Dr. Om Patel presented on myopia (nearsightedness). There are several types and causes of myopia, including axial myopia caused by an elongated eyeball, curvatural myopia from increased corneal or lens curvature, and pathological myopia associated with degenerative changes. Treatment options discussed included optical correction with glasses or contacts, as well as surgical procedures like LASIK, PRK, and phakic intraocular lenses for high myopia. The goal of treatment is to slow progression and provide clear vision.
MYOPIA , basics , causes , types and treatmentssuserde6356
Myopia, also known as near-sightedness and short-sightedness, is an eye disease[5][6][7] where light from distant objects focuses in front of, instead of on, the retina.[1][2][6] As a result, distant objects appear blurry while close objects appear normal.[1] Other symptoms may include headaches and eye strain.[1][8] Severe myopia is associated with an increased risk of macular degeneration, retinal detachment, cataracts, and glaucoma.[2][9]
Myopia results from the length of the eyeball growing too long or less commonly the lens being too strong.[1][10] It is a type of refractive error.[1] Diagnosis is by the use of cycloplegics during eye examination.[11]
Tentative evidence indicates that the risk of myopia can be decreased by having young children spend more time outside.[12][13] This decrease in risk may be related to natural light exposure.[14] Myopia can be corrected with eyeglasses, contact lenses, or by refractive surgery.[1][15] Eyeglasses are the simplest and safest method of correction.[1] Contact lenses can provide a relatively wider corrected field of vision, but are associated with an increased risk of infection.[1][16] Refractive surgeries like LASIK and PRK permanently change the shape of the cornea. Surgeries like Implantable Collamer Lens (ICL) implant a lens inside the anterior chamber in front of the natural eye lens. ICL doesn't affect the cornea.[
MYOPIA , basics , causes , types and treatmentssuserde6356
Myopia, also known as near-sightedness and short-sightedness, is an eye disease[5][6][7] where light from distant objects focuses in front of, instead of on, the retina.[1][2][6] As a result, distant objects appear blurry while close objects appear normal.[1] Other symptoms may include headaches and eye strain.[1][8] Severe myopia is associated with an increased risk of macular degeneration, retinal detachment, cataracts, and glaucoma.[2][9]
Myopia results from the length of the eyeball growing too long or less commonly the lens being too strong.[1][10] It is a type of refractive error.[1] Diagnosis is by the use of cycloplegics during eye examination.[11]
Tentative evidence indicates that the risk of myopia can be decreased by having young children spend more time outside.[12][13] This decrease in risk may be related to natural light exposure.[14] Myopia can be corrected with eyeglasses, contact lenses, or by refractive surgery.[1][15] Eyeglasses are the simplest and safest method of correction.[1] Contact lenses can provide a relatively wider corrected field of vision, but are associated with an increased risk of infection.[1][16] Refractive surgeries like LASIK and PRK permanently change the shape of the cornea. Surgeries like Implantable Collamer Lens (ICL) implant a lens inside the anterior chamber in front of the natural eye lens. ICL doesn't affect the cornea.[
complete information about the refractive errors due to the problem in the acomodation of eye lense , disturbed image formation in the retina, contains -types of disease condition .
This ppt describe about the incidence, diagnosis and management of maculopathy in caaes of pathological myopia.
Data collected and created by Vivek Chaudhary
For queries : vivek977optom@gmail.com
this presentation is about causes of acute visual loss which i made for my seminar during ophthalmology posting.Hope that people can had a benefit from this slide especially medical student.
complete information about the refractive errors due to the problem in the acomodation of eye lense , disturbed image formation in the retina, contains -types of disease condition .
This ppt describe about the incidence, diagnosis and management of maculopathy in caaes of pathological myopia.
Data collected and created by Vivek Chaudhary
For queries : vivek977optom@gmail.com
this presentation is about causes of acute visual loss which i made for my seminar during ophthalmology posting.Hope that people can had a benefit from this slide especially medical student.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2. SHORT SIGHTEDNESS
Condition in which incident parallel rays come to a
focus anterior to the light sensitive layer of retina
with accomodation at rest.
MYOPIA
3. OPTICS OF MYOPIA
The optical system is too powerful for its axial
length
Image of distant object on retina is made up of
circle of diffusion formed by divergent beam since
the parallel rays of light coming from the infinity
are focused in front of the retina
5. OPTICS OF MYOPIA
Accommodation in uncorrected myopes is not
developed normally
May suffer from convergence insufficiency
and exophoria
Early presbyopia
10. Congenital myopia
Simple or developmental myopia
Pathological or degenerative myopia
CLINICAL VARIETIES
11. Frequently associated with
Premature babies
Marfan’s syndrome
Homocystinuria
Since birth,Diagnosed by 2-3 years
Increased axial length, overall globe size
If unilateral may produce amblyopia, strabismus
Bilateral – difficulty in distant vision, holds things closer
Usually error is 8-10 D, remains constant
CONGENITAL MYOPIA
12. Associated with
Cataract
Micropthalmos
Aniridia
Megalocornea
Congenital separation of retina
Management
Early full correction
Retinoscopy under full dilatation
CONGENITAL MYOPIA
13. Developmental myopia- commonest variety
School myopia (school going age 8-12 years)
Physiological, not associated with any eye disease
Normal biological variation in development
Rarely present from birth, rather hypermetropia
followed by myopia
SIMPLE MYOPIA
14. Symptoms
Poor vision for distance(short sightedness)
Asthenopic symptoms
Half shutting of eyes
CLINICAL PICTURE
15. Signs
Prominent eyeballs
Anterior chamber - deeper than normal
Pupils- Large, sluggishly reacting
Fundus- normal; rarely temporal myopic crescent may be
seen
Magnitude of refractive error
Increasing at rate -0.5 +- 0.30/ year.
Does not exceed -6 to -8 D
Diagnosis
Confirmed by performing retinoscopy
16. Degenerative/ progressive myopia
Rapidly progressive myopia associated with
degenerative changes
Starts in childhood at 5-10 years of age
PATHOLOGICAL MYOPIA
17. ETIO-PATHOGENESIS
Genetic factors (play major role)
General growth process(minor)
More growth of retina
Stretching of sclera
Increase axial length
Degeneration of choroid
Degeneration of retina
Degeneration of vitreous
18. Defective vision
Muscae volitantes
Floating black opacities in front of eyes
Degenerated liquified vitreous
SYMPTOMS
19. Prominent eye balls
Elongation of eye ball mainly affects posterior pole
and surrounding area
Cornea-large
Anterior chamber –deep
Pupils-slightly large,react sluggishly to light
Lens
Opacities at the posterior pole due to aberration of
lenticular metabolism
Anterior dislocation due to overstretching
SIGNS
20. Fundus examination:
Optic disc
Large and pale
Temporal edge presents a characteristic MYOPIC CRESCENT
SUPER TRACTION CRESCENT may be present on nasal side
(retina pulled over disc margin)
Peripapillary crescent encircling the disc may be present, where
choroid and retina is distracted away from disc margin
21.
22.
23. Degenerative changes in retina and choroid
White atrophic patches at macula with a little
heaping of pigment around them
24. • FOSTER-FUCH’S
SPOT:
• Dark red circular
patch due to sub-
retinal neo
vascularization
and choroidal
haemorrhage
• Present at macula
• CYSTOID
DEGENERATION
– at periphery
25.
26. Posterior staphyloma
Due to ectasia of sclera at posterior pole
It may be apparent as an excavation with vessels
bending backward over margins
30. Optical treatment of myopia
Concave lenses
Basic rule – minimum acceptance providing maximum
vision
Modes of prescribing concave lens-
1. Spectacles
2. Contact lens
TREATMENT OF MYOPIA
31. Contact lenses are used in case of high myopia as they
avoid peripheral distortion and minification produced
by strong concave spectacle lens
32. Radial keratotomy
Photo-Refractive keratectomy (PRK)
LASIK
Fucala’s lens extraction
ICL (Implantable Collamer Lens) or Phakic IOL
ICR ( Intra Corneal Ring implantation)
Orthokeratology
SURGICAL TREATMENT OF
MYOPIA
33. Radial keratotomy
Obsolete now a days
Making deep radial incisions in peripheral part of
cornea leaving the central a 4mm optical zone
These incisions on healing ; flatten the central
cornea thereby reducing its refractive power
Correct low to moderate myopia(2-6D)
DISADVANTAGES:
Cornea is weakened – globe rupture in sports persons
Uneven healing – irregular astigmatism
Patient may feel glare at night
SURGICAL TREATMENT OF
MYOPIA
34.
35. Photo refractive
keratectomy (PRK)
A central optical zone
of anterior corneal
stroma is photoablated
using excimer laser
(193nm uv flash) to
cause flattening of
central cornea
Correction for -2 to -
6D of myopia
36. Disadvantages:
• Post operative recovery is slow
• Pain and discomfort
• Residual corneal haze in centre affecting vision
• Expensive
37. Refractory surgery of choice for myopia of upto -12D
LASER ASSISTED IN-SITU
KERATOMILEUSIS(LASIK)
38. Flap of 130-160 micron thickness of
anterior corneal tissue is raised
Midstromal tissue is ablated
directly with an excimer laser beam
ultimately flattening the cornea
39.
40. 1. Patients >20 years
2. Stable refraction for at least 12 months
3. Absence of corneal pathology
Absolute contraindication for LASIK
Corneal thickness <450 micrometers
Presence of ectasia
PATIENT SELECTION
CRITERIA
41. Customised(C)-LASIK:
Based on wave front
technology
Corrects spherical,
cylindrical and other
aberations present in eye
Gives vision beyond 6/6
i.e.,6/5 or 6/4
ADVANCES IN LASIK
42. Epi-(E) LASIK:
Only epithelial sheet is
separated with Epiedge
Epikeratome
Devoid of complications
related to corneal
stromal flap
43.
44. Minimal or no postoperative pain
Recovery of vision is very early as compared to PRK
No risk of perforation during surgery and rupture of
globe due to trauma like RK
No residual haze unlike PRK where subepithelial
scarring may occur
LASIK is effective in correcting myopia of -12D
ADVANTAGES OF LASIK
45. Expensive
Requires greater surgical skill than RK and PRK
Flap related complications
Intraoperative flap amputation
Wrinkling of flap on repositioning
Postoperative flap dislocation/subluxation
Epithelization of flap – bed interface
Irregular astigmatism
DISADVANTAGES
46. Fucala’s operation
Myopia of -16D to -18D in unilateral cases
Clear lens extraction with intraocular lens implantation
of appropriate power is the refractive surgery for
myopia of >-12D
EXTRACTION OF CLEAR
CRYSTALLINE LENS
47. Intraocular contact lens implantation for correction of
myopia of >-12D
Special type of IOL is implanted in anterior chamber
or posterior chamber anterior to natural crystalline
lens
PHAKIC INTRAOCULAR LENS
(ICL)
48. Into the peripheral cornea at approximately 2/3rd
stromal depth
Flattening of central cornea, decreasing myopia
Advantage: reversible procedure
INTRACORNEAL RING (ICR)
IMPLANTATION
49. A non-surgical reversible method of moulding the
cornea with overnight wear unique rigid gas permeable
contact lenses
Myopia correction upto -5D
Used in patients below 18 years of age
ORTHOKERATOLOGY