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1. General
Linguistics
GC 206
Sadaf Riaz

2. Course Description
• General Linguistics seeks to formulate general principles of language and thus
provides learners with basic yet comprehensive introduction to the field of
Linguistics.
• It offers a wide range of concepts in theoretical linguistics and its applications.
• In the sections focusing on the theoretical aspects of language structure, the major
focus is on sounds: how they are made; and how they pattern together in speech
(phonetics and phonology); how words are constructed from smaller parts
(morphology); the construction of sentences (syntax) and sentence meaning
(semantics). It also includes discussion on language in context and the way it is
structured in conversation (pragmatics).
• Placing the study of language in a broader context, the course covers phenomenon
of language acquisition and learning in children, language connection with
brain (Neurolinguistics), the varieties of language, and some developments on
sign language aspects.

3. Course Objectives
• This course aims to:
 familiarize to a wide range of topics in linguistic analysis and linguistic theory
 provide conceptual foundations of linguistics
 familiarize students with linguistic structures of mainly English language
 provide some sense of the ways in which knowledge and understanding develop
in this field

4. EXPECTATIONS
• By the end of this course, students are expected to:
 demonstrate knowledge of various branches of linguistics.
 comprehend and explain the ways a language is structured,
formulated and analyzed
 demonstrate connection of language with other fields of knowledge
•

5. •COURSE OUTLINE

6. • Mid Term
Levels of Language
Phonetics & Phonology
Morphology
Syntax
Semantics
Pragmatics
Word Formation Processes

7. Final Term
1. Language and Brain
2. Language Varieties
3. First Language Acquisition
4. Second Language Learning
5. World Englishes
6. Sign Language

8. 1- Levels of Language
• A- Bottom Up Approach
• B- Sub Branches of Linguistics

12. Bottom Up
Approach
• bottom-up is a form of inductive (or data-
driven) processing starting with smaller
and/or lower-ranked units and moving
upwards through larger and/or higher-
ranked units
• Bottom-up language processing works
from phonemes and morphemes through
lexemes and phrases to clauses and
larger chunks of text.
• In language perception, on the other
hand, the decoding of language input
necessarily starts in a bottom-up mode

13. Bottom Up
Part to Whole
Learn 26 alphabets of English
By learning letter sound relationship
decoding the formula so that it can be
used whenever a child faces a new word.
/g/ , /a/, /t/, /e/ = gate /

14. BENEFITS
• Better Pronunciation
• Improved Spellings
• Beneficial for AUDITORY LEARNERS

16. TOP
DOWN
APPROAC
H
• Whole to Specific.
• Read from the text
• Infer meaning from the text if some
meaning is unclear.
• Prior knowledge is important.
• To confirm a hypothesis.

17. Benefits
• Interest in reading with interactive
approach.
• More concerned on meaning
• Beneficial for Visual learners.

18. Linguistics

19. Sub Branches of Linguistics

26. SUMMARY