The document describes the process of mineral exploration and mining. There are several key steps: (1) prospecting to find mineral deposits, (2) exploration to determine if extraction is economically viable, (3) mining to extract the ore, (4) extraction to separate the minerals from waste rock, and (5) smelting and refining to purify the extracted minerals. Mining occurs either through subsurface techniques like room and pillar mining or longwall mining, or surface techniques including open pit mining and quarrying. The document also discusses how minerals are located and tested before mining begins.
EIA for Major development projects - Mining projectsJenson Samraj
EIA is a decision making tool for developmental projects (Mining, construction of dams).
It will have environmental implication in changing the variables such as quality of air, ground water, soil in that area.
The purpose of assessment is to ensure that decision makers consider the environmental impacts to implement the project
EIA helps us to measure or predict the impact of any developmental projects on the environment. Mining refers to Extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the Earth, usually from an ore body, lode, vein, seam, reef, or placer deposit.
Metals, coal, oil shale, gemstones, limestone, chalk, dimension stone, rock salt, potash, gravel, and clay. Large scale mining pollution contaminates all living organisms within the body of water
Affects environment adversely
Results in deforestation
EIA for Major development projects - Mining projectsJenson Samraj
EIA is a decision making tool for developmental projects (Mining, construction of dams).
It will have environmental implication in changing the variables such as quality of air, ground water, soil in that area.
The purpose of assessment is to ensure that decision makers consider the environmental impacts to implement the project
EIA helps us to measure or predict the impact of any developmental projects on the environment. Mining refers to Extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the Earth, usually from an ore body, lode, vein, seam, reef, or placer deposit.
Metals, coal, oil shale, gemstones, limestone, chalk, dimension stone, rock salt, potash, gravel, and clay. Large scale mining pollution contaminates all living organisms within the body of water
Affects environment adversely
Results in deforestation
Evidence of Clay Mineralization on Tropical Sediments from Afikpo Graben, SE ...Premier Publishers
Sedimentation in the Afikpo graben (SE Nigeria) thus commenced with the Campano-Maastrichtian marine and paralic shales of the Enugu and Nkporo Formations, overlain by the Mamu Formation. The fluviodeltaic and subtidal sandstones of the Ajali Formation lie on the Mamu Formation. The overlying deltaic Nsukka and marine shales of the Imo and Ameke Formations were deposited during the Paleocene. These two formations (Mamu and Nsukka) consist of a cyclic succession of coals, carbonaceous shales, silty shales and siltstones interpreted as deltaic deposits. The primary minerals are Feldspar, Quartz, Pyroxenes, Haematite. The secondary minerals are further classified into two major groups of 1:1 clay minerals and 2:1 clay minerals. The 1:1 clay minerals are kaolinite and halloysite, while the examples of 2:1 mineral are montmorillonite, vermiculite and illite. Clay fractions of shale samples obtained from the Cretaceous Mamu and Nsukka Formations in the Afikpo graben, South eastern Nigeria through the process of sedimentation technique were air – dried and analyzed using the empyrean diffractometer manufactured by Panalytical to determine the presence of clay mineralization in the area. The result shows that the bulk mineral composition of the shales comprises of quartz, clay minerals, carbonates and iron rich minerals, while the dominant clay mineral is kaolinite (70 – 80%) with minor amounts of illite (4 – 7 %) and smectite (10 – 20) as typical composition of tropical sediment.
Aggregate Used in Concrete & Building Purposes; صخورالصوان (Chert)
درنات او عقيدات الشيرت(Nodular or Concretion Cherts)
زلط الطواحين (Mill chert)
الشيرت الطبقى (Bedded Cherts )
رواسب الكالسيوم الكربونات (Calcium Carbonate Deposits)
الحجر الجيري (Limestone)
الدولوميت (Dolomite/ Dolostone)
الفرق بين الحجر الجيري (Limestone) و الدولوميت (Dolomite/ Dolostone)
استخدمات الحجر الجيري
السن المستخدم فى الاغراض المدنية
سن الأسفلت (Road or Asphalt Aggregates):
سن جابرو (Gabbro Aggregates)
سن بازالت (Basalt Aggregates)
سن الدولوميت (Dolomite/Dolostone Aggregates)
سن الشيرت (Chert Aggregates)
السن المستخدم فى الخرسانة وأغراض البناء (Aggregate Used in Concrete & Building Purposes)
الفرق بين الزلط (Flint/Chert) و السن (Aggregate)...!
الأقضلية بين استخدام الزلط (Flint/Chert) و السن (Aggregate) فى الخرسانة وأغراض البناء
And now for something very different:
Evidence that banded iron formations formed very rapidly
and a proposed YE correlation.
Enjoy the food for thought in this extraordinary period we are all experiencing!
Most evaporites are derived from bodies of Sea-water, but under special conditions, Inland lakes may also give rise to evaporite deposits, particularly in regions of low rainfall and high temperature.
Evaporite deposits are excellent indicators of paleoclimate (need a hot and arid climate for major evaporite deposits to form)
Residual mineral deposits; Laterites; Laterite Profile; Laterisation system; Laterite/Bauxite Conditions; Laterite-type Bauxite, Constitution of Bauxite, Types of deposits; Origin and Mode of formation; Clay (Kaolinite) Deposits; Nickel Laterite Deposits; Mineralogy and Types of lateritic nickel ore deposits; World Nickel Laterite Deposits; Processing of Ni Laterites; Example: Ni-laterites, Ni in soils in east Albania
Mine wastes are problematic because they contain hazardous substances that can be (or are) released into the environment around the Sukari gold mine – heavy metals, metalloids, acids, process chemicals – and therefore require treatment, secure disposal, and monitoring.
Wastes are not only produced during mining, but also at mineral processing plants and smelter sites and include effluents, sludges, leached ore residues, slags, furnace dusts, filter cakes and smelting residues.
Mine wastes may be in the form of: solid waste, water waste, or gaseous waste.
Environmental contamination and pollution as a result of improper mining, smelting and waste disposal practices has occurred, and still occur at Sukari Gold Mine. Sukari Tailings Storage Facilities” (TSF)
RS-GEOIMAGE specializes in the field of remote sensing,
processing of satellite imagery and GIS.
Providing consulting services and advice on the acquisition,
analysis and interpretation of satellite data.
Our continuing research has allowed us to obtain great
achievements in the identification and mapping of useful minerals
in mining exploration.
Evidence of Clay Mineralization on Tropical Sediments from Afikpo Graben, SE ...Premier Publishers
Sedimentation in the Afikpo graben (SE Nigeria) thus commenced with the Campano-Maastrichtian marine and paralic shales of the Enugu and Nkporo Formations, overlain by the Mamu Formation. The fluviodeltaic and subtidal sandstones of the Ajali Formation lie on the Mamu Formation. The overlying deltaic Nsukka and marine shales of the Imo and Ameke Formations were deposited during the Paleocene. These two formations (Mamu and Nsukka) consist of a cyclic succession of coals, carbonaceous shales, silty shales and siltstones interpreted as deltaic deposits. The primary minerals are Feldspar, Quartz, Pyroxenes, Haematite. The secondary minerals are further classified into two major groups of 1:1 clay minerals and 2:1 clay minerals. The 1:1 clay minerals are kaolinite and halloysite, while the examples of 2:1 mineral are montmorillonite, vermiculite and illite. Clay fractions of shale samples obtained from the Cretaceous Mamu and Nsukka Formations in the Afikpo graben, South eastern Nigeria through the process of sedimentation technique were air – dried and analyzed using the empyrean diffractometer manufactured by Panalytical to determine the presence of clay mineralization in the area. The result shows that the bulk mineral composition of the shales comprises of quartz, clay minerals, carbonates and iron rich minerals, while the dominant clay mineral is kaolinite (70 – 80%) with minor amounts of illite (4 – 7 %) and smectite (10 – 20) as typical composition of tropical sediment.
Aggregate Used in Concrete & Building Purposes; صخورالصوان (Chert)
درنات او عقيدات الشيرت(Nodular or Concretion Cherts)
زلط الطواحين (Mill chert)
الشيرت الطبقى (Bedded Cherts )
رواسب الكالسيوم الكربونات (Calcium Carbonate Deposits)
الحجر الجيري (Limestone)
الدولوميت (Dolomite/ Dolostone)
الفرق بين الحجر الجيري (Limestone) و الدولوميت (Dolomite/ Dolostone)
استخدمات الحجر الجيري
السن المستخدم فى الاغراض المدنية
سن الأسفلت (Road or Asphalt Aggregates):
سن جابرو (Gabbro Aggregates)
سن بازالت (Basalt Aggregates)
سن الدولوميت (Dolomite/Dolostone Aggregates)
سن الشيرت (Chert Aggregates)
السن المستخدم فى الخرسانة وأغراض البناء (Aggregate Used in Concrete & Building Purposes)
الفرق بين الزلط (Flint/Chert) و السن (Aggregate)...!
الأقضلية بين استخدام الزلط (Flint/Chert) و السن (Aggregate) فى الخرسانة وأغراض البناء
And now for something very different:
Evidence that banded iron formations formed very rapidly
and a proposed YE correlation.
Enjoy the food for thought in this extraordinary period we are all experiencing!
Most evaporites are derived from bodies of Sea-water, but under special conditions, Inland lakes may also give rise to evaporite deposits, particularly in regions of low rainfall and high temperature.
Evaporite deposits are excellent indicators of paleoclimate (need a hot and arid climate for major evaporite deposits to form)
Residual mineral deposits; Laterites; Laterite Profile; Laterisation system; Laterite/Bauxite Conditions; Laterite-type Bauxite, Constitution of Bauxite, Types of deposits; Origin and Mode of formation; Clay (Kaolinite) Deposits; Nickel Laterite Deposits; Mineralogy and Types of lateritic nickel ore deposits; World Nickel Laterite Deposits; Processing of Ni Laterites; Example: Ni-laterites, Ni in soils in east Albania
Mine wastes are problematic because they contain hazardous substances that can be (or are) released into the environment around the Sukari gold mine – heavy metals, metalloids, acids, process chemicals – and therefore require treatment, secure disposal, and monitoring.
Wastes are not only produced during mining, but also at mineral processing plants and smelter sites and include effluents, sludges, leached ore residues, slags, furnace dusts, filter cakes and smelting residues.
Mine wastes may be in the form of: solid waste, water waste, or gaseous waste.
Environmental contamination and pollution as a result of improper mining, smelting and waste disposal practices has occurred, and still occur at Sukari Gold Mine. Sukari Tailings Storage Facilities” (TSF)
RS-GEOIMAGE specializes in the field of remote sensing,
processing of satellite imagery and GIS.
Providing consulting services and advice on the acquisition,
analysis and interpretation of satellite data.
Our continuing research has allowed us to obtain great
achievements in the identification and mapping of useful minerals
in mining exploration.
Gemology/Gemmology in forensic science .pptxBhanu Yadav
In this presentation, I have aimed to describe various physical and chemical properties of gemstones that are of use in traditional gemstone studies as well as in the aspects of forensic science.
Beginning from a brief history of how gemology or gemmology evolved from a hobby into a full fledged science and ending at X-ray diffraction studies (brief)
Diamond mining dates back to antiquity, however with time latest technologies and machineries are incorporated to make the process little faster and lot simpler.
Read More: https://bit.ly/2HBCCXE
“Nature’s brilliance at its artistic best” Gemstones are undeniably the most beautiful creations of the mother Earth. Let us understand some precious and semi-precious gemstones and their mining. Read More: https://bit.ly/2HBCCXE
Deep sea mining is a new frontier for mining engineers. Sea floor holds the potential mineral that are vital for development which is not even explored, the advancement of technology in the time will enable to access reliable infrastructure and methods to extract sea floor without compromising the sustainability and eco friendly.
1. Mining & Mineral Resources
Chapter 16, Section 2: Mineral Exploration &
Mining
Standards: SEV4a, b, e
2. What are the steps in harvesting
minerals?
Prospecting- finding places
where ores occur
Mine exploration &
development- learn whether
ore can be extracted
economically
Mining- extract ore from
ground
Extraction- separate ore
minerals from other mined rock
Smelting & refining- extract
pure mineral from ore mineral
(get the good stuff out of waste
rock)
Transportation- carry
mineral to market
Marketing & sales- find
buyers & sell the mineral
3. How do we know where mineral
deposits are located?
Airplanes can carry instruments that
detect
Patterns of gravity
Images of the Saline Valley in California.
Magnetism
Left picture- red indicates trees, white
Radioactivity indicates snow
Data is collected, satellite images are Middle picture- short wavelengths used
taken, and a geologic map is created. to identify types of rocks
Right picture- thermal infrared used to
Rock samples are taken & analyzed for
identify types of rocks that contain
their content & grade valuable minerals. Red indicates quartz
Test holes are drilled to create a 3D
estimate of the extent of the ore
This will tell the driller if the amount
and grade of ore is high enough to
warrant the cost of opening a mine.
How Much Does a Mine Cost?
4. 3 Types of Mining
A. Subsurface mining
B. Surface mining
C. Placer mining
5. A. What is subsurface mining?
Mining of ore deposits 50m
or more below Earth’s
surface. (This is as long as
an Olympic size pool)
3 types of subsurface
mining:
1. Room & Pillar mining
2. Longwall mining
3. Solution mining
6. 1. Room & Pillar Mining
Coal & Salt can be mined this
way
“Rooms” are cut into a coal
seam. Coal seam is a long,
wide, layer of coal.
The “walls” of the room act as
pillars to prevent collapse.
After all rooms of coal
removed, the pillars are taken
down starting with farthest
away.
7. 2. Longwall mining
A shearer machine moves
back and forth along the
coal seam.
Sheared coal drops onto a
conveyor belt and exits the
mine
Hydraulic roof supports
are used to prevent
collapse
8. 3. Solution Mining
Potash, salt, sulfur are soluble
in water
Hot water is injected into ore
Ore is dissolved
Removal of ore from water:
Compressed air pumped into
dissolved ore and ore trapped
in air bubbles that rise to
surface… or…
Water evaporates from
dissolved ore leaving ore
behind.
9. B. What is surface mining?
Used when ore deposits are
located close to Earth’s
surface
3 types
1. Open Pit Mining
2. Quarrying
3. Solar Evaporation
10. 1. Open Pit Mining
Soil & rock (overburden) are
removed from top of ore deposit
Use explosives or heavy machinery
AKA- mountain top removal
Loaders remove the exposed coal
Pit is then refilled with overburden &
covered with soil.
Some types of ore are taken to heap
leaching ponds where mineral is
removed from the ore rock.
Gold miners used to use mercury to
extract gold but proved very
poisonous to animals & plants
Now gold is extracted from ore rock
using cyanide. Cyanide is also very
poisonous.
Bottom picture: Open pit gold mine with
heap leaching cyanide ponds down below.
11. Machine used in open pit mining
Bucket Wheel Excavator- cost $184,400,000
Takes 5 people to operate it, moves 10 meters per minute, power lines have to be removed when
moving it.
12. 2. Quarrying
Open pit mine that is used
to harvest
Granite
Marble Granite quarry in Elberton, GA
Sand
Gravel
Crushed rock (aggregates) LaFarge
Granite
Clay
Quarry in
Gypsum Douglasville,
GA
Talc
13. 3. Solar Evaporation
Place sea water into
shallow ponds
Water evaporates and
leaves crystallized salt
behind
30% of world’s salt
produced this way
Used largely in developing
countries
Salt evaporation ponds in San Francisco
Bay. The beautiful colors are a result of
harmless bacteria and brine shrimp
that live among the salt. The colors
vary depending on the “age” of the
pond.
14. C. What is placer mining?
Rock with minerals weathers &
disintegrates
Minerals carried by water in
streams
As streams bend, the water slows,
minerals fall out of slower water
and accumulate as placer deposits
Can also occur along coastline
where waves keep minerals from
moving out to sea.
Use dredging to remove minerals
Bucket system that scoops
sediment with minerals from
bottom of body of water.
Minerals are separated from
sediment
Scoop placer deposits in bucket,
deposit on barge, barge takes to
refinery for separation.
15. How is mineral removed from ore?
Smelting
Crushed ore heated to high temps.
Impurities are trapped by a
material called flux & create slag
that forms a layer on top of the
melted metal which is easily
removed (but toxic)
Purified molten metal falls to the
bottom of the furnace and is
harvested.
Heap Leaching
Using chemicals to dissolve
mineral from ore
Ex: cyanide used to remove gold
Ex: sulfuric acid used to remove
copper
Copper can be extracted thru smelting (top)
OR thru heap leaching (bottom).
Editor's Notes
Middle picture is the shearer scraping a coal seam.Bottom picture is the hydraulic roof support
Cyanide is very poisonous but does not accumulate in ecosystems like mercury which is probably why it is used.
This would make an awesome Transformer!
Small picture is talc quarry in France. For making talcum powder.