This document discusses morphology, which is the study of word forms and how words are structured. It covers topics like morphemes, which are the smallest units of meaning. There are two types of morphemes: free morphemes that can stand alone as words, and bound morphemes that must be attached to other morphemes. Bound morphemes are divided into derivational morphemes, which change the part of speech of a word, and inflectional morphemes, which indicate grammatical changes. The document also discusses morphological description and the relationship between morphemes, morphs, and allomorphs.
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3. TODAY’S TOPICS
Morphemes
• Free & Bound
Morphemes
Morphological
Description
• Morphs and Allomorphs
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4. WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT
WORDS?
We know how it sounds We know what it means
We know what parts of
speech it is
We know adding certain
things will change
meaning and form
We know the spelling
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5. MORPHOLOGY
• Literally means ‘Study of Form’
• The study the forms of words
• The study of the internal structure of words
• In summary it is a branch of linguistics that deals with
words, their internal structure, and how they are
formed.
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7. MORPHEMES
• Derived from Greek word, morphe, meaning
form
• Is the smallest units of language that can
be associated with meaning and
grammatical categories.
• We may (or may not) know that the words
like girl, father, ask, tall or orange cannot be
broken into parts like gi + rl, fa + ther, o +
range.
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8. MORPHEMES
• But we know that oranges, asks, asked, asking,
homemade, taller, tallest can be broken into parts like:
• orange + s, ask + s, ask + ing, home + made, tall + est
• We can built a set of words by adding certain
elements to a core element e.g. the word true:
• Truer, untrue, truthfully, truest, truth, untruthfully, truly,
truthful, untruthfulness
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The meaningful elements of a word are called morphemes
9. MORPHEMES
boy, desire
• One morpheme
boy + ish, desire + able
• Two morphemes
boy + ish + ness, desire + able + ity
• Three morphemes
Gentle+man+li+ness, un+desire+able+ity
• Four morphemes
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10. CATEGORIES OF MORPHEMES
• Morphemes can be divided into:
Free
morpheme
Bound
morphemes
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11. FREE MORPHEMES
• That which can stand on their own as single words:
• True, mother, orange, against, imperative, realize,
submit, dog, tree, you
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12. FREE MORPHEMES CATEGORIES
• Free morphemes can be divided into:
Lexical
morphemes
Functional
morphemes
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13. LEXICAL MORPHEMES
• Lexical morphemes are words such as ordinary nouns,
adjectives and verbs which carry the ‘content’ of the
message we convey.
• Examples:
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car red high
chase copy swallow
14. FUNCTIONAL MORPHEMES
• Functional morphemes are functional words such as
conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns.
• Examples:
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and but when because
of the between
15. BOUND MORPHEMES
• Morphemes that cannot stand alone
• Morphemes that can only be attached to another part
of a word (cannot stand alone) are called bound
morphemes.
• Function as parts of words
• un-, tele-, -ness, -er, pre-, dis-, in-, -ful, -able, -
ment, -ly, -ise
• pretest, discontent, intolerable, receive
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16. BOUND MORPHEMES CATEGORIES
• Bound morphemes can categorized into:
Bound
Morphemes
Derivational
Morphemes
Inflectional
Morphemes
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17. DERIVATIONAL MORPHEMES
• Morphemes that change the lexical category of the
word to which they are affixed:
• truthful, establishment, darken, frighten, teacher
• + ful to the noun truth becomes adjective truthful
• + ment to verb establish becomes noun establishment
• dark is adjective, + en becomes verb darken
• fright a noun, frighten a verb
• What about teacher?
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18. DERIVATIONAL MORPHEMES
• Negative: deactiviate, disconnect, inability, impossible,
misunderstanding, unclassified
• Size /degree: enlarge, underachieving, overestimated
• Space /time: prerequisite, postgraduate, reuse
• Change to adjective: manageable, faithful, anonymous
• Change to noun: enjoyment, eagerness
• Change to verb: privatize
• Change to adverb: absolutely
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19. DERIVATIONAL MORPHEMES
• Affix: is a bound morpheme that occurs before
(prefix), after (suffix), in the middle of (infix), and
around (circumfix) stems (root morphemes)
Prefix: un-, pre-, bi-
Suffix:-ing, -er, -ist, -ly
Infix: un-freaking-believable
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20. INFLECTIONAL MORPHEMES
• Inflectional morphemes are
morphemes that indicate grammatical
changes. All inflectional morphemes
are suffixes.
• Attached to verb: reads, reading,
ended, taken
• Attached to noun: Peter‘s, dogs
• Attached to adjective: taller, tallest
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21. INFLECTIONAL MORPHEMES
Lexical Category Grammatical
Category
Examples
Noun Plural
Possessive
Cars, mosques
car’s, children’s
Verb Third person
Past tense
Past participle
Present participle
(she) swims, (it)
seems
Wanted, showed
Wanted, shown
Wanting, showing
Adjectives Comparative
Superlative
Taller, sweeter
Tallest, sweetest
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25. MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION
• The boy’s kindness surprised the preachers
The
(functional)
boy (lexical)
‘s
(inflectional)
kind (lexical)
-ness
(derivational)
surprise
(lexical)
-ed
(inflectional)
the
(functional)
preach
(lexical)
-er
(derivational)
s
(infelctional)
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26. MORPHS AND ALLOMORPHS
• Morphs, the actual forms used to realize morphemes.
• Example:
• cats bus
• [cat + (-s)] [bus + (-es)]
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27. ALLOMORPHS
• Allomorphs, any of the different forms of a
morpheme.
• Example:
• Past Tense: called [-d], talked [-t],
• glided [-ed]
• Morpheme: [-d]
• Allomorphs /-d/ /-t/ /-ed/
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