Myopia
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A simple presentation describing the different causes, features and treatment techniques of myopia. Accompanied with pictures showing the different signs found on examination
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myopia.ppt
This document discusses myopia (nearsightedness) and its various classifications and treatments. It defines myopia as a condition where parallel rays of light focus in front of the retina. There are several types of myopia classified by factors like age of onset, degree of nearsightedness, and presence of degenerative changes. Treatments include optical correction with glasses or contacts, pharmaceutical agents like atropine to slow progression, and surgical options like LASIK, PRK, and phakic IOL implantation. The goal is to fully correct low to moderate myopia while considering risks of overcorrection for higher degrees of myopia.
Aphakia
- Aphakia is the absence of the crystalline lens from the eye. It can be congenital or caused by surgery or trauma.
- In aphakia, the eye becomes highly hyperopic, the anterior focal point moves forward, and the retinal image is magnified. This decreases visual acuity and field of view.
- Aphakia is treated with spectacles, contact lenses, or intraocular lenses. Spectacles cause issues like increased image size, ring scotomas, and reduced field of view. Contact lenses and IOLs provide better image quality but have risks of complications.
Presbyopia
- Presbyopia is the age-related loss of accommodation due to reduced elasticity of the lens and ciliary muscles. It starts in the 40s and complete loss of accommodation occurs by 50-60 years.
- Theories of accommodation include the Helmholtz theory of ciliary muscle contraction relaxing the zonules to allow lens curvature change, and the Schachar theory of reduced perilenticular space limiting ciliary muscle effect.
- Risk factors include occupation, geography, gender, medical conditions, and drugs. Treatment options include glasses, contact lenses, and various surgical procedures like LASIK, multifocal IOLs, and scleral expansion bands.
Hypermetropia ppt
This document discusses hyperopia (farsightedness), which occurs when parallel rays of light focus behind the retina at rest. It defines different types of hyperopia such as physiological and pathological. Symptoms include eye strain, headaches, and blurred near vision. Diagnosis involves visual acuity tests, retinoscopy, and subjective refraction. Treatment options include convex lenses, contact lenses, and refractive surgery like LASIK. The prevalence of hyperopia changes with age, from high levels in infants to low levels in adults that may increase again in older age.
binocular single vision
Binocular single vision refers to simultaneous vision with two eyes that occurs when an individual fixates on an object. There are three grades of binocular vision: simultaneous perception, fusion, and stereopsis. Fusion is the ability to see a composite picture from two similar images, while stereopsis provides the impression of depth by superimposing images from slightly different angles. Tests for binocular vision include those for simultaneous perception, fusion, and stereopsis using instruments like the synaptophore. Binocular vision develops through infancy and childhood as the visual axes become coordinated to direct each fovea at the object of regard.
Presbyopia
Presbyopia is the loss of accommodation that occurs with aging. It results in a decreased ability to focus on near objects and is caused by lenticular and extralenticular changes within the eye. Symptoms typically begin around age 40 and accommodation is completely lost by ages 50-60, affecting 100% of the population. Treatment options include reading glasses, bifocal and multifocal contact lenses, refractive surgery such as LASIK, and intraocular lens implants. Newer treatments being researched include corneal inlays and injectable accommodating intraocular lenses.
Low vision aids
This document discusses low vision aids and their use for people with visual impairments. It defines low vision according to the WHO and describes common causes of visual dysfunction like macular degeneration and glaucoma. The goals of low vision rehabilitation are to maintain and improve visual function through clinical assessment and optometric intervention. Low vision aids can be optical devices like magnifying glasses, telescopes, or non-optical devices that alter lighting, contrast and size of objects. Common optical devices discussed include magnifying spectacles, hand magnifiers, stand magnifiers, and telescopes.
MYOPIA
This document discusses myopia, including its optics, classification, treatment, and prognosis. It defines myopia as a refractive error where parallel light rays focus in front of the retina. Myopia is classified as axial, curvatural, index, or acquired. Treatment options include optical correction with concave lenses, surgery, general measures like visual hygiene, and low vision aids for high myopia. Pathological myopia is a form characterized by a rapidly progressive refractive error and increased risks of retinal detachment and other complications.
Recommended
myopia.ppt
This document discusses myopia (nearsightedness) and its various classifications and treatments. It defines myopia as a condition where parallel rays of light focus in front of the retina. There are several types of myopia classified by factors like age of onset, degree of nearsightedness, and presence of degenerative changes. Treatments include optical correction with glasses or contacts, pharmaceutical agents like atropine to slow progression, and surgical options like LASIK, PRK, and phakic IOL implantation. The goal is to fully correct low to moderate myopia while considering risks of overcorrection for higher degrees of myopia.
Aphakia
- Aphakia is the absence of the crystalline lens from the eye. It can be congenital or caused by surgery or trauma.
- In aphakia, the eye becomes highly hyperopic, the anterior focal point moves forward, and the retinal image is magnified. This decreases visual acuity and field of view.
- Aphakia is treated with spectacles, contact lenses, or intraocular lenses. Spectacles cause issues like increased image size, ring scotomas, and reduced field of view. Contact lenses and IOLs provide better image quality but have risks of complications.
Presbyopia
- Presbyopia is the age-related loss of accommodation due to reduced elasticity of the lens and ciliary muscles. It starts in the 40s and complete loss of accommodation occurs by 50-60 years.
- Theories of accommodation include the Helmholtz theory of ciliary muscle contraction relaxing the zonules to allow lens curvature change, and the Schachar theory of reduced perilenticular space limiting ciliary muscle effect.
- Risk factors include occupation, geography, gender, medical conditions, and drugs. Treatment options include glasses, contact lenses, and various surgical procedures like LASIK, multifocal IOLs, and scleral expansion bands.
Hypermetropia ppt
This document discusses hyperopia (farsightedness), which occurs when parallel rays of light focus behind the retina at rest. It defines different types of hyperopia such as physiological and pathological. Symptoms include eye strain, headaches, and blurred near vision. Diagnosis involves visual acuity tests, retinoscopy, and subjective refraction. Treatment options include convex lenses, contact lenses, and refractive surgery like LASIK. The prevalence of hyperopia changes with age, from high levels in infants to low levels in adults that may increase again in older age.
binocular single vision
Binocular single vision refers to simultaneous vision with two eyes that occurs when an individual fixates on an object. There are three grades of binocular vision: simultaneous perception, fusion, and stereopsis. Fusion is the ability to see a composite picture from two similar images, while stereopsis provides the impression of depth by superimposing images from slightly different angles. Tests for binocular vision include those for simultaneous perception, fusion, and stereopsis using instruments like the synaptophore. Binocular vision develops through infancy and childhood as the visual axes become coordinated to direct each fovea at the object of regard.
Presbyopia
Presbyopia is the loss of accommodation that occurs with aging. It results in a decreased ability to focus on near objects and is caused by lenticular and extralenticular changes within the eye. Symptoms typically begin around age 40 and accommodation is completely lost by ages 50-60, affecting 100% of the population. Treatment options include reading glasses, bifocal and multifocal contact lenses, refractive surgery such as LASIK, and intraocular lens implants. Newer treatments being researched include corneal inlays and injectable accommodating intraocular lenses.
Low vision aids
This document discusses low vision aids and their use for people with visual impairments. It defines low vision according to the WHO and describes common causes of visual dysfunction like macular degeneration and glaucoma. The goals of low vision rehabilitation are to maintain and improve visual function through clinical assessment and optometric intervention. Low vision aids can be optical devices like magnifying glasses, telescopes, or non-optical devices that alter lighting, contrast and size of objects. Common optical devices discussed include magnifying spectacles, hand magnifiers, stand magnifiers, and telescopes.
MYOPIA
This document discusses myopia, including its optics, classification, treatment, and prognosis. It defines myopia as a refractive error where parallel light rays focus in front of the retina. Myopia is classified as axial, curvatural, index, or acquired. Treatment options include optical correction with concave lenses, surgery, general measures like visual hygiene, and low vision aids for high myopia. Pathological myopia is a form characterized by a rapidly progressive refractive error and increased risks of retinal detachment and other complications.
Tonometry
This document discusses different methods for measuring intraocular pressure (IOP), including indentation tonometry, applanation tonometry, and digital tonometry. Indentation tonometry uses a Schiotz tonometer to indent the cornea and measure pressure. Applanation tonometry is based on the Imbert-Fick law and uses a Goldmann tonometer or Perkins tonometer to flatten the cornea. Normal IOP ranges from 10-21 mm Hg but pressures outside this range could indicate glaucoma and require further investigation.
Hypermetropia
Hypermetropia, also known as hyperopia or longsightedness, is a refractive error where the eye focuses images behind the retina rather than directly on it. It can be caused by the eyeball being too short, the cornea being too flat, or changes in the lens with age. Hypermetropia is classified as simple, pathological, or functional. It is usually corrected using convex lenses, contact lenses, or refractive surgery depending on the degree of nearsightedness and any other factors. Early diagnosis and treatment of hypermetropia in children is important to prevent vision problems.
Retinoscopy
Retinoscopy is an objective technique used to determine the refractive error of the eye using a retinoscope. There are two main types: static retinoscopy with relaxed accommodation and dynamic retinoscopy with active accommodation. The retinoscope projects a streak of light into the eye and the examiner observes the movement and characteristics of the reflected light to determine the refractive error. Common issues that can arise include an incorrect working distance, uncooperative accommodation, or ocular pathology. Retinoscopy provides an initial refractive estimate and is useful for populations that cannot communicate verbally.
Physiology of cornea
This document summarizes the physiology of the cornea. It discusses the cornea's gross anatomy, functions, histology, metabolism, hydration, transparency, and wound healing. Key points include that the cornea is transparent and avascular, has five layers, and maintains its structure and hydration through a balance of swelling pressure, metabolic pumping, and intraocular pressure. It obtains nutrients from tears and the aqueous humor and remains transparent through the uniform arrangement and small size of its stromal fibers.
VISUALACUITY CHARTS
Visual acuity charts and tests are used to measure the visual acuity or clarity of vision of the eyes. There are two main types of charts - distance vision charts and near vision charts. Common distance vision tests include the Snellen chart, Landolt C chart, and LogMAR chart. The Snellen chart uses letters of decreasing size arranged at a standard test distance of 6 meters or 20 feet to measure visual acuity denoted in fractions like 6/6 or 20/20. Near vision tests include the Jaeger chart which uses printed text of decreasing font size. Visual acuity can be measured for different age groups using specialized pediatric tests that do not require reading letters like preferential looking tests.
Myopia
Myopia, or nearsightedness, is a refractive condition where parallel rays of light focus in front of the retina. There are several types of myopia based on etiology. Simple myopia is the most common type and results from axial elongation of the eyeball. Pathological myopia can lead to degenerative changes in the retina and choroid over time like myopic crescents if left untreated. Treatment options include optical correction with glasses or contacts, refractive surgeries like LASIK, and low vision aids for advanced cases. Proper diet and genetic counseling can help manage risk of progression.
Tonometry
This document discusses various methods for measuring intraocular pressure (IOP), including direct and indirect techniques. Direct manometry involves inserting a needle into the eye, while indirect methods include indentation tonometry using the Schiotz tonometer, various types of applanation tonometry (Goldmann, Perkins, pneumatic, Tono-Pen), and non-contact tonometry. Factors like ocular rigidity, corneal thickness and curvature can influence tonometry readings. Newer methods like the dynamic contour tonometer and ocular response analyzer aim to provide measurements less affected by corneal properties.
Trial box
The document describes the components and uses of a trial box, which is a set of lenses, frames, and accessories used to test vision. It contains trial frames that hold spherical, cylindrical, and prismatic lenses in various diopters for refraction testing. Accessories include occluders, filters, charts, and tools like Maddox rods and cross cylinders. The trial box is used for objective and subjective refraction, diagnosing conditions like squint, and assessing binocular vision.
Primary eye care
This document discusses primary eye care (PEC) and its importance as a component of primary health care. PEC aims to change eye care services from being limited to hospitals in cities to countrywide blindness prevention programs. It describes the elements of primary health care that relate to PEC, such as immunization, control of endemic diseases, and provision of essential drugs like tetracycline eye ointment. The document also outlines the goals, components, and workers involved in comprehensive eye care delivered at the community level to make services universally accessible.
MYOPIA A REFRACTIVE ERROR OF AN EYE
Short note of refractive error MYOPIA
types of myopia
defination
treatment
help full for @optometry student
@optometry
@ophthalmoloy
Vergences of the eye
This document discusses different types of vergence eye movements, including fusional vergence and accommodative convergence. It defines fusional vergence as an optomotor reflex that works to maintain eye alignment and retinal image correspondence. Accommodative convergence is described as a reflex linking convergence and accommodation simultaneously during the near response. The ratio between accommodative convergence and accommodation (AC/A ratio) is also discussed, along with examples of normal and abnormal AC/A ratios.
Cataract
This document provides an overview of cataracts, including:
- Definitions and types of cataracts such as developmental, acquired, congenital, and secondary.
- Causes of cataracts including age, genetics, trauma, toxins, and medical conditions.
- Classification systems for cataracts based on location, shape, degree of opacity.
- Symptoms such as decreased vision and glare.
- Stages of cortical and nuclear cataracts.
- Secondary cataracts that develop due to underlying ocular diseases.
Hypermetropia
Hypermetropia Definition, Classification, epidemiology, signs and symptoms, complications, diagnosis and treatment.
Congenital anomalies in the eye
This document discusses various congenital anomalies that can occur in the eye. It covers anomalies of the eyelid, cornea, lens, uveal tract, retina, choroid, lacrimal apparatus, orbit, and optic nerve. For each structure, it provides examples of specific anomalies such as ptosis, coloboma, aniridia, persistent pupillary membrane, optic nerve hypoplasia, and more. It describes the signs, causes, and other clinical features of each congenital ocular anomaly.
Hypermetropia
1. Hyperopia, also known as farsightedness, is a refractive error where parallel rays of light focus behind the retina when the eye is at rest. There are several types of hyperopia including axial, curvatural, and aphakia hyperopia.
2. Hyperopia is more common than myopia and prevalence varies by age, gender, and ethnicity. The most common form is simple or developmental hyperopia resulting from normal biological variations in eyeball development.
3. Symptoms of hyperopia include blurred vision, asthenopia, and eye strain with near work. Treatment involves prescribing convex lenses to fully or partially correct the refractive error.
Squint
This document summarizes key concepts related to strabismus and eye movement examination. It defines terms like strabismus, visual axis, anatomical axis, orthophoria and describes tests to evaluate eye alignment and movement including:
- Hirschberg test to measure strabismus angle
- Cover-uncover test and alternate cover test to detect heterotropia and heterophoria
- Prism bar cover test for measuring strabismus angle
- Synoptophore for grading binocular vision
- Maddox rod test for detecting horizontal and vertical phorias
- Extraocular muscle actions and innervations are also summarized.
BEST PPT ON VISUAL ACUITY
Visual acuity is a measure of the clarity of vision and the ability to resolve fine details. It is commonly measured using an eye chart with letters or symbols of decreasing size. A Snellen fraction compares the test distance to the distance at which the smallest letters can be identified, with 20/20 or 6/6 being normal vision. Factors that can affect visual acuity include refractive errors, pupil size, illumination, and area of the retina stimulated. Visual acuity is used clinically to assess vision and monitor treatments.
Strabismus
This document discusses strabismus (misalignment of the eyes) including:
1. Definitions of strabismus, heterophoria (latent squint), and heterotropia (manifest squint).
2. Types of strabismus including esotropia (inward turning), exotropia (outward turning), and vertical deviations.
3. Extraocular muscles that control eye movement and their nerve supply.
4. Medical and surgical treatments for strabismus including occlusion therapy, prisms, botulinum toxin injections, and different surgical procedures.
Disorders of eyelids
This document summarizes various clinical features of lid disorders including nodules, cysts, tumors, infections, malpositions, and traumatic injuries. It describes conditions such as chalazion, hordeolum, molluscum, xanthelasma, blepharitis, herpes, entropion, ectropion, and ptosis. It also lists systemic causes of lid edema and malignant conditions that can affect the lids.
Iop
This document defines intraocular pressure and discusses how it is produced and measured. It also outlines factors that influence IOP both long and short term. IOP is produced by a balance between aqueous humor production and outflow, and is normally between 10.5-20.5 mmHg. It can be measured directly via manometry or indirectly using tonometry methods like Schiotz, Goldmann, or non-contact tonometry. High IOP over time can lead to glaucoma, characterized by optic nerve damage and visual field loss.
Myopia
This document discusses myopia, also known as nearsightedness. Myopia occurs when light focuses in front of the retina rather than directly on it, causing distant objects to appear blurry. It can be caused by increased axial length of the eye or a change in curvature or index of the eye's refracting surfaces. Myopia is classified based on degree of nearsightedness and age of onset. Simple myopia develops gradually during childhood and adolescence. Progressive myopia is associated with degenerative changes in the eye structures like the retina and sclera. Treatment options include optical correction with glasses or contact lenses as well as refractive surgeries like LASIK.
Myopia
This document provides information about myopia (nearsightedness), including its definition, causes, types, classifications, signs and symptoms, and treatment options. It discusses the different mechanisms that can cause myopia, including excessive axial length growth. It classifies myopia based on clinical features, degree, and age of onset. Treatment options covered include optical correction with glasses or contact lenses, as well as surgical procedures like LASIK, PRK, phakic IOL implantation, and corneal ring segments.
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Tonometry
This document discusses different methods for measuring intraocular pressure (IOP), including indentation tonometry, applanation tonometry, and digital tonometry. Indentation tonometry uses a Schiotz tonometer to indent the cornea and measure pressure. Applanation tonometry is based on the Imbert-Fick law and uses a Goldmann tonometer or Perkins tonometer to flatten the cornea. Normal IOP ranges from 10-21 mm Hg but pressures outside this range could indicate glaucoma and require further investigation.
Hypermetropia
Hypermetropia, also known as hyperopia or longsightedness, is a refractive error where the eye focuses images behind the retina rather than directly on it. It can be caused by the eyeball being too short, the cornea being too flat, or changes in the lens with age. Hypermetropia is classified as simple, pathological, or functional. It is usually corrected using convex lenses, contact lenses, or refractive surgery depending on the degree of nearsightedness and any other factors. Early diagnosis and treatment of hypermetropia in children is important to prevent vision problems.
Retinoscopy
Retinoscopy is an objective technique used to determine the refractive error of the eye using a retinoscope. There are two main types: static retinoscopy with relaxed accommodation and dynamic retinoscopy with active accommodation. The retinoscope projects a streak of light into the eye and the examiner observes the movement and characteristics of the reflected light to determine the refractive error. Common issues that can arise include an incorrect working distance, uncooperative accommodation, or ocular pathology. Retinoscopy provides an initial refractive estimate and is useful for populations that cannot communicate verbally.
Physiology of cornea
This document summarizes the physiology of the cornea. It discusses the cornea's gross anatomy, functions, histology, metabolism, hydration, transparency, and wound healing. Key points include that the cornea is transparent and avascular, has five layers, and maintains its structure and hydration through a balance of swelling pressure, metabolic pumping, and intraocular pressure. It obtains nutrients from tears and the aqueous humor and remains transparent through the uniform arrangement and small size of its stromal fibers.
VISUALACUITY CHARTS
Visual acuity charts and tests are used to measure the visual acuity or clarity of vision of the eyes. There are two main types of charts - distance vision charts and near vision charts. Common distance vision tests include the Snellen chart, Landolt C chart, and LogMAR chart. The Snellen chart uses letters of decreasing size arranged at a standard test distance of 6 meters or 20 feet to measure visual acuity denoted in fractions like 6/6 or 20/20. Near vision tests include the Jaeger chart which uses printed text of decreasing font size. Visual acuity can be measured for different age groups using specialized pediatric tests that do not require reading letters like preferential looking tests.
Myopia
Myopia, or nearsightedness, is a refractive condition where parallel rays of light focus in front of the retina. There are several types of myopia based on etiology. Simple myopia is the most common type and results from axial elongation of the eyeball. Pathological myopia can lead to degenerative changes in the retina and choroid over time like myopic crescents if left untreated. Treatment options include optical correction with glasses or contacts, refractive surgeries like LASIK, and low vision aids for advanced cases. Proper diet and genetic counseling can help manage risk of progression.
Tonometry
This document discusses various methods for measuring intraocular pressure (IOP), including direct and indirect techniques. Direct manometry involves inserting a needle into the eye, while indirect methods include indentation tonometry using the Schiotz tonometer, various types of applanation tonometry (Goldmann, Perkins, pneumatic, Tono-Pen), and non-contact tonometry. Factors like ocular rigidity, corneal thickness and curvature can influence tonometry readings. Newer methods like the dynamic contour tonometer and ocular response analyzer aim to provide measurements less affected by corneal properties.
Trial box
The document describes the components and uses of a trial box, which is a set of lenses, frames, and accessories used to test vision. It contains trial frames that hold spherical, cylindrical, and prismatic lenses in various diopters for refraction testing. Accessories include occluders, filters, charts, and tools like Maddox rods and cross cylinders. The trial box is used for objective and subjective refraction, diagnosing conditions like squint, and assessing binocular vision.
Primary eye care
This document discusses primary eye care (PEC) and its importance as a component of primary health care. PEC aims to change eye care services from being limited to hospitals in cities to countrywide blindness prevention programs. It describes the elements of primary health care that relate to PEC, such as immunization, control of endemic diseases, and provision of essential drugs like tetracycline eye ointment. The document also outlines the goals, components, and workers involved in comprehensive eye care delivered at the community level to make services universally accessible.
MYOPIA A REFRACTIVE ERROR OF AN EYE
Short note of refractive error MYOPIA
types of myopia
defination
treatment
help full for @optometry student
@optometry
@ophthalmoloy
Vergences of the eye
This document discusses different types of vergence eye movements, including fusional vergence and accommodative convergence. It defines fusional vergence as an optomotor reflex that works to maintain eye alignment and retinal image correspondence. Accommodative convergence is described as a reflex linking convergence and accommodation simultaneously during the near response. The ratio between accommodative convergence and accommodation (AC/A ratio) is also discussed, along with examples of normal and abnormal AC/A ratios.
Cataract
This document provides an overview of cataracts, including:
- Definitions and types of cataracts such as developmental, acquired, congenital, and secondary.
- Causes of cataracts including age, genetics, trauma, toxins, and medical conditions.
- Classification systems for cataracts based on location, shape, degree of opacity.
- Symptoms such as decreased vision and glare.
- Stages of cortical and nuclear cataracts.
- Secondary cataracts that develop due to underlying ocular diseases.
Hypermetropia
Hypermetropia Definition, Classification, epidemiology, signs and symptoms, complications, diagnosis and treatment.
Congenital anomalies in the eye
This document discusses various congenital anomalies that can occur in the eye. It covers anomalies of the eyelid, cornea, lens, uveal tract, retina, choroid, lacrimal apparatus, orbit, and optic nerve. For each structure, it provides examples of specific anomalies such as ptosis, coloboma, aniridia, persistent pupillary membrane, optic nerve hypoplasia, and more. It describes the signs, causes, and other clinical features of each congenital ocular anomaly.
Hypermetropia
1. Hyperopia, also known as farsightedness, is a refractive error where parallel rays of light focus behind the retina when the eye is at rest. There are several types of hyperopia including axial, curvatural, and aphakia hyperopia.
2. Hyperopia is more common than myopia and prevalence varies by age, gender, and ethnicity. The most common form is simple or developmental hyperopia resulting from normal biological variations in eyeball development.
3. Symptoms of hyperopia include blurred vision, asthenopia, and eye strain with near work. Treatment involves prescribing convex lenses to fully or partially correct the refractive error.
Squint
This document summarizes key concepts related to strabismus and eye movement examination. It defines terms like strabismus, visual axis, anatomical axis, orthophoria and describes tests to evaluate eye alignment and movement including:
- Hirschberg test to measure strabismus angle
- Cover-uncover test and alternate cover test to detect heterotropia and heterophoria
- Prism bar cover test for measuring strabismus angle
- Synoptophore for grading binocular vision
- Maddox rod test for detecting horizontal and vertical phorias
- Extraocular muscle actions and innervations are also summarized.
BEST PPT ON VISUAL ACUITY
Visual acuity is a measure of the clarity of vision and the ability to resolve fine details. It is commonly measured using an eye chart with letters or symbols of decreasing size. A Snellen fraction compares the test distance to the distance at which the smallest letters can be identified, with 20/20 or 6/6 being normal vision. Factors that can affect visual acuity include refractive errors, pupil size, illumination, and area of the retina stimulated. Visual acuity is used clinically to assess vision and monitor treatments.
Strabismus
This document discusses strabismus (misalignment of the eyes) including:
1. Definitions of strabismus, heterophoria (latent squint), and heterotropia (manifest squint).
2. Types of strabismus including esotropia (inward turning), exotropia (outward turning), and vertical deviations.
3. Extraocular muscles that control eye movement and their nerve supply.
4. Medical and surgical treatments for strabismus including occlusion therapy, prisms, botulinum toxin injections, and different surgical procedures.
Disorders of eyelids
This document summarizes various clinical features of lid disorders including nodules, cysts, tumors, infections, malpositions, and traumatic injuries. It describes conditions such as chalazion, hordeolum, molluscum, xanthelasma, blepharitis, herpes, entropion, ectropion, and ptosis. It also lists systemic causes of lid edema and malignant conditions that can affect the lids.
Iop
This document defines intraocular pressure and discusses how it is produced and measured. It also outlines factors that influence IOP both long and short term. IOP is produced by a balance between aqueous humor production and outflow, and is normally between 10.5-20.5 mmHg. It can be measured directly via manometry or indirectly using tonometry methods like Schiotz, Goldmann, or non-contact tonometry. High IOP over time can lead to glaucoma, characterized by optic nerve damage and visual field loss.
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Myopia
This document discusses myopia, also known as nearsightedness. Myopia occurs when light focuses in front of the retina rather than directly on it, causing distant objects to appear blurry. It can be caused by increased axial length of the eye or a change in curvature or index of the eye's refracting surfaces. Myopia is classified based on degree of nearsightedness and age of onset. Simple myopia develops gradually during childhood and adolescence. Progressive myopia is associated with degenerative changes in the eye structures like the retina and sclera. Treatment options include optical correction with glasses or contact lenses as well as refractive surgeries like LASIK.
Myopia
This document provides information about myopia (nearsightedness), including its definition, causes, types, classifications, signs and symptoms, and treatment options. It discusses the different mechanisms that can cause myopia, including excessive axial length growth. It classifies myopia based on clinical features, degree, and age of onset. Treatment options covered include optical correction with glasses or contact lenses, as well as surgical procedures like LASIK, PRK, phakic IOL implantation, and corneal ring segments.
Night Myopia
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Hyperopia
Hyperopia, also known as farsightedness, is a vision defect caused by the eyeball being too short or the cornea having an imperfect curve, making it difficult to focus on near objects. It can be caused by sinus infections, injuries, migraines, aging, or genetics. While mild cases may be treated with natural supplements, a cure is unlikely for severe hyperopia, though herbs and supplements can help. Over 12 million Americans aged 40 and older have hyperopia.
Hyperopia
Hyperopia, also known as farsightedness, is a vision condition where sufferers have difficulty focusing on near objects due to the eyeball being too short or the cornea having an imperfect curve, causing blurred vision. It is often caused by aging, genetics, injuries, or migraines. Treatments include eyeglasses with convex lenses, contact lenses, or refractive surgery such as LASIK. Over 60 million people in the USA have hyperopia.
Myopia
This document discusses myopia (nearsightedness), including its optics, etiological classifications, clinical varieties, and treatment options. Myopia occurs when light rays focus in front of the retina rather than directly on it. It can be axial, curvatural, or positional. Treatment includes optical correction with glasses or contacts, as well as refractive surgeries like LASIK, PRK, clear lens extraction, phakic IOL implantation, intracorneal ring segments, and orthokeratology. More advanced techniques like LASIK and ICLs can correct higher degrees of myopia over -12 diopters.
High myopia and management
This document provides an overview of high myopia, including its classification, causes, symptoms, complications, and management approaches. High myopia is defined as a refractive error greater than -6.00 diopters or an axial length over 26.5mm. It can be caused by genetic factors or the general growth process. Symptoms include defective vision, closer working distance, and night blindness. Complications involve retinal degeneration and detachment. Management includes high-powered spectacles, contact lenses, and refractive surgeries such as LASIK or clear lens extraction.
Presbyopia
This document discusses presbyopia and various options for correcting or managing it. It begins by explaining what presbyopia is and how it affects vision starting around age 40. It then describes several methods for correcting presbyopia including glasses, contact lenses, laser surgery, and intraocular lenses. It also discusses potential benefits and drawbacks of each method. Finally, it outlines some eye exercises recommended by William Bates in the early 20th century for potentially delaying or reducing the effects of presbyopia without glasses.
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hypermetropia
This document summarizes hyperopia (farsightedness), including its etiology, clinical types, latent and manifest presentations, symptoms, signs, and treatment options. The main points are:
Hyperopia is caused by an eyeball that is too short or a cornea that is too flat. It can be developmental, pathological, or functional in nature. Symptoms include tiredness, headaches, and blurred distance vision. Examination may reveal a small eye size. Treatment includes glasses, contact lenses, or refractive surgery to bring light to a focus on the retina.
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This document discusses various options for treating presbyopia, including glasses, contact lenses, and surgical interventions. It provides details on:
- The prevalence of presbyopia and its impact.
- Accommodation anatomy and theories of how it works.
- Treatment options like monovision, LASIK, conductive keratoplasty, corneal inlays, and scleral/lens surgery.
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- Factors to consider for patients like expectations, alternatives, and selection criteria.
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Presbyopia is a natural part of the aging process where the eye's ability to focus on nearby objects decreases, requiring reading material to be held farther away. It results from a loss of accommodative amplitude and facility. Symptoms include blurred near vision, headaches, and fatigue when doing close work. Presbyopia is diagnosed through visual acuity and refraction tests and treated with reading glasses or contact lenses, and in some cases refractive surgery like monovision LASIK or lens replacement.
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A mission statement describes the current purpose and objectives of an organization, while a vision statement describes where the organization aims to be in the future. A mission statement tells an organization's reason for existing in less than 30 seconds and provides focus, while a vision statement inspires and guides the organization towards its goals. Core competencies are unique skills and capabilities that provide competitive advantage and are difficult for competitors to imitate.
Vision
The document summarizes key aspects of physiology of vision. It discusses how light is captured by the eye and transmitted through the retina, aqueous humor, lens, and vitreous humor to form an image on the retina. It describes accommodation which allows the lens to change curvature for focusing on near and far objects. It also outlines common refractive errors like myopia and hypermetropia and how they are corrected.
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This document discusses myopia (nearsightedness), including its definition, types, causes, signs and symptoms, complications, and treatment options. The main types of myopia are axial, curvatural, and index myopia. Causes include genetics, excessive eye growth, and changes in the eye's shape or refractive index. Signs include prominent eyeballs and myopic degeneration in advanced cases. Treatments include glasses, contact lenses, refractive surgery such LASIK, and low vision aids for severe vision loss.
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Dr. Om Patel presented on myopia (nearsightedness). There are several types and causes of myopia, including axial myopia caused by an elongated eyeball, curvatural myopia from increased corneal or lens curvature, and pathological myopia associated with degenerative changes. Treatment options discussed included optical correction with glasses or contacts, as well as surgical procedures like LASIK, PRK, and phakic intraocular lenses for high myopia. The goal of treatment is to slow progression and provide clear vision.
MYOPIA , basics , causes , types and treatment
Myopia, also known as near-sightedness and short-sightedness, is an eye disease[5][6][7] where light from distant objects focuses in front of, instead of on, the retina.[1][2][6] As a result, distant objects appear blurry while close objects appear normal.[1] Other symptoms may include headaches and eye strain.[1][8] Severe myopia is associated with an increased risk of macular degeneration, retinal detachment, cataracts, and glaucoma.[2][9]
Myopia results from the length of the eyeball growing too long or less commonly the lens being too strong.[1][10] It is a type of refractive error.[1] Diagnosis is by the use of cycloplegics during eye examination.[11]
Tentative evidence indicates that the risk of myopia can be decreased by having young children spend more time outside.[12][13] This decrease in risk may be related to natural light exposure.[14] Myopia can be corrected with eyeglasses, contact lenses, or by refractive surgery.[1][15] Eyeglasses are the simplest and safest method of correction.[1] Contact lenses can provide a relatively wider corrected field of vision, but are associated with an increased risk of infection.[1][16] Refractive surgeries like LASIK and PRK permanently change the shape of the cornea. Surgeries like Implantable Collamer Lens (ICL) implant a lens inside the anterior chamber in front of the natural eye lens. ICL doesn't affect the cornea.[
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1. Myopia, or nearsightedness, is a refractive defect where parallel light rays focus in front of the retina. There are several types of myopia based on etiology, including axial, curvatural, index, and positional myopia.
2. Simple myopia develops due to normal biological variation and inheritance, usually occurring between ages 5-20 and rarely exceeding -8 diopters. Pathological myopia is a degenerative form associated with rapid eyeball growth and structural changes like staphyloma.
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Nearsightedness (myopia) is a common vision condition in which near objects appear clear, but objects farther away look blurry. It occurs when the shape of the eye — or the shape of certain parts of the eye — causes light rays to bend (refract) inaccurately. Light rays that should be focused on nerve tissues at the back of the eye (retina) are focused in front of the retina.
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Myopia
- 1. Saad Bin Zafar Mahmood
- 2. 43 diopters 24-25mm 18 diopters Accomodation at rest
- 3. A form of refractive error in which parallel rays of light entering the eye are focused in front of retina with accomodation being at rest
- 5. Curvature Axial length Refractive index Positional
- 6. Congenital Simple Degenerative
- 7. Unilateral / Bilateral Stationary Associated with convergent squint
- 8. Most common refractive error Age of onset Moderate severity No degenerative changes
- 9. Progressive in nature Age of onset Severe Hereditary in nature
- 10. Degenerative Increase in axial changes length of in sclera eyeball Changes Elongation in choroid and stretching and retina of sclera DECREASE VISION
- 17. Macular hemorrhage Posterior staphyloma Retinal detachment Glaucoma
- 18. Distant blurred vision Half shutting of eyes Divergent squint
- 19. Prominent eyeballs Anterior chamber is deep Ultrasongraphy Fundus examination
- 20. Concave lenses ◦ Children ◦ Adults Contact lenses
- 21. Cornea For high refractive errors ◦ Clear Lens extraction ◦ Phakic posterior chamber implant
- 22. Radial Keratotomy ◦ Radius of the curvature of cornea is reduced (flattened) ◦ Series of radial incisions in peripheral cornea ◦ Can correct upto 4 diopters ◦ Less popular these days due to PRK and LASIK
- 23. Photorefractive keratectomy ◦ Laser procedure ◦ Central corneal surface is ablated ◦ Results in flattening of cornea ◦ A 10um ablation corrects a 1 dipotre of myopia
- 24. Step 1 Step 3 Step 2 Step 4
- 25. Absence of post-operative pain Less haze Rapid recovery
- 26. Hybrid of PRK and LASIK It involves separation of epithelium Difference with LASIK is the thickness of epithelium