This document provides information about various aspects of mineral resources and mining. It discusses three current boom employers for geologists: mineral resources and mining, the petroleum industry, and the environmental industry. It then covers definitions and terms related to mineral resources. It outlines the steps involved in obtaining mineral commodities, from prospecting through refining and transportation. Finally, it notes that mining is an economic activity and the decision to mine depends on an analysis of costs, benefits, and risks.
Mining (ore minerals and lessening the impact of mining)Jason Alcano
This presentation includes topics such as how ore minerals are found, mined and processed, effects of massive mineral extraction and ways in minimizing the effects of mining industries. All information and images reflected in the presentation were based on internet sources that are cited and given credit in the presentation. Furthermore, the author disclaims to any inaccuracies within the presentation. Thank you and hope this can help you.
Industrial Chemistry Lecture 2 Part I.pptxluduevans
At the end of this course the student should be able to:
i. classify the chemical industry in terms of products, raw materials, scale and types of transformations.
ii. describe the operation principles of selected unit operations and unit processes.
iii. describe metal extraction in general and the extractive metallurgy of iron, aluminium and copper in particular.
iv. discuss with the help of relevant flow diagrams, equations, operating conditions and equipment principles, the manufacture of chlorine, sodium hydroxide, ammonia, sulphuric acid, fertilizer and cement.
v. explain using flow diagrams and equations, how crude oil is refined, and how some petrochemicals and polymers are synthesized.
vi. discuss fermentation theory and its application in ethanol manufacture, the production of some pharmaceuticals, soaps and detergents
Minerals and Mineral Processing, Extractive Metallurgy, Ore Dressing, Mineral...Ajjay Kumar Gupta
Minerals and Mineral Processing, Extractive Metallurgy, Ore Dressing, Minerals Engineering (Mining, Non – Ferrous Metals, Iron Ore Slimes, Limes, Limestone, Asbestos, Coal Beneficiation, Coal and Ore Fines, Ordinary Superphosphate, Ammonium Salts, Fertilizers)
Mineral is defined as a naturally occurring solid chemical substance formed through biogeochemical processes, having characteristic chemical composition, highly ordered atomic structure, and specific physical properties. By comparison, a rock is an aggregate of minerals and/or mineraloids and does not have a specific chemical composition.
See more
http://goo.gl/grSq9U
http://goo.gl/AIjkcu
http://goo.gl/H7QGBA
http://www.entrepreneurindia.co/
Tags
Ammonium Salts, Business guidance for Mineral Production, Business guidance to clients, Business of Mining, Business Plan for a Startup Business, Business Plan small scale mining project, Business start-up, Chemistry and physics of Asbestos, Chemistry of nitrogen and its inorganic compounds, Coal and Ore Fines, Coal Beneficiation, Extractive Metallurgy, Fertilizers, Great Opportunity for Startup, Growing a mineral processing business, How to start a Mineral manufacturing business, How to Start a Mineral processing industry?, How to Start a Mineral Production Business, How to start a mining business, How to start a successful Mineral processing business, How to start mineral grinding industry in India, How to Start Mineral Processing Industry in India, Introduction to Mineral Processing, Limes manufacturing, Limestone exploration and extraction, Limestone Processing, Manufacture of Ammonium Bicarbonate, Manufacture of ordinary superphosphate, Metals and Minerals Production in India, Metals, Minerals & Mining Industry, Mineral Based Small Scale Industries Projects, Mineral industry, Mineral mining business plan, Mineral processing, Mineral Processing & mining Based Profitable Projects, Mineral processing book, Mineral processing Business, Mineral Processing Industry in India, Mineral processing metallurgy, Mineral processing plants, Mineral Processing Projects, Mineral processing Small Business, Mineral processing technology, Mineral Production, Mineral production for mining sector, Minerals and Mineral Processing, Minerals Engineering, Mining & mineral processing industry, Mining and Mineral Processing, Mining processing, Mining Sector Investment and Business, Mining, Mineral Processing & Metals Industry, Modern small and cottage scale industries, Most Profitable Mineral Processing Business Ideas, New small scale ideas in Mineral processing industry, Non – Ferrous Metals Production, Ordinary Superphosphate, Ore Dressing, Processing of Iron Ore Slimes, Profitable small and cottage scale industries, Profitable Small Scale Mineral processing, Setting up and opening your Mineral processing Business, Setting up of Mineral Processing Units, Small Business ideas in the Mining Industry
Mineral Resources
1. Use and over exploitation
2. Minerals and their ores extraction
3. Mine Safety
4. Case Study
5. Environmental Problems
The environmental damage caused by mining activities are as follows:
1. Devegetation and defacing of landscape
2. Subsidence of land
3. Groundwater contamination
4. Surface water pollution
5. Air pollution
6. Occupational health hazard
Mining (ore minerals and lessening the impact of mining)Jason Alcano
This presentation includes topics such as how ore minerals are found, mined and processed, effects of massive mineral extraction and ways in minimizing the effects of mining industries. All information and images reflected in the presentation were based on internet sources that are cited and given credit in the presentation. Furthermore, the author disclaims to any inaccuracies within the presentation. Thank you and hope this can help you.
Industrial Chemistry Lecture 2 Part I.pptxluduevans
At the end of this course the student should be able to:
i. classify the chemical industry in terms of products, raw materials, scale and types of transformations.
ii. describe the operation principles of selected unit operations and unit processes.
iii. describe metal extraction in general and the extractive metallurgy of iron, aluminium and copper in particular.
iv. discuss with the help of relevant flow diagrams, equations, operating conditions and equipment principles, the manufacture of chlorine, sodium hydroxide, ammonia, sulphuric acid, fertilizer and cement.
v. explain using flow diagrams and equations, how crude oil is refined, and how some petrochemicals and polymers are synthesized.
vi. discuss fermentation theory and its application in ethanol manufacture, the production of some pharmaceuticals, soaps and detergents
Minerals and Mineral Processing, Extractive Metallurgy, Ore Dressing, Mineral...Ajjay Kumar Gupta
Minerals and Mineral Processing, Extractive Metallurgy, Ore Dressing, Minerals Engineering (Mining, Non – Ferrous Metals, Iron Ore Slimes, Limes, Limestone, Asbestos, Coal Beneficiation, Coal and Ore Fines, Ordinary Superphosphate, Ammonium Salts, Fertilizers)
Mineral is defined as a naturally occurring solid chemical substance formed through biogeochemical processes, having characteristic chemical composition, highly ordered atomic structure, and specific physical properties. By comparison, a rock is an aggregate of minerals and/or mineraloids and does not have a specific chemical composition.
See more
http://goo.gl/grSq9U
http://goo.gl/AIjkcu
http://goo.gl/H7QGBA
http://www.entrepreneurindia.co/
Tags
Ammonium Salts, Business guidance for Mineral Production, Business guidance to clients, Business of Mining, Business Plan for a Startup Business, Business Plan small scale mining project, Business start-up, Chemistry and physics of Asbestos, Chemistry of nitrogen and its inorganic compounds, Coal and Ore Fines, Coal Beneficiation, Extractive Metallurgy, Fertilizers, Great Opportunity for Startup, Growing a mineral processing business, How to start a Mineral manufacturing business, How to Start a Mineral processing industry?, How to Start a Mineral Production Business, How to start a mining business, How to start a successful Mineral processing business, How to start mineral grinding industry in India, How to Start Mineral Processing Industry in India, Introduction to Mineral Processing, Limes manufacturing, Limestone exploration and extraction, Limestone Processing, Manufacture of Ammonium Bicarbonate, Manufacture of ordinary superphosphate, Metals and Minerals Production in India, Metals, Minerals & Mining Industry, Mineral Based Small Scale Industries Projects, Mineral industry, Mineral mining business plan, Mineral processing, Mineral Processing & mining Based Profitable Projects, Mineral processing book, Mineral processing Business, Mineral Processing Industry in India, Mineral processing metallurgy, Mineral processing plants, Mineral Processing Projects, Mineral processing Small Business, Mineral processing technology, Mineral Production, Mineral production for mining sector, Minerals and Mineral Processing, Minerals Engineering, Mining & mineral processing industry, Mining and Mineral Processing, Mining processing, Mining Sector Investment and Business, Mining, Mineral Processing & Metals Industry, Modern small and cottage scale industries, Most Profitable Mineral Processing Business Ideas, New small scale ideas in Mineral processing industry, Non – Ferrous Metals Production, Ordinary Superphosphate, Ore Dressing, Processing of Iron Ore Slimes, Profitable small and cottage scale industries, Profitable Small Scale Mineral processing, Setting up and opening your Mineral processing Business, Setting up of Mineral Processing Units, Small Business ideas in the Mining Industry
Mineral Resources
1. Use and over exploitation
2. Minerals and their ores extraction
3. Mine Safety
4. Case Study
5. Environmental Problems
The environmental damage caused by mining activities are as follows:
1. Devegetation and defacing of landscape
2. Subsidence of land
3. Groundwater contamination
4. Surface water pollution
5. Air pollution
6. Occupational health hazard
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
1. Mineral Resources and Mining
This is one of three employment centers
for geologists, and it is presently enjoying
a boom. The other boom employers are:
The Petroleum Industry
The Environmental Industry
Click here for current mine news,
price forecasts
2. Mineral Resources and Mining
• Ore, Ore Mineral, Gangue, Resource < Reserve
• Reserves are profitable and also technically & legally extractable
• Commodities Au, Ag, Al, Coal, crude oil, Iron ore
• Is it profitable, i.e. “economic”? Consider futures price, costs of energy,
infrastructure, labor, processing and environmental protection & cleanup. To do
that we consider grade, type of deposit and type of processes feasible, special
environmental problems, etc.
Prospecting, Exploration & Development, Mining: often different
companies. Who should you work for when starting out?
Current conditions: Gold at 30 year high, crude oil futures near
record prices
As a geologist, you should keep an eye on Mineweb.com
Units 1 Metric Ton AKA tonne= 10^6 grams therefore a grade of 1 g/T = 1 ppm
Some definitions:
3. Some Important Ores and a deposit
Native Ores: Gold Au, Copper Cu, Platinum Pt
Base Metal Ores: Bauxite (mostly Gibbsite Al(OH)3),
Hematite Fe2O3, Magnetite Fe3O4
Sulfide Ores: Silver as Argentite Ag2S, Copper as
Bornite Cu5FeS4, Chalcopyrite CuFeS2, or Chalcocite
Cu2S, Mercury as Cinnabar HgS, Lead as Galena
PbS, and Zinc as Sphalerite ZnS
Oxide Ores: Uranium as Uraninite UO2, Titanium as
Ilmenite FeTiO3,
Deposit: Kimberlites for Diamond C
4. Steps in obtaining mineral commodities
1. Prospecting: finding places where ores occur.
2. Mine exploration and development: learn whether ore
can be extracted economically.
3. Mining: extract ore from ground.
4. Beneficiation: separate ore minerals from other mined
rock. (Mill)
5. Refining: extract pure commodity from the
ore mineral. (Refinery)
6. Transporation: carry commodity to market.
7. Marketing and Sales: Find buyers and sell the
commodity.
5. Mining is an economic activity.
The decision to mine (or not to mine) a particular ore
deposit depends upon:
an analysis of costs, benefits and risks
These considerations are both:
• tangible (i.e. dollar profit)
and
• intangible (i.e. hopes of stimulating the economy,
fears of environmental damage)
6. 3. Prospecting: finding where ores occur
Important Factors:
• Applying knowledge of association of ores with specific
geological settings.
• using remote sensing techniques such as satellite imagery, seismic reflection
profiles, magnetic field intensity, strength of gravity to detect geological
structures.
• photos useful in finding faults.
• small basaltic intrusions have prominent magnetic anomalies.
• dense ore bodies can have prominent gravity anomaly.
• developing detailed maps of rock types and geological structures (faults, folds,
intrusions).
• developing 3-d picture of geological structures containing ore.
• obtaining samples of ore for chemical analysis.
•WHERE DO WE LOOK?
7. A review from your Geology 1200 Course
Recall that several processes can produce
magmas. All are initially basaltic in
composition. Basalts contain minor amounts
of precious metals.
Hydrothermal MOR
Late Fractionation Pegmatites
8. Magmas can form near
subduction zones when
water causes partial
melting of nearby
mantle. Granitic
magmas form by
fractionation of basaltic
magmas and by
assimilation. Once the
granite has frozen,
silica-rich late
fractionation waters
with dissolved metals
are left to intrude
nearby rock.
Most searches near continental volcanic arcs
e.g. Andes (Inca Gold) , Sierra Nevada (1849 gold rush)
MOTHER LODE
Au, Ag
9. Fractionation and Assimilation
Granitic melt genesis
Initially Basaltic, rising magma may become silica-rich through two processes.
Fractionation
Assimilation
10. Two mechanisms for metals emplacement near granitic intrusions (both occur)
Au, Ag
Metal-rich waters may originate from the magma or groundwater
Heated
groundwater
dissolves metals
Metal ores precipitate
near surface
11. Popular term “Mother Lode” initial placement
Ore Body
Gold Ore Ore mineral Gold Au
Gangue Mineral Quartz
13. Magma 2: formation at divergence zone
Black Smoker
on cracks near magma
MOR
Decompression melting
Seawater gets into
cracks, heats up near
magma, dissolves metals Cu, Fe, etc
in mafic rocks, convection
currents return hydrothermal
waters to cold ocean waters
(also ion-rich). Sulfides precipitate
forming a Black Smoker
14. Black Smokers
Circulation of hot water in cracks at mid-ocean ridge dissolves metals in Basalt, (Copper, Iron, Zinc, Lead,
Barium) which are re-precipitated as various ores, often Sulfides. Accumulate in ocean sediments.
http://collections.ic.gc.ca/geoscience
Island of Cyprus made of
Ophiolites with black smokers.
Source of copper that started
bronze age
Cu, Fe
Example:
Sterling Hill
16. Subduction zones pull carbon down to depths necessary for Diamond
formation. Plumes rise from depths far below diamond formation depths. A
plume cutting across subduction zone will lift diamonds to the surface
Diamond exploration
C (diamond)
17. Seamount Trails point to the Kimberlite
Plumes cause straight chains of seamounts on the ocean floor
The Atlantic rift has moved America west of several plumes.
These were once under the continent, sometimes under old subduction zones.
Use chains of seamounts to point to old positions of the plumes’ “hot spot”.
Extend those lines onto North American continent
Find where those projected lines cross sutures between PreCambrian Cratons
assembling North America. Now use Google Earth to search for Maars
Here is a set of links related to this topic: Diamond exploration
21. 2. Mine exploration and development: learn
whether ore can be extracted economically
• Define size, shape and grade of ore body.
Grade, G: mass of commodity per mass of ore.
Gold: 5 grams of Au per metric ton (106 grams of ore)
Grade = 5 x 10-6.
Aluminum: 400 kg of Al per metric ton of ore, G=0.4
• Drill cores, though expensive, can be used to determine
underground extent of ore
Estimate the mass of the commodity:
= volume of ore body x density of ore body x grade).
1 metric ton = “tonne” is 1000 kilograms
22. Design a profitable plan for mining.
• Selecting appropriate mining techniques are just a small
part of it!
• analysis of requirements to startup mine:
• capital, transportation, labor, cost of processing, etc.
• complying with governmental regulations.
• mitigating environmental damage.
• strategies for making profitability in a changing
marketplace.
http://www.australianmines.com.au/
11 meters of core at 3.6 grams per
metric ton
24. 3. Mining: extract ore from ground
• Types of Mining:
• Surface Mining: Scoop ore off surface of earth.
• cheap.
• safe for miners.
• large environmental destruction.
• Underground Mining: Use of adits and shafts to reach deeply
buried ores.
• expensive.
• hazardous for miners.
• usually less environmental damage.
26. open pit mining:
• funnel shaped hole in
ground, with ramp spiraling
down along sides, allows
moderately deep ore to be
reached.
Surface mining: two types
Initial mining for zinc at Franklin
and Ogdensburg, New Jersey.
27. • Strip-mining: Blast, scoop off rock
overburden, and then scoop out ore
material. Fairly shallow.
• Economics of strip mining depend on
stripping ratio
• Large land area can be involved, especially
for coal and bauxite.
Strip mining.
Example: Alcoa’s
Sierra de Bahoruco
Aluminum mining
in D.R. Southern
Peninsula until 1985
28. Economics of strip mining depend on stripping ratio
stripping ratio = h1/h2
32. Modern safety standards mean that most modern mines, at least those
constructed by large corporations, are engineering marvels. They are
expensive, and are not constructed unless the commodity sought is known
to be present in profitable quantities and is recoverable.
33. 4. Beneficiation
Means of separation of ore mineral from waste
material (AKA gangue minerals)
A great deal of bench testing using planned
treatment processes avoids nasty surprises later
e.g. Barrick’s huge Acanthite reserves in tailings at
Veladero
34. 4. Beneficiation: separate ore minerals from
other mined rock. Cont’d
• Ore rarely contains enough ore minerals to be refined as is.
• milling is required to separate pure ore minerals from useless
"gangue" (pronounced "gang") minerals.
• Milling techniques:
• Grinding ore to fine powder.
• Separation using flotation techniques: powdered ores mixed
with water and organic compounds "collectors" and "frothers".
The collectors are heteropolar molecules with one end that
adheres to ore minerals, the other that adheres to frother-coated
air bubbles. Air forced through water then produces a foamy
layer of concentrated ore mineral.
• environmental problems associated with mill tailings are similar
to mine tailings.
41. 5. Refining
Smelting
Removes the metal from the ore mineral by
heating the ore with a flux, reducing the
metal ion to its elemental form
Heap Leaching
Removes metal from the ore by reaction with
a solution, often using cyanide CN- ion
42. Smelt refining:
extract pure
commodity from ore
mineral.
• Iron, from an iron oxide
(Fe2O3, hematite) rich ore (such
as a banded-iron formation,
which also contains quartz).
• coke (carbon from coal), ore,
air, and limestone mixed in blast
furnace.
•Very expensive energy costs
43. smelting reactions:
coke + oxygen = carbon monoxide.
hematite + carbon monoxide = iron (melt) + carbon dioxide.
quartz + calcium carbonate = calcium silicate (melt) + carbon
dioxide.
• iron melt and silicate melt are immiscible, with the iron being
denser.
• The iron is drawn off from the bottom of the furnace ("pig
iron").
• The silicate melt is drawn off the top ("slag").
44. Ex. 1: Iron reactions in Smelter
Above 800 °C, CO is the predominant
carbon combustion product:
O2 + 2 C → 2 CO
3CO + Fe2O3 (hematite) 2 Fe + 3CO2 (g)
4CO + Fe3O4 (magnetite) 3Fe + 4CO2 (g)
45. Mix bauxite with water, Ca(OH)2 & NaOH at high temperature,
dissolving the aluminum (e.g. the ion Al(OH)4
-). Gangue left behind.
• Cool solution, Al(OH)3 gibbsite precipitates out.
• Al(OH)3 is oxidized in a furnace to alumina Al2O3
• Alumina is dissolved in molten Na3AlF6 flux, (manufactured
Cryolite from Fluorite CaF2) in a container ("pot") made of an
electrically-conducting material (typically carbon).
• Carbon anodes are suspended in the solution, and high-amperage,
low voltage electricity is used to drive the reaction:
• alumina + carbon = aluminum (melt) + carbon monoxide.
• Al2O3 + 3C 2Al +3CO
• The aluminum melt is immiscible
in the Cryolite melt, and collects
at the bottom of the pot.
Smelt Refining Example 2: Aluminum from Bauxite
46. Copper, from copper-iron sulfide (CuFeS2, chalcopyrite).
• the chalcopyrite is melted in a furnace with a fluxing
agent that facilitates melting.
• air is added to produce Chalcocite. The process also
separates the iron
Chalcocite + oxygen copper + sulfur dioxide
Cu2S(l) +O2(g) 2Cu(l) + SO2 (g)
• The resulting copper is very impure, and needs to be
further purified in an anode furnace (see above for Al)
•Chalcopyrite occurs with pyrite FeS2, a low-value ore
and a source of acid pollution from slag.
Smelt Refining Example 3: a sulfide
47. Environmental problems particular to smelting.
• Production of huge piles of slag.
• Emission of CO2, a greenhouse gas, into the
atmosphere.
• Pollution associated with the generation of
electricity needed in anode furnaces (especially
aluminum).
• Sulfur dioxide emissions from the refining of
sulfide ores are a major source of air pollution. The
sulfur dioxide combines with water to produce sulfuric
acid, H2SO4
• Release of heavy metals (As, Cd, Hg), present in
trace quantities in sulfide ores, into the environment.
Smelting (continued):
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfuric_Acid#Wet_sulfuric_acid_process_.28WSA.29
48. Problems with Smelting/Roasting
Air Pollution: SO2 and CO2 and particulate
matter
Noranda Quebec used to have the highest
single point source of SO2 in the world.
Presently removed with scrubbers
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noranda_%28mining_
company%29
49. Sulfide Minerals
Are sometimes roasted
– Heated in air without melting to transform
sulfides to oxides
– Gives off H2S and SO2
– Then oxides processed like Fe in smelters
50. Sulfides cont’d
Process of roasting and smelting together
creates a matte
– Sulfides are melted into a matte and air is
blown through. S is converted to sulfur
dioxide and Fe to iron oxide, and Cu and Ni
stay in melt
51. Copper Sulfide Smelting Example
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidd_Mine
Industries are getting clever at recycling pollutants such as SO2
In this example they are manufacturing sulfuric acid for sale.
52. Sulfides cont’d
Electroplating
– Used where rock contains Cu but in too little
amounts to be recovered by classical methods
– Expensive energy costs, but voltage forces
reluctant reactions
53. Refining 2: Heap Leaching
In this process, typically done for Au, the ore is crushed
and piled on a liner.
Weak solutions of sodium cyanide NaCN (0.05%) percolate
through the material, leaching out the desired metals.
The solutions are collected and the metals are precipitated
La Herradura owned by Newmont Mining
54. Heap Leaching 2
During the extraction phase, the gold ions
form complex ions with the cyanide:
Au+(s) + 2CN- (aq) --> Au(CN)2
- (aq)
Recuperation of the gold is readily achieved
with an oxidation-reduction reaction:
2Au(CN)2
- (aq) +Zn(s) --> Zn(CN)4
- (aq) +2Au(s)
DANGEROUS if cyanide is not carefully recovered.
Discussion: Pete Feigley and Coeur D’ Alene
56. Subsidence
Newcrest Ltd Cadia Operations, image shows the result of collapse of the Ridgeway
underground mine after removal of stope material.
57. Acidified water
Acid Mine Drainage
–Sulfide deposits react with
groundwater to make acid
–Acidic streams can pick up heavy
elements and transport them.
POISON
Discussion: Lake Baikal Galena PbS and Sphalerite ZnS
58. Problems with open pits
Very large holes
Pit slopes steep and not stable. Cannot be
maintained
May fill with water
Strip coal mines – loss of top soil in past
– Modern fix - Now filled, smoothed out and top
soil added
59. Disposal of Waste Rock
More problematic for
open pit than
underground
Waste rock piles have
steep angle of repose
and thus may not be
stable
Bingham in its hay
day produced
400,000 tons of waste
rock per DAY. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bingham_Canyon_Mine
60. Tailings pond: problems and solutions
From concentrating usually have high pH
(alkaline = basic)
So modern Fix:
– At Bingham acid waters mixed with alkaline
tailings water to neutralize
Different metals have different problems
Tailings Pond: any collection of wastewater separated out during the processing
of mineral ores.
61. 8. Cost of production.
• Costs that scale with grade of ore. The lower the grade,
• the more ore must be mined.
• the more ore must be shipped to the mill.
• the more ore must be milled.
• the more tailings must be disposed of.
• Fixed costs.
• building a transportation infrastructure.
• refining ore minerals, once it has been milled.
62. 9. Cost trends in the future
The price of mineral commodities passes through three
stages that depend on changes in costs:
1st: Technical improvements in mining and/or metallurgy
2nd: These improvements become balanced by effects of
decreasing ore grades
3rd: cost rises because improvements in technology can
not keep up with increasing scarcity.
All metals are now in stages 1 (aluminum) or 2 (copper
and iron).
When reserves are too costly to exploit, an “Economic
Barrier” exists and production is stopped.
63. 10. Mine Safety
Heath problems experienced by miners.
• collapse of mine.
• fire (methane, coal dust, etc.).
• asphyxiation (methane, carbon monoxide, etc.).
• pneumoconiosis (from inhaling coal dust).
• asbestosis (from inhaling asbestos fibers).
• silicosis (from inhaling silicate dust).
• heavy metal poisoning (e.g. mercury).
• radiation exposure (in uranium mining).
64. Mine Safety
Mine safety: In U.S.,
stringent mining
regulations have lead
to a reduction in
fatalities, both in
terms of total deaths
per year, deaths per
person-hour worked,
and deaths per ton
mined. surface
Surface Mining was always safe; underground mining reached comparable safety in 1980
65. End of Mineral Resources and
Mining Lecture
Photos courtesy of Lundin