key to sustainability

10. Sustainability : Definition
Sustainability means:
Assurance of continuity in term of life cycles:
 Operations with no risk to existence and for all-
inclusive growth
Sustainability is to do:
Necessarily with the resource generation for day-to-
day and for all future operations
Not necessarily with profits through exploitation
 Definition must be understood and imbibed
 All-inclusive growth & sustenance of natural cycles
are the key criteria of sustainability

11. Challenges for Sustainability:Simple to Define
Difficult to Achieve Challenges
Non-sustainable Sustainable Challenges
Synthetic Renewable Alternatives
Consumption Replenishment Sustainable resources
Chemical Route Bio-route Green Technologies
Waste Waste Utilization
Reject, Reduce,
Reuse, Recycle, Re-
form, Re-create
 Avoid short cuts
 Think Collective
 Take global view
 Share Experiences

12. Sustainability : Pillars
 Inputs from bio-resources are the base of pillars of sustainability
 A paradigm shift from fossil fuel-based economy to bio-economy
 Sustainability with economic growth through “BIORESOURCES”
Energy
Food
Healthcare
Materials
Env.&Ecology
SUSTAINABILITY
Bio-resources

13. Bio-resources : Pool
 Non-living bio-resources are depletable
 Living bio-resources are renewable
 For sustainability
Bio-resources
Equilibrium between withdrawl & replenishment for non-living
Emphasis on renewable in case of living bio-resources
Living Non-living
Plants
Animals
Birds
Others Micro-organisms
Insects & pests
Aquatic & terrestrial
Agriculture
Forests
Landscape
 Solid
 Liquid
 Gas
Complex
Organic
Inorganic

14. Bio-resources : Interdependence
 Existence of one type of bio-resource is always
dependent upon the other at macro as well as micro level
 Existence of each one of them is essential for
sustenance of life on earth
Animal Kingdom
Plant Kingdom
Micro-organisms
Flora & Fauna

15. Bio-resources : Attributes
 Utilization of bio-resources Green technologies
 Reduce energy consumption  pollution
 Recycling & Reuse is possible
Renewable
Sustainable
In sync with the natural cycle
Energy balance (C footprint)
Unending Production cycle
(lifecycle)
Balances Climate
Integral part of system that
supports life
Carbon-sink
Preserves the ecology
Environment-friendly

16. Bio-resources : Key Drivers
 All natural processes are cyclic
 All cyclic processes are irreversible
 All irreversible processes are spontaneous
 All spontaneous processes are sustainable
 Preservation of natural cycles through complete
equilibrium as well as balance amongst the key
drivers is a must for sustainability
Solar System
Water System
Climate
Existence
Survival
Sustenance

17. Bio-resources: Requirements & Challenges
 Agro
 Green buildings
 Modifying materials
Energy efficient
Green substitutes
Wealth generation
Better functionality
Cost-effectiveness
Environment &
Ecology
Food
Energy
 Solar
 Hydro
 Global warming
 Bio-waste
Heat,light,electricity
Fuel
Fuel & Electricity
 Novel materials
Parameters Challenges
 Self- reliance Security & Safety
 Bio-resources would be the key !
Materials
Neutraceuticals
Functional foods
Healthcare  Preventive
 Curative

18. Energy : Potential of Bio-resources
Yesterday Today Tomorrow
 Water
 Wind
 Coal
 Oil
 Natural gas
 Electricity
 Sun
 Wind
 Bio-fuels
 Biomass
 Nuclear (Safety &
disposal concerns)
 70% of all work:
Manually
 Majority of 30%:
Domesticated animals
 Major energy sources:
Oil (35%), Coal (23%),
Natural gas (21%),
Biomass & waste
(10%) and Hydro &
geothermal (4%)
 Development of
technologies for
exploitation of all
kinds of fossil fuels
 Development of
technologies for
use of renewable
energy sources
Renewable
Non-renewable
Depletion of resources
Sustainability
without economic
growth
Sustainability
with economic
growth
Renewable
Bio-resources
 Manual power
 Animal muscle power
 Wood
 Sun
 Water
 Wind

19. Energy from Bio-resources
Solar Energy
Electrical
(Photovoltaics) Thermal
ElectricEnergy
ThermalEnergy
Thermo
Chemical
Process
ChemicalEnergy
MechanicalEnergy
Photon
Solar Thermal; Most exploited : Material & Design specific
Solar Chemical; Evolving : Material specific
Electrochemical
Need exists for development of materials capable of converting
solar energy to chemical energy i.e. photochemical conversion

20. For degradation
of undesired
molecules
Create new
species /
molecules
Solar Energy
Transform one
form to another
Bio or chemical
degradation
 Association
 Linkages
 Conversions
 Reversible
 Irreversible
Photochemical
Conversion
Development of materials active under solar energy;
various spectral regions & their intrinsic properties
 Photoactive materials would enable tapping solar energy
Solar Energy vis-a-vis Bio-resources

21. Solar Selectivity : Materials Response
Frequency
(Hz)
Visible
Infrared
Ultraviolet
X-rays
Cosmicrays
1081010
101210141016
1018
10201022
Radiofrequency
Gammarays
Microwave
High Potential for harnessing
the solar energy
Processes
involved Inner
electronic
transition
Outer
electronic
transition
Molecular
Vibrations
Molecular
rotations
vibrations
Electron
spin
resonance
Nuclear
magnetic
resonance
 Change at atomic & molecular levels can become the via
media for harnessing solar energy.
 Solar sensitive materials undergo region specific
transition Solar energy conversion

22.  Challenge is to maneuver band gap;sensitive to visible light
6.3 eV 3.15 eV 1.58 eV
U.V
200 nm 400 nm 800 nm
Visible
TiO2
ZnO
CdS
WO3
Band gap
Energy
EMS(λ)
TiO2 = 3.20 eV
ZnO = 3.35 eV
WO3 = 2.80 eV
CdS = 2.42 eV
 Semiconductors are the most ideal and preferred materials
Energy from Bio-resources

23. Light will be captured by the
Ruthenium, electrons will move
from the donor(D) to acceptor(A),
electrons will be taken from the
water by the donor, just as in nature
and will be used to make hydrogen
DONOR
Photon
ACCEPTOR
Coupled Supercomplexes for Water Splitting
Energy from Bio-resources
 This system is a analogue to Dye-
senstized solar cell

24. Sunlight
Origin of the Word ‘Green’
 Green is one which is sustainable, like plants!
Natural
resources
CO2
INPUT OUTPUT
Energy
Food
Biodiversity
Shelter
O2

25. Bio-resources : Development of Novel Materials
 All types of materials can be derived from bio-resources
 Modification of natural materials to obtain novel materials
has been a challenge
 Biological processes can replace the chemical processes
to provide novel materials
Bio-resources
Oils & Fats CompositesProteins Carbohydrates Others
Amino-
Acids
Sacharides
Polysacharides
Different
matrices
Basic
compounds
Tri-
glycerides

26. Bio-resources : Development of Novel Materials
 Alcohols to >C=O
 Dehydrogenation of functional alkanes to alkenes
 Hydrolysis of glycosides,esters, anhydrides & amides
 Cis-trans isomerization or complex transformation of D-
glucose to D-fructose
 Decarboxylation
 For bond forming e.g. condensation
 BASIS FOR GREEN CHEMISTRY
Enzymatic Catalysis
Oxyreductases LyasesHydrolases Isomerases Ligases
Dehydrogenases
Oxidases
Peroxidases
Amylases
Lactase

27. Materials
 Materials developed so far are derived mostly from the non-
renewable resources such as fossil fuels, minerals, ores, etc.
 Materials of future would have to be derived from bio-
resources in order to achieve sustainability
Polymer
comp-
ounds
Synthetic
Recyclable
Non-
recyclable
Thermo-
plastic
Short life
cycle
Polymer
compo-
sites
Depletable
Plants
Animals
Microbes
Natural
RenewableDegradable
Non-
degradable
Non-
renewable
Replenishable
Metal
Minerals
Biomass
Thermo-
set
Long life
cycle

28. Healthcare : Types
Primary Immunity Development
Fighting against Disease
Tertiary Includes surgical
interventions
Basic
Cure
Quaternary
Secondary
Specialized
Treatments
 Health care is to do with ensuring a disease free
health; when possibility of any disease is
eliminated, it is the true health care
 Prevention is always better than cure

29. Healthcare : Methods or Systems
AYUSH Modern
Correlate the pathological data
with clinical symptoms and
treat to eliminate the cause of
disease
Based on the philosophy that the
human health is determined by
the balance of body fluids (3)
produced by fundamental
elements (5)
Design medicines with
immediate impact & relief
Focus to build internal capability
to fight disease
Based mostly on synthetic
compounds
Based on nutraceuticals &
medicinal plants
Always has certain side effectsNo or rare side effects
 How can the basic, preventive, long lasting & definite-
cure system be an alternative system!
 In fact the modern system should be the alternative

30. Conservation
Cultivation
Research &
Development
• Complete plant is not destroyed.
Hence, establish medicinal gardens &
farms for sustainable supply of plant
materials
• Availability of quality plant materialsSystematic & concerted approach for
research on bioactive components for:
Usefulness, safety & efficiency of
actives
Pharmacological activity
Quality evaluation
Development of new medicines
Use of alternate sources
Area Challenges
Patents
• To protect the processes involved in
the development of herbal medicines
as well as novel uses of products.
AYUSH Medicinal Systems : Challenges

31. Process
technology
Quality
Assurance
• For industrial production
• Selecting suitable technology for
more effective, stable,
reproducible, controlled dosage
forms• Quality control of raw materials,
finished products, processes for
actives & impurities
Human Resource
Dev. & Facilities
• Trained personnel and the state-
of-the-art equipment
Policies &
Legislation
• Devise set systems & regulatory
procedures similar to those for the
allopathic medicinal system
AYUSH Medicinal Systems : Challenges

32. Worldwide
Acceptance
Opportunities
It has been accepted that the herbal
preparation can cure even the
otherwise incurable diseases in a
sustainable manner
Plenty of it exists in country with a
back up of medical practitioners and
education base
Treatments being practiced for
various ailments & for all age- groups
Knowledge Base
Experience

33. Opportunities
Both in developing as well as developed
countries, there exists a ready market for
herbal medicines, may be, for different
reasons!
Keenness to opt herbal against synthetic
ones, given choice !
Market Potentials
Raw Materials
Availability
Efficiency Known for no side effects if used with
proper care.
There is no need to ban any of the herbal
medicines
Major herbal plants are grown in
different parts of the country.

34. Thank You