This document summarizes hyperopia (farsightedness), including its etiology, clinical types, latent and manifest presentations, symptoms, signs, and treatment options. The main points are: Hyperopia is caused by an eyeball that is too short or a cornea that is too flat. It can be developmental, pathological, or functional in nature. Symptoms include tiredness, headaches, and blurred distance vision. Examination may reveal a small eye size. Treatment includes glasses, contact lenses, or refractive surgery to bring light to a focus on the retina.

3.  Myopia
 Hyperopia
 Astigmatism
 aberropia

4.  The term hypermetropia is derived from
hyper meaning “In excess” met meaning
“measure” & opia meaning “of the eye”.
 First suggested in 1755 by KASTNER

7. etiology
Axial
hypermetropia
Curvatural
hypermetropia
Index
hypermetropia
Positional
hpermetropia
aphakia

8. seen in cases like
orbital tumour,
inflammatory mass ,
oedema, coloboma and
microphthalmos.

9. Result (trauma)

10. Change in refractive index with age
Pathologically in diabetics under
treatment

11. Result of trauma

13.  the refractive power will lower than required
 Far point will be in behind of the eye(retina)
 more amount of accommodation
(uncorrected)

15. Clinicaltypes
Simple/developmental
pathological
functional

16.  Commonest form
 Results from normal biological variations in the
development of eyeball
 Include axial and curvatural HM
 May be hereditary

17. • Congenital/acquired
• Index hypermetropia(cortical sclerosis)
• Positional hypermetropia(postr subluxn of
lens)
• Aphakia
• Consecutive (overcorrection of myopia)
pathological

18. Paralysis of accommodation
in pts with3rd nerve palsy

19. Latent
hypermetropia
Manifest
hypermetropia
Total
hypermetropia

20.  It is the total amount of refractive error,estimated
after complete cycloplegia with atropine
 Divided into latent & manifest

21.  Corrected by inherent tone of ciliary muscle
 High in children
 Decreases with age
 Revealed after abolishing tone of ciliary muscle with
atropine

22.  Remaining part of total hypermetropia
 Correct by accommodation and convex lens
 Measure by add strongest lens with max. vision
 Consists of facultative & absolute
FACULTATIVE HYPERMETROPIA
 Corrected by patients accommodative effort
ABSOLUTE HYPERMETROPIA
 Residual part not corrected by patients
accommodative effort
Absolute hypermetropia can be measured by the
weakest convex lens with which maximum visual
acuity

23. • Manifest HM – absolute HM = Facultative HM
(Strongest lens) – (weakest lens)
• Total HM – Manifest HM = Latent HM

24.  1. Asymptomatic
 2. Asthenopic symptoms
 3. Defective vision with asthenopic symptoms
 4. Defective vision only
Associated with near work &
increase in evening
• Tiredness of eyes
• Frontal / frontotemporal head
ache
• Watering
• photophobia
Not fully corrected with
voluntary accomodation

25.  Size of eye ball may appear small as a whole
 Cornea may be flattern
 Anterior chamber is comparatively shallow
 Fundus examinationsmall optic disc
pseudopapilitis
 retina as a whole
may shine due to greater brilliance
of light reflections (shot silk
appearance).

26. • SPECTACLES
• CONTACT LENS
• SURGICAL
Optical treatment

27. Basic principle
Prescribe convex lenses(Plus lenses) so that
rays are brought to focus on the retina
Advantages
• Comfortable
• Easier method
• Less expensive
• Safe idea

29. ADVANTAGES
Cosmetically good
Increased field of view
Less magnification
Elimination of aberrations & prismatic effect

30.  Refractive surgery is not as effective as in myopia
TYPES:
1) LASER THERMAL KERATOPLASTY(LTK)
2) PHOTOREFRACTIVE KERATECTOMY(PRK)
3) LASER IN SITU KERATOMILEUSIS(LASIK)
4) PHAKIC IOL AND CLEAR LENS EXTRACTION
5) VISUAL HYGIENE

34.  Images are taken from the google image
 Duke-Elder’s PRACTICE OF REFRACTION
REVISED BY
David Abrams
TENTH EDITION