This document discusses myopia (nearsightedness), including its definition, types, causes, signs and symptoms, complications, and treatment options. The main types of myopia are axial, curvatural, and index myopia. Causes include genetics, excessive eye growth, and changes in the eye's shape or refractive index. Signs include prominent eyeballs and myopic degeneration in advanced cases. Treatments include glasses, contact lenses, refractive surgery such LASIK, and low vision aids for severe vision loss.

1.  SHORT SIGHTEDNESS
 DIOPTERIC CONDITION IN WHICH INCIDENT PARALLEL RAYS COME TO A
FOCUS ANTERIOR TO THE LIGHT SENSITIVE LAYER OF RETINA WITH
ACCOMODATION AT REST.
MYOPIA

2. Optics of Myopia
 Image of distant object - circle of diffusion formed by divergent
beam
parallel rays of light coming from infinity – in front of the retina
 Far point - finite point in the front of eye
near object situated at far point is focused without an effort of
accommodation
 Nodal point in a myopic eye is further away from the retina
therefore the image formed will be larger than it would be in a
emmetropic eye.
 Angle Alpha- negative -> convergent squint
 accommodation in uncorrected myopes is not developed normally

3. 1. Axial myopia
 Commonest form
 Increase in antero-posterior length of the eyeball
2. Curvatural myopia
 Increased curvature of cornea, lens or both
3. Positional myopia
 Produced by anterior placement of crystalline lens
in eye
4. Index myopia
 Increase in the refractive index of crystalline lens
associated with nuclear sclerosis
5. Myopia due to excessive accomodation
 Spasm of accomodation
ETIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION

4. 1. Congenital myopia
2. Simple or developmental myopia
3. Pathological or degenerative myopia
4. Acquired myopia which may be
 Post traumatic
 Post keratitic
 Drug induced
 Pseudomyopia
 Space myopia
 Night myopia
 Consecutive myopia
CLINICAL CLASSI.FICATION

5. AGE ONSET CLASSI.
CONGENITAL: since birth
YOUTH ONSET: Below 20 yrs. ( Simple Myopia)
EARLY ADULT ONSET: 20-40: Acquired Index
myopia d/t Early NS
LATE ADULT ONSET: 40+ AIM d/t Age NS

7. ◾Since birth
◾Diagnosed by 2-3 years
◾Mostly unilateral-Manifests as anisometropia
◾High degree of error: 8-10 D
◾Child may develop convergent squint in order to
preferentially see clear at its far point (10-12cms)
◾Prematures, Marfan Sy, Homocystinuria
◾Associated with cataract, micropthalmos, aniridia, megalocornea,
congenital separation of retina
CONGENITAL MYOPIA

8. ◾ Developmental myopia- commonest variety
◾ School myopia (school going age 8 -12 years)
◾ Etiology
 Axial type:
 physiological variation in length of eye ball
 precocious neurological growth during childhood
SIMPLE MYOPIA
◾ Curvatural type
 Underdevelopment of eye ball
◾ Role of diet in early childhood
◾ Role of genetics – Autosomal Dominant
 Prevalence in children
 both parents myopic(20%)
 One parent myopic(10%)
 No parent myopic(5%)

9. SYMPTOMS
 Begins bet. 7 to 10 yrs. – about -5D, never exceeds -8D.
 POOR VISION FOR DISTANCE: VA beyond Punctum Remotum affected
 HALF SHUTTING OF EYES: Stenopaeic vision
 ASTHENOPIC: Pts with small degree of myopia- Strain symp.
d/t dissociation between convergence and
accommodation
1. Convergence weakness, Exophoria, Suppression in one
eye
2. Exce Accommodation – Ciliary Spasm

11. ◾Signs
 Prominent eyeballs
 Anterior chamber - deeper than normal
 Pupils- Large, sluggishly reacting
 Fundus- normal; temporal myopic crescent may be seen
 Magnitude of refractive error
 Increasing at rate -0.5+- 0.30/ year.
 Does not exceed 6 to 8
◾Diagnosis
Confirmed by performing retinoscopy

12. ◾Degenerative/ progressive myopia
◾Rapidly progressive error which starts in childhood at 5-10 years of
age
◾High myopia in early adult life with degenerative changes
PATHOLOGICAL MYOPIA

13. ◾Role of heredity
 Heredity linked growth of retina is the determinant in
developmental myopia
 Sclera due its distensibility follows retinal growth but
choroid undergoes degeneration due to stretching, which
in turn causes degeneration of retina
 Progressive myopia is
 Familial
 More common in chinese,japanese,arabs and jews
 Uncommon among negroes,nubians and sudanese
ETIOLOGY

14. ◾Role of general growth process
Lengthening of the posterior segment of globe
commences only during the period of active growth
and ends with termination of active growth

15. Genetic factors (play major role)
General growth process(minor)
More growth of retina
Stretching of sclera
Increase axial length
Degeneration of choroid
Degeneration of retina
Degeneration of vitreous

16. ◾Defective vision- uncorrectable loss of vision
◾Muscae volitantes
 Floating black opacities in front of eyes
 Degenerated liquified vitreous
◾Night blindness- In high myopes, d/t degenerative changes
SYMPTOMS

17. ◾Prominent eye balls
 Elongation of eye ball mainly affects posterior pole and
surrounding area
◾Cornea-large
◾Anterior chamber -deep
◾Pupils-slightly large ,react sluggishly to light
SIGNS

18. ◾Fundus examination:
Optic disc
 large and pale
Temporal edge presents a characteristic myopic
crescent- Atrophy of choroid - sclera visible
Peripapillary crescent encircling the disc may be
present, where choroid and retina is distracted
away from disc margin
Super traction crescent may be present on nasal side
(retina pulled
over disc margin)

21. Degenerative changes in retina and choroid
 Common in progressive myopia
 Characterized by white atrophic patches at macula with a little
heaping of pigment around them

23. • FOSTER-FUCH’S SPOT:
• Dark red circular patch
due to sub- retinal
neo vascularization
and choroidal
haemorrhage
• Present at macula
• CYSTOID
DEGENERATION –
at periphery
• Advanced cases: Total
Total retinal
atrophy in central area

24. ◾Posterior staphyloma
 Due to ectasia of sclera at posterior pole
 It may be apparent as an excavation with vessels bending backward
over margins

25. ◾Degenerative changes in vitreous include:
 Liquefaction
 Vitreous opacities
 Posterior vitreous detachment(PVD)- Weiss’ reflex

26.  POSTERIOR
STAPHYLOMA: d/t
Ectasia of sclera at
post. Pole
 LATTICE
DEGENARATION-
 SNAIL TRACK LESION

29. ◾Visual fields
 Contraction
 Ring scotoma may be seen
◾ERG reveals subnormal
electroretinogram due to
chorioretinal atrophy

30. ◾Retinal detachment/Tears
◾Complicated cataract
◾NS
◾Vitreous haemorrhage
◾Choroidal haemorrhage+ Thrombosis
◾Strabismus fixus convergence
◾GLAUCOMA
COMPLICATIONS

32. SECONDARY MYOPIA
INDEX:
• Nuclear Sclerosis- hyperrefrigent Nucleus
• Incipient Cataract
• Diabetic Myopia- RI decreases
CURVATURAL:
• Corneal- Ectasis, Keratoconus
• Lenticular
POSITIONAL- Ant. Subluxation of lens
CONSECUTIVE- surgical overcorrection of Hypermetropia, IOL

33. o PSEUDOMYOPIA/ARTIFICIAL – Spasm of Accommodation
o SPACE- Distance fixation
o NIGHT/TWILIGHT- photopic to scotopic- shorter
wavelengths
o DRUG INDUCED- Cholinergic – Pilocarpine, Echothiophate,
DIPFP
o Steroid
o Sulphonamides

34. MYOPIA OF PREMATURITY
TRUE MOP: WITHOUT ROP
MYOPIA OF ROP: Following T/t of ROP
Abnormal dev of Ant. Seg.
 Corneal curvature
 Shallow Ant. Chamber
 Shorter axial lenth relative to their D value
Due to:
1. Mechanical Restrcition of ocular growth
Cryo treated eyes> Laser > I/vitr Anti-VEGF inj.

36. ◾Optical treatment of myopia
 Concave lenses
 Basic rule – minimum acceptance providing maximum
vision
◾Modes of prescribing concave lens-
1. Spectacles
2. Contact lens
TREATMENT OF MYOPIA

37. ◾Contact lenses are used in
case of high myopia as they
avoid peripheral distortion
and minification produced
by strong concave spectacle
lens

39. ◾Radial keratotomy
 Making deep radial incisions in peripheral part of
cornea leaving the central a 4mm optical zone
 These incisions on healing ; flatten the central
cornea thereby reducing its refractive power
 Correct low to moderate myopia(2-6D)
 DISADVANTAGES:
 Cornea is weakened – globe rupture in sports
persons
 Uneven healing – irregular astigmatism
 Patient may feel glare at night
SURGICAL TREATMENT OF
MYOPIA

41. ◾Photo refractive
keratectomy (PRK)
 A central optical zone of
anterior corneal stroma is
photoablated using
excimer laser (193nm uv
flash) to
cause flattening of central
cornea
 Correction for -2 to - 6D
of myopia

42. Disadvantages:
Post operative recovery is slow
Pain and discomfort
Residual corneal haze in centre affecting vision
Expensive

43. ◾Refractory surgery of choice for myopia of upto -12D
LASER ASSISTED IN-SITU
KERATOMILEUSIS(LASIK)

44. Flap of 130-160 micron thickness of
anterior corneal tissue is raised
Midstromal tissue is ablated
directly with an excimer laser beam
ultimately flattening the cornea

46. 1. Patients >20 years
2. Stable refraction for at least 12 months
3. Motivated patient
4. Absence of corneal pathology
◾Absolute contraindication for LASIK
 Presence of ectasia
 Corneal thickness <450mm
PATIENT SELECTION
CRITERIA

47. ◾Customised(C)-LASIK:
 Based on wave front
technology
 Corrects spherical,
cylindrical and other
aberations present in
eye
 Gives vision beyond
6/6 i.e.,6/5 or 6/4
ADVANCES IN LASIK

48. ◾Epi-(E) LASIK:
 Only epithelial sheet is
separated with Epiedge
Epikeratome
 Devoid of complications
related to corneal
stromal flap

50. ◾Minimal or no postoperative pain
◾Recovery of vision is very early as compared to PRK
◾No risk of perforation during surgery and rupture of globe
due to trauma like RK
◾No residual haze unlike PRK where subepithelial
scarring may occur
◾LASIK is effective in correcting myopia of -12D
ADVANTAGES OF LASIK

51.  Expensive
 Requires greater surgical skill than RK and PRK
 Flap related complications
 Intraoperative flap amputation
 Wrinkling of flap on repositioning
 Postoperative flap dislocation/subluxation
 Epithelization of flap – bed interface
 Irregular astigmatism
DISADVANTAGES

54. ◾Intraocular contact lens implantation for correction of
myopia of >12D
◾Special type of IOL is implanted in anterior chamber or
posterior chamber anterior to natural crystalline lens
PHAKIC INTRAOCULAR LENS

55. ◾Into the peripheral cornea at approximately 2/3rd
stromal depth
◾Flattening of central cornea, decreasing myopia
◾Advantage: reversible procedure
INTRACORNEAL RING (ICR)
IMPLANTATION

56. ◾A non-surgical reversible method of molding the cornea with
overnight wear unique rigid gas permeable contact lenses
◾Myopia correction upto -5D
◾Used in patients below 18 years of age
ORTHOKERATOLOGY

57. ◾General measures :
 Balanced diet rich in vitamins and proteins
 Early management of associated debilitating disease
◾Low vision aids
 indicated in patients with progressive myopia with
advanced degenerative changes
◾Prophylaxis
Genetic counselling