Mining (2)
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This document provides information about mining and mineral exploration. It begins with an introduction to mining and the materials recovered through mining such as metals, coal, salt, and diamonds. It then discusses the history of mining from the Stone Age to the Iron Age. Tables show production data for various countries and Philippine reserves of metallic and non-metallic ores. The document also covers topics like prospecting methods, geological guides for prospecting, exploration techniques, and equipment used for exploration such as gravimeters, scintillometers, and seismographs.
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Mining (2)
- 1. Metallurgy: Mining ● Introduction of Mining ● Mining Industry ● Prospecting and Exploration REPORTED BY: CANOY, CLAIRE E. YR & SEC. : 2B2- CHEMICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
- 2. Introduction of Mining ● Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth, usually from an ore body, vein or (coal) seam. ● Any material that cannot be grown through agricultural processes, or created artificially in a laboratory or factory, is usually mined. Mining in a wider sense include extraction of non-renewable resource
- 3. Materials Recovered in Mining Base Metals Figure 1. Gold
- 4. Materials Recovered in Mining Figure 2. Copper
- 5. Materials Recovered in Mining Figure 3. Coal
- 6. Materials Recovered in Mining Figure 4. Rock Salt
- 7. Materials Recovered in Mining Figure 5. potash
- 8. Materials Recovered in Mining Figure 6. Diamonds
- 9. Materials Recovered in Mining Figure 8. Iron
- 10. Materials Recovered in Mining Figure 9. Silver
- 11. Materials Recovered in Mining Figure 10. Uranium
- 12. Materials Recovered in Mining Figure 11. Limestone
- 14. History of Mining Stone Age Old Stone Age man used tools of wood, stone, horn, or bone to dig flint from softer chalk and limestone.
- 15. Figure 12. Stone Age
- 16. Figure 13. Stone Age tools
- 17. History of Mining Bronze Age It is known that bronze age man valued copper and bronze as both artistic and practical objects. The ore was gained by using only simple stone and bone tools. It is thought that initially raw metallic copper found on the surface would have attracted the ancients to the uses of copper.
- 18. Figure 14. Bronze Age
- 19. History of Mining Iron Age Iron age generally is considering to have started about 1200 B.C. Existing iron ore deposits were not exploited in ancient Egypt until the Late Period, but the metal was occasionally found in its meteoric form and put to use as early as the 4th millennium BCE.
- 20. Figure 16. Iron Age
- 21. History of Mining Iron Age The smelting of iron was by the process known as the 'Bloomery' method. Bellows were used to fan the flames and the end product was a malleable ball of impure iron which could be hammered to shape.
- 23. Figure 18. Iron age tools
- 24. Mining industry
- 25. Table1. Production of Mineral Raw Materials of individual Countries Silver (metric tons) Copper (metric tons) Kaolin (metric tons) 260 1880 870 000 104 708 2 100 000 340.88 3085 1 179 500 3 260 000 740 000 546 472 2. 239 148.524 35 500 2 727 946 543 4 897 42 300 4.476 7.760 1 603 62 000 9 318 000 9 300 15 887 40.847 41 58 400 2 490 Country Petroleum (metric tons) Salts (metric tons) Lead (metric tons) Zinc (metric tons) Feldspar (metric tons) Gold (metric tons) Australia 24 627 200 11 968 000 710 000 1 480 000 50 000 China 203 014 000 70 377 600 1 981 300 3 842 200 India 37 712 000 18 610 100 90 400 Saudi Arabia 466 553 600 1 800 000 Philippines 1 092 000 557 600 United States 339 915 000 43 300 000 369 000 748 000 550 000 231 1280 1 110 000 5 420 000 Russia, Europe 171 812 200 3 619 000 3 880 28 200 64 000 14.091 114.460 210 810 45 000
- 26. Table 2. Total Volume (metric tons) of each country Country Total (metric tons) (1) Saudi Arabia 468,464,955.236 (2) United States 391,413,511 (3) China 285,758,025.88 (4) Russia, Europe 175,783,218.551 (5) India 60,462,568.763 (6) Australia (7) Philippines 39,812,048 11,053,758.847
- 27. Table 3. Philippine metallic Ores Ore Volume(metric tons) Place Primary gold 2,108,263,869 Baguio,Paracale, Masbate, Surigao,Masra( Davao) Primary Copper 4,052,082,051 Cebu,Marinduque, Benguet Prov. Samar Silver 2,108,260,000 Negros Occidental, Samar, Davao Molybdenum 30,600,306 Negros Occidental Chromite 91,576,038 Zambales, Mindoro Occidental, , Zambales, Plawan Nickel 1,569,870,783 Zambales, Palawan, Davao, Samar
- 28. Table 3. Philippine metallic Ores Ore Volume( in Metric Tons) Place Iron 1,619,933,113 Zamboanga del Sur, Davao, Mindoro Mercury 1,474,042 flasks Koronadal City Lead 9,318,000 Zamboanga City Zinc 6,162,011 Batangas and Zamboanga City Manganese 7,537,003 Bohol, Trlac, Isabela,Palawan Cadmium 47 Baguio district Platinum 942 Zambales
- 29. Table 4 Philippine Non-metallic Reserves Ore Volume( in Metric tons) Place Asbestos 5,811,000 Zambales and Pangasinan Clay 450,432,000 Camarines Sur, Bulacan, Iloilo, Laguna Rock Asphalt 550,000 Leyte Feldspar 22,706,000 Ilocos Norte, Bulacan, Mindoro Occidental Dolomite 650,070,000 Negros Oriental,Bohol, Bulacan Gypsum 2,438,000 Bataan, Batangas, Camarines Sur Sulphur 19,534,000 Camiguin, Cagayan, Leyte, Sorsogon
- 30. Table 4 Philippine Non-metallic Reserves Ore Volume( in Metric tons) Place Diatomite 4,573,000 Lanao del Norte, Nueva Ecija, Camarines Norte Magnesite 52,276,000 Davao Perlite 13,922,000 Quezon, Catanduanes, Albay, Antique Sand and Gravel 82,863,000 Cebu, Isabela Pyrite 13,798,000 Albay, Antique, Surigao
- 31. Figure 19. Mining map of the Philippines
- 33. What is Prospecting ? The process of looking for mineral deposits.
- 34. Types of Prospecting ● Traditional Prospecting ● Modern Prospecting
- 35. Types of Prospecting Traditional Prospecting Its prospectors was looking for simple, easy to find mineralization-native gold in stream gravels or in veins out cropping on the rocky sides of the mountains The old-time prospector used a burro or mule to carry his camping supplies, pick and shovel a pan for washing stream gravels
- 36. Figure 20. Burro or Mule
- 37. Types of Prospecting Modern Prospecting The modern prospector is a member of a team of highly trained specialists who use sophisticated equipment in a planned, systematic search. The team generally include experts in geology, geophysics, geochemistry, computer techniques, drilling, mineral economics, metallurgy, and related fields.
- 38. Figure 21. Trained Specialist
- 40. Prospecting Geological guides in prospecting Metallogenic associations -It deals with the location where undiscovered mineral deposit relative of know regional trends of related deposits.
- 41. Prospecting Geological guides in prospecting Natural associations The relation of ore deposited structural features such as faults, brecciate and conformities and the boarders of intrusions is used as a guide in prospecting
- 42. Prospecting Geological guides in prospecting Zoning Most closely followed guides to ore is the expected pattern of mineral zoning. Ore and gangue minerals change in character with distance from the center of mineralization.
- 43. Prospecting Geological guides in prospecting Outcrops Gossans, the residue of red, brown, and yellow iron oxides and silica that remains from the weathering is used in prospecting as a guide to hidden primary mineralization.
- 46. Prospecting Prospecting methods Direct method Geochemical method Biochemical method Geobotanical method Remote sensing
- 47. Prospecting Prospecting methods Direct method the topography itself may give evidence of abrupt depressions related to the leaching and collapse of sulfide ore minerals.
- 48. Prospecting Prospecting methods Geochemical methodsinvolve the field and laboratory analysis of sampled rock, soil, vegetation and other natural materials for trace amounts of the principal indicator elements of an ore body.
- 49. Prospecting Prospecting methods Biochemical prospecting this method is essentially an indirect means of collecting information from soil and groundwater. Roots of trees and bushes accumulate certain elements From the subsurface and transmit them to foliage.
- 50. Prospecting Prospecting methods Geobotanical prospecting this is a method in which a presence of morphological or mutational changes vegetation is taken as a guide to local geochemical condition.
- 51. Prospecting Prospecting methods Electrical Survey It uses the electrical properties of rock to locate any mineral in the area
- 53. Equipments Use in Prospecting Magnifier It is used for by prospectors for close look and to study the rocks.
- 54. Equipments Use in Prospecting Suction Tweezer For easy extraction of tiny gold.
- 55. Equipments Use in Prospecting Prospector’s Hammer For hammering chisels, etc
- 56. Equipments Use in Prospecting Shovel For digging
- 57. Equipments Use in Prospecting Bulb Snifter Extracting gold from pans.
- 58. Equipments Use in Prospecting Chisels Splitting rocks.
- 59. Equipments Use in Prospecting Pick Mattocks For digging hard rocks..
- 60. Equipments Use in Prospecting Magnetic Compass The oldest magnetic prospecting instrument, which measures the field direction.
- 61. Exploration
- 62. What is Exploration? Exploration is the process of closely examining a deposits to determined it’s size, shape, mineral content and other characteristics.
- 63. Exploration Exploration techniques Geological Inference This is the primary method in the initial stage of exploration, it is critical in interpreting the results of other methods. The prospecting team starts with geologic map of the region. Such map shows the various kinds of rocks at the surface and for thousands of feet underground as well the structural features of the rocks thickness of beds, folds, faults, fractures, and intrusions.
- 65. Exploration Exploration techniques Geophysical method involve the measuring slight differences in physical properties of rocks and minerals.
- 68. Exploration equipments Gravimeters Use in gravity method which typically consist of a weigh attached to a string that stretches or contracts corresponding to an increase or decrease in gravity.
- 69. Gravimeters
- 70. Exploration equipments Scintillometers Scintillometers is a device used to measure small fluctuations of the refractive index of air caused by variations in temperature, humidity and pressure.
- 71. Scintillometers
- 72. Exploration equipments Seismograph Use to measure earthquake. The goal of the seismograph is to accurately record the motion of the ground during a quake.
- 73. Seismograph